Comprehensive list of agricultural machinery. What are agricultural machinery? Classification of agricultural machinery and equipment

Classification standards

Agricultural machinery is generally classified according to its purpose. Most of these machines are specially designed and manufactured according to the characteristics of agriculture and the special requirements of various operations, such as soil tillage machinery, planting and fertilizing machinery, plant protection machinery, crop harvesting machinery, animal husbandry machinery, and agricultural product processing machinery. Another part of agricultural machinery is common to other industries and can be directly selected according to the characteristics and needs of agriculture, such as agricultural power machinery, water pumps in farmland drainage and irrigation machinery, etc.; or these machines can be designed into agricultural variants according to the characteristics and needs of agriculture, such as agricultural machinery. Agricultural vehicles and trailers in transportation machinery and earth and stone machinery in farmland construction machinery, etc.

Agricultural machinery can also be classified according to the power used and its supporting methods. The power used in agricultural machinery can be divided into two parts: one part is used for walking or moving agricultural machinery, which can be divided into types such as human power (portable, backpack, chest-mounted and push-pull), animal traction, tractor traction and power self-propelled. ; The other part is used to drive the working parts of agricultural machinery, which can be divided into human power (hand crank, foot pedal, etc.) drive, animal power drive, electromechanical power drive (using internal combustion engines, wind turbines, electric motors, etc.) and tractor drive. On the same agricultural machine, the two parts can use the same or different power. According to the matching method of agricultural machinery and tractors, it can be divided into traction, suspension and semi-suspended types.

According to the operation mode, agricultural machinery can be divided into two categories: walking operation and fixed operation. Among the agricultural machinery for walking operations, there are two types: continuous walking type, which operates during continuous traveling, and intermittent walking type, which alternates traveling and working processes. Among fixed-operation agricultural machinery, there are two types: movable types that can move to the working location when not in operation, and immovable types that always have a fixed working location.

According to the operating location, agricultural machinery is divided into field operations (fields, pastures and orchards, etc.), yard operations, indoor operations (factories, machine rooms, warehouses, greenhouses, livestock houses, etc.), and water or water operations. Types of operations (rivers, channels, reservoirs and wells, etc.), road operations and aviation operations.

Mechanical power

Machines that provide power for various agricultural machinery and agricultural facilities. Agricultural power machinery mainly includes internal combustion engines and tractors equipped with internal combustion engines, as well as electric motors, wind turbines, hydraulic turbines and various small generator sets. Diesel engines have the advantages of high thermal efficiency, good fuel economy, reliable operation and good fire safety. They are most widely used in agricultural internal combustion engines and tractors. Gasoline engines are characterized by their lightweight, good low-temperature starting performance and smooth operation. They are mostly used in small agricultural machinery, such as rice transplanters, backpack-powered plant protection machinery and tea picking machines.

According to the regional fuel supply situation, gas generators fueled by natural gas, petroleum associated gas, liquefied petroleum gas and producer gas can also be used according to local conditions. Diesel engines and gasoline engines can also be modified to burn gaseous fuels such as gas, or can be converted into dual-fuel internal combustion engines that burn gas and are ignited by diesel as agricultural power machinery.

Electric motors are mostly used to drive various agricultural machinery for fixed operations or indoor operations, such as agricultural product processing machinery and water pumps, as well as various operating machinery in greenhouses, warehouses, and livestock houses. In areas with water or wind resources, using wind turbines and hydraulic turbines to drive various fixed operating machinery can save petroleum fuel. Wind turbines equipped with water lifting devices can provide water for people and livestock in grassland pastoral areas. A small generating set composed of an internal combustion engine, wind turbine or hydraulic turbine and a generator is used to provide electricity for agricultural production and rural life in remote areas. Solar energy and biogas generated from rural waste materials can also provide electrical energy through solar power generation devices, biogas generator sets, biogas-diesel dual-fuel generator sets, etc.

Construction Machinery

Farmland construction machinery is used for farmland construction machinery such as leveling land, building terraces and terraces, digging trenches, laying pipelines, and digging wells.

Among them, earth and stone machinery such as bulldozers, graders, scrapers, excavators (see excavating machinery), loaders (see single bucket loaders) and rock drills are basically the same as similar machinery used in road and construction projects, but most of them Most of them (except rock drills) are used with agricultural tractors and are easy to hook up to improve power utilization. Other farmland construction machinery mainly includes trenchers, rat plows, shovel throwers, water well drilling rigs, etc.

