Unit 1 Biology and Biosphere
A, biological characteristics:
1, living organisms need nutrition, 2. Living organisms can breathe, 3. Living organisms can excrete wastes generated in the body, 4. Living organisms can respond to external stimuli, 5. Living organisms can grow and reproduce, 6. They are composed of cells (except viruses).
Second, the general method of investigation
Steps: define the purpose of the investigation, determine the object of the investigation, make a reasonable investigation plan, record the investigation, sort out the investigation results and write the investigation report.
Third, the classification of organisms
According to the morphological structure: animals, plants, other organisms.
According to the living environment: terrestrial organisms and aquatic organisms.
According to the purpose: crops, poultry, livestock and pets.
The biosphere is the home of all living things.
1, the range of biosphere: the bottom of the atmosphere: flying birds, insects, bacteria, etc.
Most of hydrosphere: the water layer within 0/50m from sea level/kloc-.
The surface of the lithosphere is the "foothold" of all terrestrial creatures.
2. The biosphere provides basic conditions for living things: nutrients, sunlight, air and water, suitable temperature and certain living space.
3, the influence of the environment on biology
(1) Effects of abiotic factors on organisms: light, moisture, temperature, etc.
Experiment on the influence of light on the life of rat woman
The process of inquiry and the design of control experiment
(2) the influence of biological factors on biology:
The most common relationship is predation, as well as competition and cooperation.
4, biological adaptation and influence on the environment
Example of biological adaptation to environment P 19
Biological impact on the environment: transpiration of plants can adjust air humidity, dead leaves and branches of plants can adjust soil fertility after decay, animal manure can improve soil, and earthworms can loosen soil.
5. Concept of ecosystem: In a certain region, the unified whole formed by organisms and environment is called ecosystem. A forest, a farmland, a grassland and a lake can all be regarded as an ecosystem.
6. Composition of ecosystem:
Biological part: producer, consumer, decomposer
Abiotic parts: sunlight, water, air, temperature.
7. If all the living things in every link of the ecosystem are weighed separately, the producer should be the one with the largest quantity in general.
8. Plants are producers, animals are consumers, and bacteria and fungi are decomposers.
9. Material and energy flow along the food chain and food web.
The higher the trophic level, the less the biomass; The higher the trophic level, the accumulation (enrichment) of toxic substances along the food chain.
10, the ecosystem has a certain ability of automatic adjustment. In general, the number and proportion of organisms in the ecosystem are relatively stable. However, this automatic adjustment ability has a certain limit, beyond which it will be destroyed.
1 1 The biosphere is the largest ecosystem. Many of the impacts of human activities on the environment are global.
12. Types of ecosystems: forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, farmland ecosystem, marine ecosystem, urban ecosystem, etc.
13, the biosphere is a unified whole: pay attention to the example of DDT (enrichment) textbook on page 26.
Unit 2 Organisms and Cells
First, the structure of the microscope
Mirror seat: stabilize the mirror body;
Mirror column: support the part above the mirror column;
Mirror arm: the part that holds the mirror;
Stage: a place where slide specimens are placed. There is a light hole in the center and a tablet clip on both sides for fixing the observed object.
Shutter: There are round holes of different sizes on it, called aperture. Each aperture can be aligned with the light hole. Used to adjust the intensity of light.
Mirror: it can be rotated to make the light reflect up through the light hole. Its two sides are different: the plane mirror is used when the light intensity is high, and the concave mirror is used when the light intensity is low.
Lens barrel: an eyepiece is installed at the upper end, a converter is installed at the lower end, an objective lens is installed on the converter, and a focusing screw is installed at the rear.
Quasi-focus screw: coarse quasi-focus screw: the lens barrel rises and falls greatly when rotating; Fine quasi-focus spiral.
The relationship between rotation direction and lifting direction: rotate the quasi-focus screw clockwise, and the lens barrel will descend; On the contrary, it will rise.
Second, the use of the microscope
1, the observed object image is contrary to the actual image. Note that the moving direction of the slide is opposite to the moving direction of the object image in the field of vision.
