The stone of Jin Dynasty said in the preface to Tao Jing: "Its (Buddhism) is like an elephant, which is vast and quiet, continuous and silent." Shi Huian pointed out in the Theory of Ming Retribution: "Ignorance (ignorance) is the source of purity, and greed for love is the home of many people." Seng Zhao, on the other hand, preached the Buddhist nature of "an empty and ignorant person, living in a place of fame without saying anything", and advocated transcending the real world and stopping in the ontological world. Seng Zhao was influenced by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi in his early years, so he opposed the paranoia of physical exercise, and advocated that physical exercise should be the same, not useless, that is, static is moving, seeking static and moving, although static and moving. In addition, if Shi also attaches importance to meditation, he thinks that when meditation reaches a high level, "thunder can't scare him, fire can't hurt him", and at the same time, all kinds of magical changes can happen.
Buddhism attaches great importance to discipline, which is regarded as a sword to break the three evils. There are five commandments (don't kill, don't steal, don't commit adultery, don't lie, don't drink and eat meat) and ten commandments (don't kill, don't steal, don't commit adultery, don't lie, don't drink, don't draw cigarettes, don't sing and dance, don't sit in a noble and beautiful bed, don't eat out of season, and don't store gold and silver treasures). From the perspective of health care, it is obvious that many of these requirements and practices are beneficial to physical and mental cultivation.
During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, due to the long-term political division, the development priorities of Buddhism in the North and the South were obviously different. The south focuses on theoretical analysis and the north focuses on meditation practice. After the unification of Sui and Tang Dynasties, the study style of Buddhism became equal to both theory and meditation. Among the various sects that appeared later, Tiantai Sect, Zen Sect and Tantric Sect have great influence on health preservation.
The highest principle of self-cultivation of Tiantai Sect is the theory of stopping watching. The founder of Kaizong was Zhikai, a monk of Sui Dynasty. Jiang Weiqiao, a modern qigong health care physician, believes in the book "The Method of Trembling Beads because of Childhood" that qigong meditators should further improve the method of "stopping watching" after learning to reconcile kung fu. He believes that "stopping" is to calm your mind, not to distract your thoughts and let your mind gradually gather. But stop and go, want to unconsciously doze off, you must use the method of "observation" to prevent it, that is, close your eyes and look back at your heart. Obviously, he inherited the Zen method of "stopping watching" of Tiantai Sect. Jiang also pointed out the "great magic": one count, two obedience, three stops, four observations, five times and six cleanness, which are also Buddhist meditation and pranayama. Jin Zhufa's translation of "Practice Tao and Earth Classics" said: "There are four things to keep one's mind (adjust one's body and mind): one is to keep one's mind interesting, the other is to follow, the third is to stop observing, and the fourth is to return to the right and clean. "Later, it was called" Six Wonderful Doors ",which means six ways of nirvana.
Zen originated in the Tang Dynasty and prevailed in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. It is a completely China-based Buddhist sect, with the greatest and widest influence in China. Meditation emphasizes five principles, five desires, abandoning five covers, adjusting five things and practicing five methods. The first three generations of Zen were all dressed in a bowl, living with the fate, and did not gather in one place to settle down. The fourth generation of Daoxin began to settle in one place and live a collective life. Ren Xian, the fifth generation, believed that learning Taoism should live in the mountains, stay away from the noise and practice self-sufficiency. All kinds of work, such as fetching water and firewood, are meditation classes. Later, Mazu Daoyigong of Nanzong built a temple in the mountains and practiced farming and meditation. His disciple Huaihai explained the rules of the temple clearly, stipulating that "you can't eat for a day." He himself "works hard and must stay ahead of others." There is also a "total invitation" (collective work) method to work together. Zen's view of mountain living, work and Zen is beneficial and influential to health and longevity objectively.
In the process of Buddhism spreading in China, Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism often permeate each other, thus affecting health preservation. When Buddhism first came to China, believers thought it was similar to the prevailing Huang Lao Shu at that time, and made it clear that there was nothing to do, and the immortals had changed.
