Cultivation management
Planting is the key to buds just starting to sprout when planting the highest survival rate, should be watered after planting, the growing season fertilizer 2-3 times, drought and combined with watering. Main pests and diseases: Diseases such as rust; pests such as aphids, red spiders, peppercorns, golden turtles.
Pepper pests
China's pepper pests are many species, known about 132 species. Such as tortoise, pepper flea beetles, pepper butterfly, pepper spiny moth, big bag moth, black grasshopper, pepper aphids, pepper shellfish, pepper red spider, pepper gall midges, pepper tiger asphodel, and so on. Now we mainly introduce pepper tiger asphodel, pepper shellworm, pepper red spider.
1, pepper tiger aspen
Pepper tiger aspen belongs to Coleoptera, family Aspergillidae.
Morphological characteristics: adult body length of 19 to 24mm, black body, yellow hairs on the whole body. The head is densely covered with fine dots, the antennae are 11 segments, about 1/3 of the body length, and the feet are the same color as the body. There are 2 black spots in the middle of the sheath wing, and a subrounded black spot on 1/3 of the wing surface. Eggs long oval, 1 mm long, 0.5 cm wide, white when first laid, yellowish brown before hatching. The head of the first-hatched larvae is yellowish and the body is creamy white, the head is yellowish brown after 2-3 instars, the body of the older larvae is yellowish white and the internodes are greenish white. Pupae are creamy white at the beginning and gradually change to yellow.
Life history and habits: pepper tiger tennessee two years occurrence of a generation, mostly to the larvae overwintering. in May, adults successively feathering, late June adults climbed out of the trunk, biting and eating healthy branches and leaves. Adults are active on sunny days, and are most active before the rain. in mid-July, the trunk is 1m high, and eggs are laid in the depths of the bark cracks, 1-2 grains per place, and a female can lay 20-30 eggs in her lifetime. Generally, the eggs hatch from August to October, and the larvae overwinter in the trunk. In April of the following year, the larvae feed on the bark, and yellowish-brown mucus, commonly known as "pepper oil", flows out of the worm tunnel. in May, the larvae feed on the wood and excrete feces out of the worm tunnel. Cavity generally 0.7 cm × 1?M, flat round, upward sloping and the trunk was 45 ° angle. Larvae ****5 age, to the old mature larvae in the cavity channel pupation. in June, the victim pepper tree began to wither.
Prevention methods: ① remove the source of insects: timely collection of the year withered and dead plants, centralized burning. ② artificial killing: in July, sunny mornings and afternoons to manually capture adult insects. ③ Biological control: Sichuan Scleroderma Swollen Leg Bee is the natural enemy of pepper tiger tennon, in July, sunny days, according to the standard of 5 to 10 Sichuan Scleroderma Swollen Leg Bee per victimized plant, will be placed on the victim plant. Practice has proved that the application of Sichuan hard-skinned swollen-legged wasp control of pepper tiger Tianniu effect is good.
2, pepper shellfish
Pepper shellfish is a homopteran mealybug family of mealybugs harming peppers, mealybugs, mealybugs, poplar shield mealybugs, pear shield mealybugs and so on. They are characterized by their characteristic piercing-sucking mouthparts, sucking the sap of plant buds, leaves and shoots. They cause withered tips, yellow leaves, weakened trees, and death in severe cases.
Morphological characteristics: body size is small, male and female heterozygous, female insects fixed in the leaves and branches, the body surface covered with waxy secretion or mesocarp. Generally, the eggs are laid under the shell, and the newly hatched worms are not yet covered with wax or shell, crawling on the leaves and branches, looking for a suitable location to feed. after the second instar, they are immobilized, and start to secrete wax or shell.
Life habits: pepper mealybugs occur one or more generations a year, May, September are visible in large numbers of worms and adults.
Control methods: Because the adult mealybugs are covered with wax or shells, it is difficult for the agents to penetrate and the control effect is not good. Therefore, mealybugs control focuses on the period of the waking period. ①Physical control: in winter and spring, use a straw handle or brush to wipe out the overwintering females and male nymphs in the cocoon on the main trunk or branches. ② Chemical control: you can choose a systemic insecticide, such as 1000 times oxalic acid; especially 40% speed kill 800 to 1000 times effective. ③ biological control. There are a lot of natural enemies in nature, such as some parasitic wasps, ladybugs, lacewings and so on.