2. Magnification = objective lens multiple × eyepiece lens multiple
3. Biological specimens observed under a microscope should be thin and transparent, and light can pass through them, so that they can be observed clearly. Therefore, it must be processed into slide specimens.
III. Observing Plant Cells: Experimental Process
1, the difference between slicing, smearing and loading P42
2. Basic structure of plant cells
Cell wall: support, protection
Cell membrane: controlling the entry and exit of substances and protecting them.
Cytoplasm: liquid and mobile. There are vacuoles in cytoplasm, and many substances (such as sugar) are dissolved in vacuoles.
Nucleus: storing and transmitting genetic information
Chloroplast: the place where photosynthesis takes place,
Vacuole: cell fluid
3. Observe the oral epithelial cell experiment (i.e. the structure of animal cells)
Cell membrane: controls the entry and exit of substances.
Nucleus: storing and transmitting genetic information
Cytoplasm: liquid and mobile.
4. The similarities between plant cells and animal cells are that they all have cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus.
5. Differences between plant cells and animal cells: Plant cells have cell walls and vacuoles, while animal cells do not.
Four, the cell is the basic unit of the structure and function of the organism.
Five, the substance in the cell
Organic matter (usually containing carbon and combustible): sugars, lipids, protein and nucleic acids, which are macromolecules.
Inorganic substances (generally carbon-free): water, inorganic substances, oxygen, etc. These are small molecules.
Six, the cell membrane controls the entry and exit of substances, selective to substances, useful substances enter, and waste is discharged.
Seven, intracellular energy converter:
Chloroplast: Photosynthesis is the process of synthesizing carbon dioxide and water into organic matter and producing oxygen.
Mitochondria: It performs respiration and is the "power factory" and "engine" in cells.
The two are related: both are energy converters in cells.
The difference between them is that chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy and store it in organic matter; Mitochondria decompose organic matter and release chemical energy stored in organic matter for cells to use.
Eight, animal and plant cells have mitochondria.
Nine, the nucleus is the genetic information base, and genetic information exists in the nucleus.
1, the example of dolly sheep p55,
2. DNA, the carrier of genetic information in the nucleus.
3. The structure of DNA is like a spiral ladder.
4. A gene is a fragment of DNA with specific genetic information.
5. DNA and protein form chromosomes.
Different biological individuals have completely different chromosome shapes and numbers;
Individuals of the same species maintain a certain number of chromosomes in morphology;
Chromosomes are easily dyed dark by alkaline dyes;
The number of chromosomes should be kept constant, otherwise there will be serious genetic diseases.
6. The control center of a cell is the nucleus.
X. Cells are the unity of matter, energy and information.
Eleven, cells produce new cells through division.
1, biological growth from childhood is due to: cell division and cell growth.
2. Cell division
(1) chromosome for replication.
(2) The nucleus is divided into two identical nuclei.
(3) The cytoplasm is divided into two parts
(4) Plant cells: new cell membranes and cell walls are formed among the original cells.
Animal cells: the cell membrane gradually invades, forming two new cells.
Twelve, the beginning of a new life-fertilized eggs
1, all kinds of cells formed by cell differentiation can only exercise their functions when they are gathered together. The cell group formed by these cells with similar morphological structure and the same function is called tissue.
2. Different tissues are combined together in a certain order to form organs.
The basic tissues of animals and humans can be divided into four types: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nerve tissue. Four kinds of tissues are formed in a certain order, and one of them is dominant to form organs.
3, * * * enough to complete one or more physiological functions of multiple organs in a certain order together to form a system.
Eight systems: motor system, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, urinary system, nervous system, endocrine system and reproductive system.
4. Basic structural levels of animals and humans (from small to large): cells → tissues → organs → systems → animals and humans.
5. Plant structure level (from small to large): cells → tissues → organs → plants.
6. Six organs of green flowering plants
Vegetative organs: roots, stems and leaves;
Reproductive organs: flowers, fruits and seeds.