Taoism does not talk about souls, but Kou of the Northern Wei Dynasty borrowed from the reincarnation of Buddhism and said, "These people are all in hell. If they are guilty, they will be reincarnated as insects and animals. "
During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Lu 'an, a monk county in the Northern Wei Dynasty, felt short of life because of sudden gas illness. Tao Hongjing, a monk in the south of Mu River, learned the name of fairy magic, traveled to Maoshan in the south and visited Taojia, and got ten volumes of fairy scriptures. Although he was educated by the Bodhi School in Luoyang, he got the Sutra of Watching Endless Life and abandoned the Sutra of Immortals to specialize in pure work, but his books, such as Convinced Essentials, Prescriptions for Regulating Qi and Prescriptions for Regulating Qi, are undoubtedly a kind of qigong health books influenced by Taoism. "Continued Biography of the Monk" says that he can adjust his mind and practice qi, and is famous for his illness.
Sihui, the teacher of Zhikai, the founder of Tiantai Sect, is famous for Zen, practicing, often wearing big precepts, wearing only cotton cloth and spreading mugwort leaves in winter to ward off wind and frost, and at the same time absorbing the skills of fairy alchemists. In his vows, he declared that he wanted to be five immortals and asked for immortality in order to promote Buddhism more effectively. He said, "I practice asceticism on this mountain ... to protect the dharma, so I beg for a long life." He also said: "May the sages help me to get good herbs and pills to cure all diseases except hunger and thirst ... can I use external pills to cultivate internal pills?" Zhiyuan, who came to Shan Zong from Tiantai School in the Song Dynasty, thought that Confucianism and Buddhism had different words, but the truth was the same, and advocated "self-cultivation with thoughts". Yun Qi, a disciple of the Pure Land Sect in the late Ming Dynasty, also advocated the unity of Confucianism and Buddhism, saying that "Confucianism governs the world, and Buddhism lives, and if they are combined, they will suffer from the same disease."
Deqing, one of the four great masters in the late Ming Dynasty, advocated the integration of the three religions. He said: "There are three essentials in learning Taoism: I don't know that I can't get involved in the world in the Spring and Autumn Period, I can't forget the world without being proficient in Laozi and Zhuangzi, and I can't be born without participating in Zen." Although the idea of the integration of Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism and the three religions was put forward in the Song and Ming Dynasties, in terms of health preservation, the integration of the three religions started as early as Tao Hongjing and Sun Simiao, and has been multiplying.
Tantric yoga, another school of Buddhism, originated from Indian Tantric Buddhism, specializing in incantations and translations of the Three Kingdoms. When Tianzhu Shaman came to the Central Plains, he also widely used magic to cure diseases. The Tang Dynasty was the second period when this esoteric religion was introduced, and the early Northern Song Dynasty was the third period. In the second period, Tantric Sect was formally established, also known as Mantra Sect, which spread the methods of three secrets, namely chanting (secret language), handprint (secret body) and observing the heart (true secret). It is believed that the three secrets correspond at the same time and everyone becomes a Buddha.
Tantric Buddhism is actually a way of practice that combines formula, posture and Zen. After practicing the meditation method of Tiantai Sect, Jiang Weiqiao turned to practicing the tantric meditation method, the big handprint, the eighteenth order and so on. The so-called secret method of supreme yoga in the Secret Sutra is quite contrary to China's ethical thought, so it is distorted or even restricted in translation, and therefore it has little influence on China's health culture. Three, China ancient health care master.
China ancient health experts have made outstanding contributions to the formation and development of China's health theory and culture. Among the ancient health-preserving families with bright stars, here are just a few influential famous artists to briefly introduce them and get a glimpse of one of Chinese health-preserving cultures. 1. Laozi: the ancestor of Taoist health preservation
Laozi, Lao Dan, also known as Li Er. Chu County, Chu State (now Lu Yi, Henan). Laozi was a philosopher in the pre-Qin period and the founder of Taoist health preserving thought. The Historical Records says, "I am in my sixties, or in my twenties, practicing Buddhism for a living." Du dialect in Han Dynasty: "Laozi cultivated his nature with clumsy fire and lived for hundreds of years." Laozi is a well-educated and long-lived health-preserving family respected by health-preserving families in past dynasties. The idea of keeping in good health put forward in Laozi has the greatest influence on later generations.
(1) to control the chaos, hold the yuan and keep one.