3, pepper red spider
(hawthorn leaf mite, hawthorn red spider)
Morphological characteristics: female adult body is ovoid, 0.55mm long, the back of the body is elevated, with fine wrinkles, bristles, and divided into 6 rows. The females are divided into overwintering and non-overwintering types, the former bright red, the latter dark red. The adult male is smaller than the adult female, about 0.4 mm, and the eggs are spherical, semi-transparent, smooth, glossy, and orange-red. The color gradually lightens during the postnatal period. The larvae are milky white, round, with 3 pairs of legs, light green. If the body nearly oval, with 4 pairs of legs, bright green.
Life history and habits: 6-9 generations a year, to fertilization of female adults overwintering. In the pepper germination began to harm. The first generation of larvae in the inflorescence elongation period began to appear, the most prevalent damage in full bloom. After mating, they lay eggs on both sides of the main veins on the back of the leaves. The red pepper spider can also reproduce alone, and its offspring is male. The severity of the annual occurrence has a great relationship with the temperature and humidity of the region, and high temperature and drought are favorable to the occurrence.
Prevention methods: ①Chemical control: must seize the key period, in April to May, the pest mite incubation period, the high incidence of 25% of the mite 500 times liquid, 73% of the Keflex 3000 times liquid control; or with the endosorbent pesticide oxidizing 1000 times; 40% of the speed pesticide 800 to 1000 times. ② biological control: pest mites have many natural enemies, such as some predatory mites, ladybugs, etc., the field as little as possible with broad-spectrum insecticides to protect natural enemies.
4, pepper gall mosquito
Pepper gall mosquito is also known as pepper gall mosquito. Can make the victimized shoots due to irritation caused by tissue proliferation, the formation of columnar galls, so that the growth of the affected branches is hindered, late dry, and often lead to tree senescence and death. Prevention and control methods:
1, cut off the infested branches, and in the pruning mouth should be applied in a timely manner to protect the wounds of the healing antiseptic film to prevent the invasion of pathogens, timely collection of pests and insects burned or buried, with the tree coated with the tree generals to impede the germs landed in the tree reproduction in order to reduce the rate of germs into the living.
2, adequate fertilizer and water, eradication of weeds, in pepper buds, young fruit period, fruit expansion period each sprayed once pepper strong Tilling, improve pepper tree disease resistance, while the pepper pepper pepper skin thick, pepper fruit strong, color and lustre, natural taste aroma.
3, pharmaceutical control. In pepper harvesting in a timely manner after the spraying of targeted agents plus the new high fat film to enhance the effectiveness of the prevention and control of the invasion of airborne pathogens, and cotton dipped in the agent in the tuberculosis on the point of application, the whole garden spraying tree protection general disinfection.
Pepper disease
Pepper in the process of growth and development, due to environmental discomfort or by pathogenic bacteria, often occurring some of the growth of pepper tree fruit fruit, product quality of the disease. Frequent diseases are pepper dodder, pepper rust, pepper root rot, pepper leaf drop disease, pepper anthracnose, pepper ulcer, pepper blight, pepper blight, pepper blight, pepper leaf spot disease, pepper paste disease, and so on. Now we mainly introduce pepper root rot, pepper rust and pepper paste disease.
1, pepper root rot
Pepper root rot often occurs in nurseries and adult pepper garden. It is a soil-borne disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum. The roots of the affected plants are discolored and rotting, with a foul odor, the root skin is detached from the xylem, and the xylem is black. The ground part of the leaf shape is small and yellow, the branch development is incomplete, and in severe cases, the whole plant is dead.
Prevention measures: ①Reasonable adjustment of the layout, improve the poor drainage, the environment of the shady and wet pepper garden, so that it is ventilated and dry. ② good seedling management, strict selection of nursery, to 15% powder rust 500-800 times liquid sterilization of the soil. High bed deep ditch, heavy application of basic fertilizer. Pull out the diseased seedlings in time. ③ When moving seedlings, dip the roots with 50% metribuzin 500 times solution for 24 hours. Sterilize the soil with quicklime. And irrigate the roots with 500-800 times solution of metribuzin, or 15% powder rusting 500-800 times solution. ④ Irrigate adult trees with 15% powder some Ning 300-800 times solution in April, which can effectively stop the onset of disease. Summer root irrigation can slow down the severity of the disease, and winter root irrigation can reduce the overwintering structure of the pathogen. ⑤ Timely excavation of dead roots, dead trees, and burned to eliminate the pathogen.