Pulse-type trenching machine

Its working part is a plow body with a plow-type soil cutting part. It is pulled by a tractor and can complete the trenching operation in one stroke. The productivity is high, but the traction resistance is large. It must be matched with a high-power tractor and is suitable for excavation of smaller trenches.

Rotary trenching machine

Uses a rotating milling and throwing disc to mill and throw soil. It can be used with a medium-power tractor to complete the trenching operation in one or multiple strokes. The operating speed is low, generally 50 to 400 meters per hour, so the supporting tractor needs to be equipped with or additional ultra-low speed gear, and the energy consumption per unit of earthwork is greater than that of a trencher. It is suitable for excavation of large trenches.

Rat track plow

The working part is a cannonball-shaped cone-ended cylinder with a column and a traction device. It is pulled by a tractor to dig drainage culverts in farmland.

Trenching and pipe burying machine

It can complete trenching, pipe burying, soil covering and compaction in one trip.

Shovel-throwing machine

The soil is scooped up by the shovel and then sent to the soil-throwing component. It is a rotating disc type with a soil-throwing board or an upward-inclined annular belt-type soil thrower. The component throws the soil laterally to one side, and the throwing distance can reach 15 to 18 meters. It can be used for earth moving operations such as building terraces and digging ditches.

Water well drilling rigs

There are three categories: rotary type, impact type and compound type. The rotary type is widely used. It consists of two parts: a drilling device and a circulating well cleaning device. The drilling device includes a turntable, drill pipe, drill bit and driving device. Different drill bits can be selected according to different rock formations. The circulating well cleaning device is used to discharge the drilled cuttings out of the well while drilling. Different types can be selected according to needs. The impact drilling rig is a drill bit that reciprocates up and down to impact and break rock formations. It can be used for drilling operations in harder rock formations and pebble formations. However, the removal of cuttings and drilling cannot be carried out at the same time, so the work efficiency is low. It is generally used within 250 meters. Excavation of shallow wells. The compound drilling rig is equipped with a percussion mechanism on the rotary drilling rig. It mainly focuses on rotary drilling. When encountering the pebble layer, it uses impact drilling to pass through it, so it has strong adaptability.

Shovel and Throwing Machine

A farmland construction machine that can continuously shovel soil and throw soil laterally. Used for building terraces, digging trenches and other operations. According to the type of soil throwing working parts, there are two types: disk type and belt type.

Disc shovel throwers are divided into two types: front-mounted type and rear-mounted type according to their configuration position on the tractor. The front-mounted shovel-throwing machine can clear the road by itself and has strong adaptability to complex terrain. However, the structure is complex, and the thrown earthflow affects the driver's field of vision and worsens the working conditions. It is mostly used to build steep slope terraces and open passages around mountains. The rear-mounted shovel-throwing machine has a simple structure and good operating conditions, but has poor adaptability to steep slopes and cannot clear roads on its own. It is mostly used to build gentle slope terraces. It generally consists of a frame, a shovel, an arc-shaped soil collecting plate, a soil throwing disc and a transmission device (Figure 1). During operation, the blade of the shovel forms a cutting angle of 15° to 35° with the ground, scoops up the earth, and collects it on the arc-shaped collecting plate below the earth-throwing disc. The earth-throwing disc is driven and rotated by the tractor's power output shaft through the universal shaft and gearbox. Under the action of the earth-throwing blades on the disc and the centrifugal force of the disc's rotation, the earth on the earth-collecting plate is thrown out in the tangential direction. . The blade end linear speed is 8 to 14 meters/second, and the soil throwing distance is 5 to 15 meters. The rotation direction of the soil throwing disc can be changed so that the soil is thrown in the same direction during the round trip. This kind of machinery has a compact structure and low cost, but the impact load is large when throwing soil. The power consumption per unit of earthwork shoveled is 0.1 to 0.2 kilowatt hours/meter.

The belt shovel thrower is hung at the rear of the tractor and consists of a shovel, a longitudinal lifting chain, a transverse throw belt, a frame, and a transmission device (Figure 2). The driving wheels of the lifting chain and soil throwing belt are driven by the tractor power output shaft.