Laozi regards "don't do anything, treat it without disorder" as an important thought of health preservation, and puts forward some health preservation principles such as "taking medicine early, accumulating" and "holding the yuan to keep one". The viewpoint of "taking medicine early" is the same as that of "preventing diseases" in traditional Chinese medicine, that is, the viewpoint that modern medicine focuses on prevention refers to early health preservation, daily health preservation and perseverance, and the "virtue" of health preservation is accumulated, which is called "heavy accumulation". This is Lao Tzu's "early service is more important than morality" ... which means a deep-rooted and long-lasting way. Laozi's theory of health preservation holds the view that "the sage is the best in the world". "One" is the way to keep in good health. Later generations of health experts also called "one" qi and "primordial energy", and used it to guide internal qigong, that is, to be convinced and nourish qi, to look inward, to accept qi to the root, to reach the elixir and to nourish fetal interest. Adhering to the principle of "yuan and keeping one" also refers to the spirit of "keeping god", which has become the guiding ideology for ancient health experts to create and apply various health-keeping technologies.
(2) natural inaction, return to nature
Natural inaction is the highest realm of Laozi's Taoist thought and health preservation. It emphasizes the natural method of keeping healthy and nourishing the heart, eliminates the confusion of artificial addiction and returns to simplicity. The so-called "simplicity, less thinking and less need" returns to the simplicity and purity of nature, and then achieves harmony and unity with all things in nature. Truth is a natural and artificial synonym for element, light, clarity, quietness, purity and simplicity. The idea of "indifferent to nothingness, obeying the true qi, hiding the spirit inside, and preventing diseases" in Neijing came from this. Chinese medicine pays attention to dieting, frugality, abstinence and mental adjustment, all of which stem from the thought of "natural inaction"
2. Confucius: the originator of Confucian health care
Confucius (55 BC1~ 479), named Zhong Ni, was born in Qufu, Shandong Province in the Spring and Autumn Period. He is the most influential politician, thinker and educator among the pre-Qin philosophers. Confucianism and schools founded by Confucius have always occupied a dominant position in the feudal society of China, and "Confucianism" has almost become synonymous with the traditional culture of China.
Confucius lived in the Spring and Autumn Period more than 2,400 years ago. He lived at the age of 73 when medicine was extremely underdeveloped and productivity was quite backward. "There are very few people over 70 years old", which can be described as longevity. Confucius' ways of preserving health and longevity are quite rich, mainly in the following aspects:
(1) Self-denial and Self-cultivation "Three Commandments of Health"
Confucius was strict with himself all his life and never indulged himself. His "Three Commandments for Health" is a precious inscription for future generations.
Confucius said: "A gentleman has three precepts: when he is young, his blood gas is uncertain, so he should be cautious; It is also strong and bloody, and it is fighting; I am also old and my blood gas is declining, so I have to quit. "When you are young, you can't be greedy in sexual life; When you are hot-blooded, you should prevent fighting; In his later years, he should not be physically and mentally overworked and abstain from "greed". This "three precepts" requires that young people, mature people and old people should not indulge.
(2) optimistic and open-minded.
Confucius has a wide range of interests in "ceremony, music, shooting, imperial, calligraphy and mathematics" and is proficient in poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, spring and autumn. Confucius traveled around the world all his life in order to publicize his political opinions and ways to establish himself. Even in his later years, he remained optimistic.
Confucius crossed the "Health Sutra" for twenty years: "The knower enjoys water, and the benevolent enjoys Leshan; The knower moves, and the benevolent is quiet; Those who know are happy, and those who are benevolent are longevity. " It is a scientific summary of Confucius' life-long health and fitness. It means that smart people, people with kindness, people who like quietness, mountains and rivers, activities and optimism will live a long life. Confucius put it more clearly in The Mean: "Great virtue leads to long life." The so-called virtuous people must be respected, live with peace of mind, be aboveboard and open-minded. This is what we usually call "selfless heart, broad world."
(3) Don't eat too much and pay attention to hygiene.
Eating carefully, being contented and not greedy, not overeating and not eating indiscriminately are the golden rules of Confucius' life-long self-control diet and health preservation. He once proposed "eight don't eat". Although some of them are debatable or inappropriate, they are basically about food hygiene and have reference value. "(1) Don't eat moldy food, rotten fish and rotten meat;
Don't eat if the color is not good;
3 don't eat stinky;
4 uncooked rice is not cooked properly;
⑤ Don't eat food with improper seasoning;
6 don't eat out of season;
⑦ Don't eat the wrong meat;
Don't eat the wine and cooked meat bought in the market. "Confucius' family language also puts forward that' young and old eat differently', that is, different ages have different diets, and each chooses the diet method and habit that suits him best.
