I. Nutrients:
1. Cherry is famous for its rich vitamin C. The vitamin C content in 100cc juice is as high as 1400mg, which is the highest among plants so far.
According to the experimental results, a fruit contains about 70mg of vitamin C, which is enough for adults to need 60mg a day. About 50 times higher than guava, for example, concentrated ingot is 200 times higher than lemon.
Second, the variety of cherry.
At present, there are many kinds of fruit trees commonly known as "cherry", such as cherry, flat cherry, oak leaf cherry and so on. Although their fruit shapes are somewhat similar to real cherries, because of their different acidity, few people eat them fresh, and most of them are for viewing, such as potted plants, landscaping and green utilization. But some of them use their fruits, and cherries are the most common.
Cherry Malipghia glabra L. belongs to Rosaceae and is native to tropical America. According to the report, there are roughly three kinds of cherry varieties cultivated at present:
1, sweet seed-guomianling system is obviously convex, with pale pink and white color and oval leaves, which can be eaten raw.
2, acid seeds-the fruit surface is smooth, the flowers are dark red, and the leaves are oval for processing.
3. Sweet seeds-small fruit, smooth fruit, light taste, mostly used for garden viewing.
Cherry plants grow vigorously, and the requirements for soil are not strict. They can be cultivated in sandy soil to clay or young soil, but water should be avoided.
1, economic cultivation
Choose an orchard with good drainage, and the soil should be deeply cultivated before planting. March-June is the suitable planting period every year. Before the rainy season, the seedlings cultivated to 6- 12 months old with fully developed roots will be planted in the field, and the row spacing can generally be 4×5 or 5×5 cm. After planting, the ground should be covered with general mulch to keep soil moisture and prevent weeds from growing.
Because sufficient water is conducive to growth and yield increase, and the fruit is larger. In this province, irrigation should be carried out in the burying season from autumn to spring. In the early spring from February to March every year, before new shoots appear, applying 10-0- 10 compound fertilizer can promote their growth and flowering. The amount of fertilizer applied per plant per age is increased by about 200g, and kept at 2kg, until the plants are over 10 age. In May, July or September, 65438+1October, fertilizer should be applied in addition to spring fertilizer. At this time, decomposed organic compost can be used, and each plant needs 5- 10 kg per year. As for winter,1February-February is the dormant period of plants, and no fertilization is needed. The method of fertilization can be ring fertilization or gossip fertilization. The fertilizer is evenly spread on the ground under the tree, and its range is about 30 cm outside the crown, and then shallow tillage is carried out. Cherry is a small shrub with thick branches. It is advisable to leave 3-5 main branches on each plant, and then leave side branches on the main branches. Prune and fertilize once a year from September to June in autumn, cut off the poorly ventilated lateral branches, dead branches and drooping branches, and control the height of the tree not to exceed 1.7 cm, so as to facilitate fruit harvesting and management. Autumn pruning can promote the germination of new shoots before dormancy in winter, and fertilization can keep the leaves evergreen in winter.
Cherry begins to blossom and bear fruit in the second year after planting, and can blossom all year round when the temperature is high.
2. Garden cultivation:
In recent years, cherry has beautiful tree shape, perennial green leaves, endless flowers and bright fruits, which is very suitable for garden viewing and family nutrition supply. When the landscape is the main part, it can be pruned naturally or with image trees, such as animals, houses, squares or pavilions. According to the growth situation, it can be pruned several times a year to quickly take shape. When planting green plants, the planting spacing can be reduced to 0.5- 1 cm.
Cherry trees are characterized by rapid growth. The growth of branches and leaves, flowering and fruiting are concentrated in the first half of the growing season. During this period, we should grow and bear many fruits. Trees consume a lot of nutrients, and flower bud differentiation is mostly completed in a short time after fruit picking. Therefore, fertilization of cherry trees has the following characteristics:
1, pay attention to the previous topdressing. Cherry needs only 40 ~ 60 days from flowering to fruit ripening, which requires concentrated nutrition. Therefore, in fertilization management, in addition to applying base fertilizer in autumn, topdressing should be carried out before germination and early fruit development, with available nitrogen fertilizer as the main fertilizer for the first time and NPK compound fertilizer or special fertilizer for fruit trees for the second time.
2. Pay attention to fertilization after harvest. After the fruit is harvested, in order to enhance the nutrient accumulation of the tree and promote the flower bud differentiation, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer can be applied topdressing.