During operation, the soil scooped up by the shovel is sent to the horizontal soil-throwing belt at the back through the inclined upward chain-plate type longitudinal lifting chain. The soil-throwing belt transports the soil laterally at an adjustable linear speed of 7 to 15 meters/second. And throw it out at a 50° throwing angle on one side. The maximum throwing distance is 10 to 18 meters. This kind of machine has strong adaptability to various soils, small impact load on the soil throwing parts, relatively concentrated soil throwing, and good comprehensive utilization performance. It can also be used as a potato harvester and windrower after partial modification.

Farming Machinery

Basic soil tillage machinery is a machine used to plow, loosen or subsoak, and break soil, including birch plow, disc plow, and chisel. Type plows and rotary tillers, etc.

Plough plow

The most commonly used machine for soil cultivation. Its main working part is the plow body composed of plowshare, plowboard, etc. The working surface of the plowshare and mouldboard is a continuous, smooth plow body curved surface. Its shape and parameters are selected according to different soil and farming requirements, and are related to the traveling speed of the unit. Different plow body curved surfaces have different functions of turning soil, loosening soil, breaking soil and covering weed residues. Figure 1 shows the six-share suspended paddy field plow among the series of shared plows in southern China. The amplitude-modulated plow that appeared in the early 1980s was a major breakthrough in the traditional structure of the share plow. The degree of amplitude adjustment of the amplitude-modulated plow changes by changing the angle between the main beam and the forward direction of the machine to adapt to different resistances when plowing under various soil conditions. The two-way plow is a special form of the share plow, with two sets of plow bodies that turn left and right (ordinary share plows use right-turn plow bodies), or a set of plow bodies that can change the direction of the turn. Make the plow turn the soil to the same side during the back and forth plowing stroke, so that no furrows or ridges are left on the surface after plowing. This type of plow is commonly used for plowing slopes, irrigated fields, small plots and irregularly shaped plots.

Disc plow

The working part of the disc plow is a concave disc with an inclination angle of about 20° to the vertical plane and a deflection angle of 40° to 50° to the forward direction. . During operation, the disc rotates forward under the action of soil reaction force, and the soil mounds cut by the disc blade rise along the concave surface and turn over and fall. Disc plows can cut dry and hard clods of soil and cut off grass roots and small tree roots. It is suitable for plowing operations in rocky, grassy, ??moist and heavy soil, as well as high-yielding green manure fields after returning straw to the field. However, under general soil conditions, its soil turning, soil crushing and covering performance are not as good as that of the share plow.

Chisel plow

Its working parts are 1 to 3 rows of chisel-shaped soil scarifiers with rigid shovel columns. When plowing, the soil is loosened without turning over the soil layer. Leaving stubble coverage can reduce soil erosion and is suitable for basic soil cultivation in drought, rocky and severe soil erosion areas. The plowing depth is generally 30 centimeters, and the maximum plowing depth can reach 45 to 75 centimeters when used for soil improvement in dry lands.

Rotary tiller

The working part of the rotary tiller is a set of soil-cutting blades evenly arranged according to multi-threads on a horizontal horizontal axis. It is driven by the tractor power output shaft. The device is driven to rotate and cut soil, and can meet the seed bed preparation requirements in one operation. It is mainly used for cultivation of paddy fields, vegetable fields and orchards. Topsoil tillage machinery Topsoil tillage machinery includes disc harrows, tine harrows, compactors and cultivators.

Disc harrow

It is composed of concave discs arranged in groups. The cutting edge plane of the disc is perpendicular to the ground and at an angle to the forward direction (operating state). It is used for smoothing the broken soil after plowing, shallow plowing and stubble removal after harvesting, and loosening and weeding in orchards.

Nail rake

The working part is a number of rows of nail teeth arranged at equal intervals on the rake frame. It can be used to loosen the soil after cultivated land and break the surface formed after rain. Weeding operations such as hard shelling and crop seedling stage.

Paddy rake

It is composed of working parts such as disc harrow group, notched disc harrow group, star rake group and rolling roller. It is used for plowing paddy fields. Crushing and leveling work. Depending on the region and soil conditions, these working parts can be combined into different forms of paddy rake.