7. Plant tissues: meristem, protective tissue, vegetative tissue, transport tissue, etc.
Thirteen, single-celled organisms
1, unicellular organisms: paramecium, yeast, Chlamydomonas, euglena, amoeba.
2. See page 70 of the textbook for the structure of paramecium.
3. The relationship between single-celled organisms and human beings: beneficial and harmful.
XIV. Organism without cell structure-virus
1, type of virus
According to different hosts: animal virus, plant virus and bacterial virus (phage)
2. Virus structure: the genetic material in the shell and inside of protein.
Unit 3 Green Plants in the Biosphere
Chapter 1 What green plants are there in the biosphere?
1, Pteridophytes have differentiation of roots, stems, leaves and other organs, but also have transport tissues and mechanical tissues, so the plants are relatively tall.
2. Spore is a kind of germ cell.
3. The economic significance of pteridophytes lies in: ① Some of them are edible; ② Some medicines are available; ③ Some are for viewing; ④ Some of them can be used as excellent green manure and feed; ⑤ The remains of ancient pteridophytes turned into coal after a long time.
4. The roots of bryophytes are false roots, which can't absorb water and inorganic salts, while the stems and leaves of bryophytes have no conducting tissues and can't transport water. Therefore, bryophytes cannot be separated from the environment of boiling water.
5. Bryophytes grow densely, and the gaps between plants can store water. Therefore, patches of bryophytes play a certain role in soil and water conservation of woodland and Shan Ye.
6. Bryophytes are very sensitive to toxic gases such as sulfur dioxide, and it is difficult to survive near heavily polluted cities and factories. People take advantage of this feature and regard bryophytes as indicator plants to monitor the degree of air pollution.
7. The main characteristics of algae plants: simple structure, single-celled or multicellular individuals, no differentiation of roots, stems, leaves and other organs; There are chloroplasts in cells, which can carry out photosynthesis; Most of them live in water.
8. Organic matter produced by algae plants through photosynthesis can be used as bait for fish, and the released oxygen is not only for fish to breathe, but also an important source of oxygen in the atmosphere.
9. Economic significance of algae: ① kelp, laver and sea cabbage are edible; ② iodine, fucoidan and agar extracted from algae plants can be used in industry and medicine.
10, seed structure
Broad bean seeds: seed coat, embryo (embryo, hypocotyl, radicle) and cotyledon (2 pieces).
Corn seeds: pericarp and seed coat, embryo, cotyledon (1 piece), endosperm.
1 1, seed plants are more adaptable to life on land than moss and ferns, and one of the important reasons is that they can produce seeds.
12, remember the common gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Chapter II Life of Angiosperms
1, environmental conditions for seed germination: suitable temperature, certain moisture and sufficient air.
Self-condition: A complete and viable embryo has passed the dormancy period.
2, the determination of seed germination rate (calculation) and sampling test.
3. The process of seed germination
Absorbing water-transporting nutrients-radicle developing into root-embryonic axis developing into stem and leaf, the radicle is the first to break through the seed coat, and the white and fat part of edible bean sprouts is developed from embryonic axis.
4. Growth of young roots
The fastest growing part is the elongation zone.
On the one hand, the growth of roots depends on increasing the number of cells in meristem, on the other hand, it depends on increasing the cell volume in elongation area.
5. Branches are developed from buds
6. Nutrients needed for plant growth: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
7. Flowers develop from flower buds.
8, the structure of flowers (textbook 102)
9, pollination and fertilization (textbook 103)
10, fruit and seed formation
Ovary-fruit fertilized egg-embryo
Ovule-seed ovary wall-pericarp (as distinguished from pericarp in life).
1 1, artificial pollination
When pollination is insufficient, artificial pollination can be assisted.
12. The life cycle of angiosperms includes seed germination, plant growth and development, flowering, fruiting, senescence and death.
Chapter III Water Cycle of Green Plants and Biosphere
1, the life of green plants needs water.
(1) The role of water in plants
Water is the composition of cells; Water can maintain the inherent posture of plants; Water is the solvent for absorption and transportation of substances in plants; Water participates in plant metabolism.