2, pepper rust
Pepper rust is one of the important diseases of pepper leaves. Widely distributed in Shaanxi, Sichuan, Hebei, Gansu and other provinces of pepper cultivation areas. In severe cases, pepper early defoliation, directly affecting the following year's fruit. At the beginning of the disease, 2-3mm watery green spots appear on the front of the leaves, and yellow-orange blisters appear on the back of the leaves opposite to the spots, for the summer spore pile. This disease is caused by the pepper sheath rust fungus. The summer spore and winter spore stages occur on pepper trees. The occurrence of pepper rust is mainly related to climate. Where there is a lot of rainfall, especially in the third quarter of the rainfall, rainfall days under the conditions, the damage is very easy to occur.
Prevention measures: ① pharmaceutical prevention: in the absence of the disease, can be sprayed with Bordeaux liquid or 0.1-0.2% Pomerol lime sulfur combination, or in early June to late July on pepper trees with 200-400 times the liquid atrophic rust to spray protection. ② Pharmaceutical control: for the onset of the disease can be sprayed 15% of the powder rust Ning wettable powder 1000 times solution, control summer spore pile production. The onset of the peak period can be sprayed 1: 2: 200 times Bordeaux solution, or 0.1-0.2 pomerol sulfide, or 15% wettable powder rust Ning powder 1000-1500 times solution. ③ Strengthen fertilizer management, weed eradication, reasonable pruning. Late fall timely removal of dead branches and leaves and weeds and burned. ④ Cultivate disease-resistant varieties, you can mix the pepper varieties with strong disease resistance.
3, pepper anointing disease
Pepper anointing disease is a common disease of pepper, the pathogen for the stretcher fungus subphylum of the stretcher ear. Tambourine fruit is like a poultice, tightly attached to the branches and trunks of pepper trees. The lesser case makes the branches and trunks grow poorly and hang fewer fruits; the heavier case causes the branches and trunks to wither and die. In many areas, pepper branches and the whole plant withered, hanging less fruit, small results are related to anointing disease. The occurrence of anointing disease is related to the age of the tree, humidity and varieties. According to the survey, pepper anointing disease mainly occurs in the shade, wet adult pepper garden; in addition, the disease occurs with the shellfish damage, anointing disease to shellfish secretion of honeydew as nutrition, so the shellfish damage serious pepper garden, anointing disease serious
Prevention measures: ① strengthen management, proper pruning, remove dead branches and leaves, reduce the humidity of pepper garden. ② control the cultivation density, especially in the fruit of the old mature pepper garden, too much shade should be appropriate deforestation. ③ Use Pomerol 4 to 5 degrees of stone sulfur compound to smear the spots. ④ Strengthen the prevention and control of mesquite.
4, pepper rheumatism
Pepper rheumatism is caused by a fungus, highly infectious, can quickly cause necrosis of the bast at the base of the trunk, rot, rheumatism, resulting in yellowing of the leaves and branch dieback disease. Prevention and control methods: ① garden disinfection, clean up in the winter should be thorough, will be focused on burning or deep burial of pest branches and leaves, while spraying tree protection general for the whole garden disinfection. ② timely spraying, prevention, timely application of organic fertilizers, in the early stages of the disease should be sprayed in a timely manner to sterilize the agent. In the mouth of the flow of gum timely coated with tree protection general prevention and control of pepper flow of gum disease, can be smooth evacuation tube, improve the plant reverse resistance. ③ adequate fertilizer and water, eradication of weeds, in the pepper bud period, young fruit period, fruit expansion period of each spraying a pepper strong Tilling, improve the pepper tree disease resistance, at the same time can make the pepper pepper thick skin, pepper fruit strong, color and lustre, natural taste aroma. ④Pharmaceutical control. Rheumatism (dry rot) is often accompanied by asphodel, Gidinia and occurred, so therefore should be timely prevention and control of asphodel and other pests and diseases occur, and with the spraying of targeted pharmaceuticals plus the new high-fat film to enhance the effectiveness of prevention and control of airborne pathogens invasion, in the whole garden spraying of the tree protection general for disinfection.