The compactor

is used for crushing and compacting surface soil after raking or sowing. The working part is a compaction wheel. The suppression wheel has a cylindrical, annular or V-shaped shape, and is looped on the wheel axle during operation.

Cultivator

It is used for loosening, weeding, ditching and cultivating soil during the growth period of crops. Commonly used working parts include weeding shovel, loosening shovel, general shovel and Earth cultivator etc. Installing a fertilizer application device on the cultivator can apply fertilizer while cultivating and weeding. Paddy field cultivators can be cultivated using manual hand-pushed tooth roller paddy field cultivators or power-driven weeding wheel paddy field cultivators.

Combined machinery

Combined farming machinery can complete the basic tillage of the soil and topsoil tillage - plowing and harrowing at one time. Its form can be a combination of two different machines, such as a share plow-tine harrow, a share plow-rotary tiller, etc.; it can also be a combination of two different working parts, consisting of a share plow body and a vertical shaft rotary tiller. Rake, plow, etc. composed of plowing parts.

Orchard machinery

Plows and cultivators are often equipped with devices that can automatically avoid tree trunks and automatically reset the working parts. In addition to the small area of ??soil around the trunk, the soil between the rows and trees of fruit trees can be cultivated at the same time.

Planting machinery

Planting machinery can be divided into three categories: seeders, planters and seedling planters according to different planting objects and processes.

Seeder

The seeder plants seeds of crops or coated seeds made into pellets. According to the sowing method, it can be divided into three categories: spreader, drill and hole seeder. Various types of precision seeders have been developed in large quantities since the 1950s, which can accurately control the seeding rate, hole (plant) spacing and sowing depth. The pneumatic seeding precision seeder developed in the 1970s. Its seed metering device (air suction type, air pressure type or air blowing type) uses positive or negative pressure airflow to discharge a row of seeds at certain intervals to achieve single-grain precision hole sowing. Compared with traditional mechanical seed metering devices, it has the characteristics of accurate sowing amount and no damage to seeds. There is also a mechanical precision seed meter. It is a suspended 6-row row crop seeder with a fertilizer application device, which can be used for drill and hole sowing of row crops such as soybeans, corn, and sorghum.

Planting machine

The planting machine is used to plant seed blocks of potatoes, sweet potatoes, onions and other crops, as well as sugarcane seed sections. Since the characteristics and planting requirements of different crop blocks and sections are quite different, most planting machines are special planting machines. Commonly used ones include potato planting machines, sugarcane planting machines, etc.

Seedling machinery

The seedling planting machine is suitable for planting seedlings of crops such as rice, cotton, tobacco, vegetables, fruit trees and flowers, and seedlings with nutrient bowls or soil. Planting machines are divided into three types: semi-mechanized, mechanized and automated. The semi-mechanized seedling planting machine uses the machine to complete the trenching, soil covering and pressing processes, while the harvesting and planting of the seedlings is completed by the seedling hands sitting on the machine. The transplanting action of the mechanized seedling planting machine is also completed by the machine, but the transplanting hand still takes the seedlings and puts them into the transplanting mechanism. The automated seedling planting machine only manually loads trays of seedlings (usually seedlings with nutrient bowls) onto the machine's tray frame, and the machine automatically completes the entire planting process while moving.

Fertilization machinery is used to apply various chemical fertilizers (granular fertilizer, liquid fertilizer), manure, manure and compost in the fields. It is mainly used to apply base fertilizer before cultivating the land. Seed fertilizer and top dressing are generally made by attached fertilizers respectively. Fertilizer is applied using planters and cultivators. Commonly used fertilization machinery includes manure spreaders, fertilizer spreader trailers, liquid fertilizer sprayers, chemical fertilizer spreaders, and ammonia strip spreaders.

Protection Machinery

Plant protection machinery is a machine used to protect crops and agricultural products from diseases, insects, birds, beasts and weeds. It usually refers to the use of chemical methods to control plants. Various machinery for spraying pesticides against pests and diseases also includes machinery and equipment used for weeding with chemical or physical methods, preventing and controlling pests and diseases by physical methods, and driving away birds and animals. Plant protection machinery mainly includes spray, powder spraying and smoke spraying machines.