(2) Water affects the distribution of plants.
(3) The water requirement of plants is different in different periods.
2. Ways of water entering plants
The main part of root water absorption is the mature area of root tip, where there are a lot of root hairs.
3. Means of transportation
Conduit: upward conveying water and inorganic salts.
Screen tube: downward conveying organic matter generated by photosynthesis of blades.
4, the structure of the blade
Epidermis (divided into upper and lower epidermis), mesophyll, veins,
5. The structure of stomata: the guard cells absorb water and expand, and the stomata open; The guard cells lose water and contract, and the stomata close.
Stomatal is open during the day and closed at night.
6, the significance of transpiration:
Can reduce the temperature of plants, so that plants will not be burned.
It is the main driving force for roots to absorb water and promote water transportation in the body.
Can promote inorganic salts dissolved in water to be transported in the body.
It can increase atmospheric humidity, reduce ambient temperature and increase precipitation. Promote the biosphere water cycle.
Chapter IV Green plants are producers of organic matter in the biosphere.
1, experiment of geranium
Dark treatment: put geranium in the dark for one night, so that geranium can transport and consume all the starch in the leaves in the dark.
Control experiment: Cover half of the upper and lower surfaces of a leaf with black paper. Objective: To do a control experiment to see whether starch is produced in the illuminated part and the unlighted part.
Decolorization: after several hours, put the leaves in water and heat them in isolation. The purpose is to decolorize and dissolve chlorophyll in the leaves for easy observation.
Dyeing: dyeing with iodine solution
Conclusion: Starch turns blue when it meets iodine, and the visible part is photosynthesized to produce organic matter.
2. The concept of photosynthesis: Green plants use the energy provided by light to synthesize starch and other organic substances in chloroplasts, and convert light energy into chemical energy and store it in organic substances. This process is called photosynthesis.
3. The essence of photosynthesis: the process by which green plants use light energy through chloroplasts to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic matter (such as starch) that stores energy and release oxygen.
4. Significance of photosynthesis: Organic matter produced by green plants through photosynthesis not only meets the needs of their own growth, development and reproduction, but also provides basic food sources, oxygen sources and energy sources for other organisms in the biosphere.
5. Utilization of organic matter by green plants
Objects used for construction; Provide energy for plant life activities.
6. The concept of respiration: cells use oxygen to decompose organic matter into carbon dioxide and water, and release the energy stored in organic matter to meet the needs of life activities. This process is called respiration.
7. Significance of respiration: part of the energy released by respiration is an indispensable motive force for plants to carry out various life activities (such as cell division, absorption of inorganic salts, transportation of organic matter, etc.), and part of it is transformed into heat and radiated.
The fifth chapter is the balance between green plants and carbon-oxygen in the biosphere.
1, green plants constantly consume carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through photosynthesis, produce oxygen, and maintain the balance of carbon and oxygen in the biosphere.
2. The relationship between respiration and production and life: intertillage, loosening soil and timely drainage are all for air circulation, which is beneficial to the respiration of plant roots. The respiration of plants decomposes organic matter, so when storing seeds or other organs of plants, we should try to reduce the respiration, which can be inhibited by lowering temperature, reducing water content, reducing oxygen concentration and increasing carbon dioxide concentration.
3. Relationship between photosynthesis and production and life: Various conditions, especially light, should be ensured for effective photosynthesis of crops. Reasonable close planting. Make the leaves of crops fully receive light.
4. Differences and connections between photosynthesis and respiration (see textbook 13 1)
5. Formula of photosynthesis (130) and respiration (125)
Chapter VI Caring for Vegetation and Greening the Motherland
1, main vegetation types in China
Grassland, desert, tropical rain forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest
2. Main problems of vegetation in China.
The vegetation coverage rate is low, and the forest resources and grassland resources are seriously damaged.
3. China's forest coverage rate 16.55%,
4. In China, March 12 is Arbor Day every year.
5. Tropical rain forest-the lungs of the earth,
6. The "green factory" of the biosphere-green plants.