These remarks of Confucius, even today, still meet the hygiene standards, and they are also one of the earliest concrete expositions on diet and health preservation in China.
(4) Obey the rules and pay attention to posture in daily life.
In daily life, Confucius also has specific requirements: "sleep without corpse, live without guests" and "sleep without words". "Sleeping without a corpse" means not lying on your back like a corpse. Later generations, such as Sun Simiao, suggested that it is advisable to bend your knees and lie on your side. The so-called "can't sleep, sleep like a teacher (lion) lying down" means "take off your boots and sit on your feet." "Ancient Heng Yan" said: "According to legend, Yi Xi's sleeping formula is' left foot bends to the left, left arm bends, head is placed in hand, right foot stretches out, right hand is placed between thighs, and right side lies down. ""The so-called' Huashan Chu Shi, as you can see, don't look for a fairy to find a sleeping party' refers to this method. "Don't talk while sleeping" is also observed by future generations. "Those who can't talk when they sleep, talk like bells, and can't talk until they hang up."
Confucius also attached importance to daily life. In response to Lu Aigong's advice on how to live a long life, he said: "If you sleep in one place from time to time, if you eat improperly, you will be killed." In other words, anyone who lives irregularly, eats excessively and does not pay attention to the combination of work and rest will die of illness for a long time.
Confucius herded sheep when he was a teenager. After living in poverty, he traveled all over the country and went through hardships to publicize his theory. But it is precisely because he summed up the practical experience of people's lives, explored the way of fitness, actively advocated and participated in sports activities, paid attention to the rules of diet and daily life, and had a moderate diet and rest that he could stand the embarrassing test of running around. In the Spring and Autumn Period when medical care and living conditions were poor, Confucius could still live to be 73 years old, which shows that Confucius is an educator who attaches great importance to sports health care and knows how to live long.
(5) The spirit of maintenance and the psychology of adjustment.
Confucius' students suffered from leprosy, and Confucius said regretfully, "People are human beings and have diseases." . It means what kind of people are prone to get what kind of diseases. Although Confucius' remarks are somewhat subjective, Confucius, as an educator and psychologist, may have noticed the relationship between diseases and people's personality and physique.
Over the past half century, due to the improvement of environmental hygiene and personal hygiene, biological diseases have indeed decreased, and the relationship between mental health and diseases has been relatively exposed. At present, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, cancer, hypertension, cor pulmonale and other major diseases are closely related to mental state. Others such as ulcers, neurodermatitis, psoriasis and diabetes are also closely related to mental health.
Confucius said, "A gentleman has three precepts: when he is young, his blood gas is uncertain, so he should be careful; It is also strong and bloody, and it is fighting; I am also old and my blood gas is declining, so I have to quit. "The word' de' means greed. When people are old, they still desperately pursue fame and fortune, and what they get is often distress and even illness.
Confucius appreciated the state of abstinence, praised Yan Hui's state of mind of "only eating and drinking once, and in the mean lane, people will be worried if they can't bear it, and they will not change their pleasure when they go back", and said that "they will return virtuous".
Confucius opposes laziness. He said, "It's so uncomfortable to eat all day and have no intention at all! Without a player, you are still virtuous to it. " It means playing chess rather than being idle.
Confucius likes music. He has heard of Shao (a musical name) in Qi, but he doesn't know the taste of March meat. With the help of music, we can cultivate sentiment and calm our hearts. When we are close to hunger, we are still "singing string songs". We are not worried about hunger and cold.
Confucius opposed the mental state of suffering from loss and complaining about others, and advocated being open-minded and resolute. He thinks that three things are harmful to health: arrogance, loitering, hunger and lust. Three things that are good for health are: standardizing actions, being kind to others and making good friends.
Confucius' disciples said: "Zi's strictness is as cautious as Yao Yao's." It means that when Confucius lived at home, he had a regular life, a happy spirit and a good mood.
Confucius commented on himself like this: "Angry and forgetting to eat, happy and forgetting to worry, I don't know that old age is coming." From this point of view, Confucius is a good old man who knows no worries.