Spraying equipment

It is used to spray the aqueous solution of liquid or powdery agent to the prevention and control target in the form of droplets. It is mainly divided into three categories: sprayer, mist diffuser and ultra-low volume sprayer. . Commonly used sprayers include manual sprayers, stretcher-type motorized sprayers, backpack-type motorized mist sprayers, boom sprayers matched with tractors, air-driven mist sprayers for orchards, and hand-held motor ultra-low volume sprayers.

A sprayer or mist machine uses a liquid pump or an air pump to pressurize the liquid, and atomizes the liquid into droplets with a diameter of 150 to 400 microns through a spray rod, nozzle or spray gun. The mist mist machine uses the high-speed airflow generated by the fan to further break the liquid medicine pressurized by the liquid pump into mist-shaped droplets with a diameter of 50 to 150 microns to obtain better adhesion performance and spray uniformity. . Ultra-low-volume sprayers use high-concentration liquid without adding water or only adding a small amount of water. Under the centrifugal force of a high-speed rotating (8000-10000 rpm) atomization disk, the liquid is finely broken into fine particles with a diameter of 70-90 microns. The mist droplets drift with the wind and settle evenly on the control targets. They have the characteristics of small dosage of chemicals and good control effect. The atomizer disk can be driven by zinc-air batteries or dry batteries (hand-held electric type). When installed on an agricultural aircraft, it can be driven by a special wind wheel that rotates at high speed during flight. The spray nozzle on an ordinary power sprayer can also be replaced with an ultra-low-volume spray nozzle with an atomizer disk for ultra-low-volume spraying.

Powder spraying equipment

Use fan airflow to blow the powdery agent through the nozzle and powder spraying head to the control target. Commonly used are manual backpack and chest-mounted powder sprayers. , stretcher-type power dusters and tractor-mounted dusters, etc.

The smoke blower

Uses the high-temperature airflow generated when liquid fuel is burned or the exhaust gas emitted by the internal combustion engine to volatilize and thermally crack the oil pesticide into particles with a diameter of less than 50 microns. The airflow sprays out to form smoke that is suspended in the air and settles on the control target. It is suitable for pest control in orchards, warehouses and greenhouses.

Powder sprayer

Install an electrostatic nozzle on the sprayer or duster, and use hundreds to thousands of volts of high-voltage DC power to energize the nozzle to make the liquid or powder particles The control target is charged with electricity, and the electrostatic induction induces charges of opposite polarity, so that the liquid or powder particles run towards the control target under the action of the electrostatic field. The use of electrostatic interaction can significantly improve the hit rate, reduce the loss of chemicals and environmental pollution, and spray chemicals onto the back of the target to enhance the control effect.

Multi-purpose plant protection machinery

A machine that can use different parts on the same machine to carry out various operations such as spraying, powdering, misting, ultra-low-volume spraying and powdering.

Drainage and Irrigation Machinery

Farmland drainage and irrigation machinery is used for irrigation and drainage operations in farmland, orchards and pastures, including water pumps, water wheel pumps, sprinkler irrigation equipment and drip irrigation equipment.

Water pumps

Driven by electric motors, internal combustion engines or wind turbines, there are centrifugal pumps, axial flow pumps, mixed flow pumps, piston pumps, diaphragm pumps, deep well pumps and submersible electric pumps, etc. type. Multi-stage centrifugal pumps are often used for high-lift water irrigation in hilly and mountainous areas. Large-scale axial flow pumps with large flow rates and small lifts are often used for large-area drainage and irrigation in plain areas. Large mixed-flow pumps are suitable for irrigation of large areas with large lifts. Long-axis deep well pumps and deep well submersible electric pumps are used to lift water from deep wells. Piston pumps and diaphragm pumps (see reciprocating pumps) have smaller flow rates and are generally still used in agriculture to provide water for livestock and poultry.

