Fruit cane planting time to master in September of the year to the following February, too early in the year, there is no seed, too late in the year, affecting the yield and quality.
Two, the growth process of sugarcane
Sugarcane's life from seedling planting to the cane stem maturity harvest, can be divided into budding, seedling, tillering, stem elongation and process maturity of five periods. The growth of sugarcane, the yield and the sugar content are closely related to the climate conditions, especially the temperature and water conditions have the greatest influence.
1, sprouting. Sugarcane buds sprouting the minimum temperature requirements of the average daily temperature above 13 ℃, greater than 20 ℃ sprouting faster, and 30-32 ℃ germination is most suitable. Sugarcane germination requires soil temperature (0-10 cm) above 18 ℃, lower than this temperature germination slow, low germination rate, easy to lack of seedlings. In order to promote fast germination, we usually adopt measures such as seed dipping, seedling transplanting and timely planting and covering with mulch. Sugarcane rooting temperature is lower than germination, the average daily temperature of 10 ℃ that is the beginning of germination, 20-27 ℃ is the most suitable. Sugarcane seed germination process, the need for vigorous respiration to produce energy supply germination needs, if the soil humidity is too large, too much water, planting too deep, cover too thick will affect the growth of seedling roots and buds.
2, seedling stage. Seedling period requires the average daily temperature above 15 ℃, to the field of the maximum water holding capacity of 75% or so appropriate, mainly to meet the ecological water, too much or too little soil moisture will hinder the growth of the root system, seedling growth and development is not conducive.
3, tillering. The temperature of the soil or the temperature of the soil has a significant impact on the tillering. Usually the tillering period requires an average daily temperature of more than 20 ℃, 25-30 ℃ is the most appropriate, the higher the temperature in this range, the more tillers. The higher the temperature in this range, the more tillers. Proper water will make more tillers and quicker tillering, but too much water, resulting in poor soil aeration, will also affect the tillering. Light intensity is the main factor affecting tillering, in the low light, growth factor by photo-oxidation damage is small, can promote the main stem elongation. If you have enough sunlight, you will have more tillers, otherwise you will have less tillers, late tillers and weak growth. If you have less than 5 hours of sunlight per day, you will not have any tillers in general. If you have enough nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers have the greatest impact on tillering. In addition, shallow soil cultivation, diligent plowing, and sufficient soil oxygen can promote tillering.
4, stem extension period. This is the fastest-growing period in the life of sugarcane, and it is also the key period to determine the yield of the cane. Stem elongation requires high temperature and sufficient sunlight, water and nutrients, as well as no tropical cyclone environmental conditions. Requirements for the average daily temperature of about 30 ℃ is the most appropriate, up to 40 ℃ is still slightly elongated, less than 20 ℃, with the temperature drop elongation is slow, 15 ℃ or less to stop elongation, in general, the average temperature of 20 ℃ or more, the cane can enter the elongation period, the average temperature for ten days of 27 ℃, the cane can enter the big elongation period, so the temperature is high, the warmth of long period of time in the region, the sugar cane grows fast, high yield and sugar content.
The elongation period of the cane is the period of sugarcane's life with the highest water demand, accounting for about 50-60% of the total water demand of sugarcane in its life, with an average daily water consumption of 3-4 centimeters, and the soil must maintain the maximum holding capacity of 80-90% of the field during this period. Insufficient rainfall must be irrigated in time, otherwise, if there is a lack of water at this time, growth stagnation occurs, short internodes, sugar decreases, so that the cane yield and sugar yield are affected. Breeze makes the field well ventilated, which is favorable to the growth of sugarcane. However, gales and typhoons are very harmful to the cane after the elongation period, which often make the cane leaves torn and broken, and the cane stems broken and collapsed, so the yield on the windward side is often lower than that on the leeward side. Sugarcane elongation period is also the period of the most fertilizer, in which the absorption of nitrogen accounts for about 50% of the entire growth period, phosphorus, potassium accounted for more than 70%, so the early elongation should be heavy fertilizer.
5, process maturity. It is the period when sugarcane sugar gradually accumulates to reach its peak and the quality of cane juice is optimized. Craft maturity requires cool, dry and sunny weather without frost, which is favorable to the accumulation of sugar cane. High temperature and humidity are favorable to the growth of sugarcane, but not to the accumulation of sugarcane. According to the research, a cool and dry climate with strong light and high humidity during the day, cool night temperature (average night temperature of 12-14℃), low relative humidity, and daily difference of about 10℃ is the most favorable for cane sugar accumulation, and the quality of cane juice is also the best. Therefore, high temperature, high humidity, small temperature difference and insufficient light during the ripening period of sugarcane are not favorable to the accumulation of cane sugar. The maturity of the period of early and late related to the variety, early maturing species sugar accumulation faster than late maturing species.