Sprinkler irrigation equipment

Sprinkler irrigation equipment uses a water pump to pressurize water (or use the drop of a high-level water source) to spray it into the air through pipes and nozzles, dispersing it into uniform small water droplets, forming a rain shape Settling to the ground and crops. Compared with irrigation through ditches and ground pipes, the use of sprinkler irrigation equipment can achieve uniform irrigation, less water loss, and it is easy to automate irrigation management. This type of equipment is particularly suitable for areas with gentle slopes, undulating land and little water. There are many types of sprinkler irrigation equipment, among which circular sprinkler irrigation machines or center pivot sprinkler irrigation equipment have a higher degree of automation. The branch pipes are mounted on a row of brackets with running wheels, and each bracket is driven by a motor or other power. It makes a circular motion around the central axis at one end of the branch pipe, and the pressurized water is ejected from the center along the branch pipe through each nozzle. Some branch pipes are more than 500 meters long and can control an irrigation area of ??more than 1,500 acres. The time it takes for the branch pipe to rotate once ranges from hours to days, and can be automatically controlled according to the water demand in the field. The movement of the branch pipe is similar to the hour hand of a clock, so it is also called hour hand sprinkler irrigation equipment. In order to solve the problem of watering in the empty corners of square plots, some round sprinkler machines are equipped with corner sprinkler devices that automatically start spraying water when they reach the corner.

Drip irrigation equipment

This equipment allows low-pressure water to pass through underground or surface pipes and drip continuously and in small amounts from the drippers installed on the pipes to the parts of crops that require water. It consumes less water than sprinkler irrigation equipment and is often used for irrigation in orchards, nurseries and greenhouses.

Harvesting Machinery

Crop harvesting machinery includes various machines used to harvest various crops or agricultural products. Different crops are harvested in different ways and using different machinery.

Grain combine harvester

It consists of a harvesting table, a conveying device, a threshing device, a separation device, a cleaning device, a grain tank and a transmission device. According to the feeding method of crops, there are two types: full feeding type and half feeding type. All countries in Europe and the United States use full-feed grain combine harvesters (Figure 6), which are mainly used to harvest wheat and other wheat crops. After some modifications and adjustments, they can also be used to harvest corn, beans, rice, and sunflowers. During operation, the reciprocating cutter at the front end of the harvesting table, with the cooperation of the reel, cuts the stalks with ears onto the harvesting table, and sends them to the threshing device through the harvesting table conveying device and the intermediate conveying device, and then through the threshing drum and The gaps between the concave plates are threshed due to friction and impact. Most of the grains pass through the concave plate sieve holes and then enter the cleaning device. A small amount of grains are entrained in the escaping material on the concave plate and are thrown to the separation device. The grains are separated by the up and down, front and back shaking of the chain separation device. It comes out and enters the cleaning device, and large debris such as stems and drafts are transported backward and thrown out of the machine. The grains entering the cleaning device are removed by fans and sieves to remove fine impurities, and the clean grains are sent to the grain tank. After the grain tank is full, the grain unloading conveyor is started to unload the grain into the grain truck. In the mid-to-late 1970s, various types of axial flow drum-type full-feed grain combine harvesters appeared in North America. They combined the threshing device and the separation device into one, thus eliminating the need for a huge chain separation device and shortening the length of the entire machine. . Semi-feeding grain combine harvesters mainly used for harvesting rice have been developed in southern China and Japan. During operation, only the ear part of the cut rice straw enters the threshing device during the clamping and conveying process. The threshed straw is relatively complete and is convenient for comprehensive utilization. The amount of broken straw mixed in the grains is small, and a separate separation device is generally not required. Therefore, compared with the full feeding type, the structure is simple and the power consumption is smaller.

Cotton picker

It uses a rotating toothed picking spindle to pick out the seeded fibers from the opened cotton bolls and send them to the cotton box by airflow. There are two main types of cotton pickers: horizontal spindle cotton pickers are used in the United States, which have a higher picking rate, but have complex structures, manufacturing precision requirements and high costs; vertical spindle cotton pickers are mostly used in the Soviet Union, which have a high picking rate. The structure is simple and the cost is low, but the picking rate is low, there are more fallen cottons, and the damage to the cotton plants is greater. The impurity content of machine-picked seed cotton is high, and the quality grade is significantly lower than that of hand-picked seed cotton. Machine-picked seed cotton requires a complete set of cleaning equipment. The picked cotton must be repeatedly cleaned before and after ginning before it can be used as textile raw material.

Processing Machinery

Agricultural product processing machinery includes preliminary processing of harvested agricultural products or collected poultry and livestock products, as well as certain mechanical equipment for in-depth processing of agricultural products as raw materials. The processed products are easy to store, transport and sell for direct consumption or as industrial raw materials. Different agricultural products have different processing requirements and processing characteristics. The same agricultural product can obtain different finished products through different processing processes. Therefore, there are many types of agricultural product processing machinery. The most commonly used ones include grain drying equipment, grain processing machinery, oil processing machinery, cotton processing machinery, hemp peeling machinery, tea primary processing and refining machinery, fruit processing machinery, and dairy processing machinery. , seed processing equipment and starch making equipment, etc. In order to realize continuous operation and operational automation between various processes, multiple processing machines in the previous and subsequent processes are often combined into processing units, processing rooms or comprehensive processing plants.

Grain processing

It is divided into two categories according to the process flow: one is used to peel and peel raw grains such as rice, sorghum, millet and millet, and grind them into finished rice. For example, the raw rice grains are first cleaned of various impurities by various impurity removal and cleaning equipment, and then enter the rice huller to separate the rice husks. The discharged paddy mixture enters the paddy separation screen.

The separation screen uses the differences in particle size, density and surface characteristics between rice and brown rice to separate the unhulled rice and send it back to the huller. The brown rice enters the rice mill and is ground into white rice, and then the bran and broken rice are removed through a finished product grading screen to obtain the finished white rice. The other type is used to remove the cortex and germ from raw grains such as wheat, corn, barley, buckwheat and oatmeal, and grind them into finished powder. For example, after the raw wheat grains are cleaned by various impurity removal and cleaning equipment, various impurities and the soil and dust attached to the surface of the wheat grains are removed, then they are ground into powder in a mill, and then sifted through a set of flat sieves to extract the finished flour. The intermediate material then enters another mill for grinding, and the flour is repeatedly extracted in this way, and finally the bran is discharged through the bran brushing machine.

Oil processing

The oil production process is mainly divided into pressing method, leaching method, etc. Different oil production processes use different mechanical equipment, but the oil production raw materials are first cleaned of impurities by oil cleaning machinery, and various types of oil peeling machines are used to peel off the shell and separate the shell kernels, and then use a rolling machine to press into embryos. material. When using the leaching method, the embryo is immersed in a solvent (hexane or light gasoline) to extract the oil. The oil is separated from the solvent through filtration, evaporation, stripping and other equipment. The solvent can be recycled and used repeatedly; when using the pressing method, After the embryo material is fried in a steaming wok, it is sent to a screw oil press or a hydraulic oil press to squeeze out the oil. The extracted or squeezed crude oil is then refined into essential oils or refined oil through various refining equipment such as filtration, hydration, alkali refining, acid refining, decolorization and deodorization.

Animal husbandry machinery

Animal husbandry machinery is a variety of mechanical equipment used in the production process of grazing and housing poultry and livestock breeding.

Grassland maintenance and improvement machinery

Including poisonous bait spreaders for killing pasture rodents, soil scarifiers for improving pastures to increase forage yields, and pasture sprinkler irrigation equipment.

Grazing farm management equipment

Including electric grazing fences and their erection machinery, mobile epidemic prevention vehicles and chemical drenching equipment. ①Electric grazing fence: The high-voltage pulse current generated by the electric pulse generator is passed into the electric fence, so that the livestock receives a non-fatal electric shock when it touches the electric fence, so that it can move in the electric grazing fence surrounded by the electric fence. Feeding. Installing solar or wind turbines can provide convenient and cheap power for electric fences. ②Mobile epidemic prevention vehicle: a special vehicle with good off-road performance. It is equipped with testing, disinfection, treatment equipment and internal combustion generator sets for epidemic prevention and veterinary use. It can carry several epidemic prevention or veterinary personnel to the epidemic area in time. ③Medicated drenching equipment: mainly used to prevent and treat scabies and surface parasites in grazing sheep.

Forage and green fodder harvesting machinery

Machines that collect forage in the field and form loose grass, bales, haystacks and grass blocks, etc., mainly include grass cutting or grass cutting preparation machines, Rake, picking and baling machine, hay collecting and stacking machinery, forage loading machinery and green fodder harvester, etc. Lawn mowers come in two types: reciprocating and rotary. Compared with the traditional reciprocating lawn mower, the rotary lawn mower developed in the 1970s has the advantages of high cutting and forward speed, stable operation, and strong adaptability to pasture. It is suitable for high-yield pastures, but the cutting is not neat enough and requires more heavy cutting. , greater energy consumption. Installing a pressure roller on the lawn mower becomes a lawn mower conditioner, which can flatten and crack the cut fresh grass stalks to speed up the drying process. There are two types of rake: transverse and lateral, which are used to rake the cut grass scattered on the ground into different forms of grass strips. Pick-up balers are used to pick up strips of hay from the ground and compress them into tight bales of rectangular or circular cross-section for easy transportation and storage. There are two types of green fodder harvesters: knife-throwing type and general-purpose type. The former uses a high-speed rotating knife-type chopper to cut, chop and throw green forage crops into a trailer. It is mainly used to harvest low green forage crops. The latter is equipped with three attachments: a full-width cutting header, an opposite-row header and a pickup device, so it can harvest a variety of green forage crops.

Feed processing machinery

Mainly include: feed grinders, hoeers and green feed choppers for processing various rough and concentrated feeds; feed mixers for preparing mixed feeds; Feed pellet press for turning powdered feed into granular form; stalk conditioning machine for processing straw feed; washing machine, slicer, grater, beater and vegetable puree for processing juicy feed such as potatoes and vegetables Machines and feed pellet cookers, etc.

Feeding and management machinery

Mainly include: ventilation, temperature control, lighting and other environmental control equipment for livestock houses; livestock feeding and drinking equipment; livestock epidemic prevention equipment; Manure removal and manure handling equipment, as well as egg collection and milking equipment, etc. Modern laying hen houses include a complete set of mechanized and automated equipment from incubation and brooding to egg cartoning. While isolated from the outside world, the environment inside the house can be automatically controlled as required. Full-price compound feeds are fed quantitatively according to the needs of chickens of different ages and laying hens, and automatic water dispensers and regular manure removal equipment are installed. Eggs are automatically collected through the egg collection system, cleaned and graded before being packed into boxes for shipment.

Manufacturing Requirements

Agricultural Technical Requirements

Agricultural machinery used for a certain operation should first meet the agricultural technical requirements of the operation and possess the capabilities within a certain range Possibility of adjustments, or variations, to suit different agricultural technical requirements.

Operation and use requirements

The use of agricultural machinery is scattered, the environmental conditions are poor and complex, and agricultural operations are highly seasonal. Therefore, the requirements for agricultural machinery are: installation, Adjustment, maintenance, coupling with the tractor, lifting and lowering of working parts, replacement of wearing parts and troubleshooting of general faults are simple and easy, and various safety protection measures are taken to ensure the normal operation of the machine and the safety of operators. For example, automatic obstacle crossing devices and protective covers or baffles for various exposed moving parts are installed on soil tillage machinery, as well as cold protection, heat insulation, dustproof, sound insulation and vibration reduction facilities.

Versatility and Comprehensive Utilization

In order to improve the utilization rate of agricultural machinery and reduce operating costs, agricultural machinery should have wide versatility and high efficiency while ensuring agricultural technical requirements. High degree of comprehensive utilization. For example, a universal rack can be equipped with various components such as sowing, cultivating, trenching, soil cultivation, fertilization, plant protection and potato digging, so that it can be used for different operations in different seasons. A grain combine harvester only needs to replace and adjust a few parts, and can be used to harvest a variety of crops such as rice, wheat, beans, corn, sorghum and sunflowers.

Serialized machinery

The standardization, generalization and serialization of agricultural machinery and its parts are important measures to ensure product quality, reduce production costs, and facilitate the supply of spare parts and maintenance. In China, national and ministerial standards regarding the types, basic parameters, technical conditions, test methods and main component dimensions of various agricultural machinery have been formulated and implemented. Standards for share plows, rotary tillers, There are product series such as disc harrows, paddy harrows, seeders, rice transplanters, submersible electric pumps, sprinkler irrigation pumps, rocker nozzles and feed grinders. Some series of product parts have a degree of commonality of more than 80 to 85%.

Other technical and economic indicators

Including the productivity, service life, price and operating cost of agricultural machinery, as well as the consumption of labor, energy and steel, usually expressed in unit width or unit hour Productivity is measured by indicators such as machine weight, metal consumption, machine price and required power, or by indicators such as cost per unit of work completed, labor and energy consumption. When determining the economic effects and possibility of promotion of new agricultural machinery products or varieties, these indicators can be compared with original products or manual operations.