3. Apply sufficient base fertilizer. It should be applied in early autumn. Generally, from September to 65438+ 10 every year, 2000 ~ 5000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer (ring fertilizer, soil mixed fertilizer, human and animal manure) is applied every 667 square meters.
4. Top dressing outside the roots. Spraying mixed solution of 0.3% urea, 0. 1 ~ 0.2% borax and 0.2 ~ 0.4% potassium dihydrogen phosphate at full flowering stage has good yield-increasing effect.
5. Fertilization method. The vertical roots of cherry trees are underdeveloped, and the roots are shallower than the soil, but the horizontal roots are developed. In order to reduce the damage of root system, it can be applied centrally in radial ditch during the growth period.
Also known as Pioneer, Fan and Wang. It was bred in Columbia, Canada, and 1988 was introduced to Yantai. It is cultivated in Europe, America and Asia.
[biological characteristics]
The tree body is strong, the new branches are thick and straight, the young trees are brown and the big branches are purple. High germination rate, strong branching, early fruiting, early high yield and high yield year after year. The leaves are dark green in thickness,17cm long and 7.6cm wide. The leaf surface is flat and shiny, the leaf base is round, the tip of the leaf is gradually pointed, and the petiole is 3 cm long and 0.2 cm thick; There are two nectaries, up to four, kidney-shaped and purple. Buds are big and full, with a lot of pollen. The fruit is large, with an average single fruit weight of 8.6 grams and a maximum fruit weight of 10.5 grams; Fruit kidney-shaped or short heart-shaped; The fruit surface is thick red to purple, shiny and gorgeous, and the appearance is similar to that of Binku, and the peel is thick and tough; The flesh is rosy, fleshy, hard and crisp, juicy, with high sugar content and soluble solids 17%. Sweet and sour taste, good flavor and excellent quality. The edible rate is 92.65438 0%. Whether it is fresh or processed. Harvest in Yantai area in June 13- 15. Early fruiting and high yield are all good. Fruit is resistant to cracking, storage and transportation, and has strong cold resistance, but it is prone to fruit rot. Need pollination trees, Steiner, Deng Hong and Jiahong are good pollination varieties. All the excellent parents of cross breeding crossed with Steiner to produce excellent varieties such as Hong Yan and Rubins.
The fruits are large, bright in color, moderate in sweetness and sourness, resistant to cracking and storage, strong in cold resistance, early in maturity and early in harvest, and can be appropriately popularized or used as parents of pollinated varieties and cross breeding. Compact "Fan" can be densely planted, which is a compact bud mutation of "Fan", with small and compact crown, early fruiting and high yield, and other characteristics are the same as those of ordinary type.
[Environmental conditions]
(1) temperature
Cherry is suitable for cultivation in areas where the annual average temperature is above 65438 02℃. The average annual temperature in China and Japan 150 ~ 200 days is above 10℃, and the temperature in most parts of China can meet the requirements of cherry growth. Cherry can withstand high temperature under the condition of sufficient water, but high temperature drying in summer is not good for cherry growth. In winter, cherries suffer from freezing injury at 20℃, and China cherry annual seedlings will freeze to death at 65438 05℃. Frost in early spring is the most important factor affecting cherry yield. Cherry has a low temperature tolerance of -5.5 ~- 1.7℃ in bud stage and -2.8 ~- 1. 1℃
(2) Moisture
The normal growth and development of cherry needs a certain atmospheric humidity. If the fruiting period is too dry, it will affect the fruit development and reduce the yield. In addition to the areas with abundant rainfall in the south, the planting areas of cherries in China mostly choose the microclimate areas with humid air in the valleys and gullies in the north. Sweet cherries are mostly distributed in Yantai, Shandong and Dalian, Liaoning, with annual rainfall of 600 ~ 700 mm.
(3) Soil
Cherry planting requires high soil, which is not only deep and fertile, but also well ventilated. Cherry is sensitive to saline-alkali soil, which requires soil pH value to be 5.6 ~ 7.0, so it is not easy to cultivate in saline-alkali soil.
(4) Lighting
Cherry is a relatively light-loving tree species, with good light conditions, strong tree body, long life of fruit branches, full flower buds, early fruit maturity and high sugar content.
(5) Wind
Cherry root system is shallow, and strong wind can easily lead to plant lodging. The strong wind in winter is more serious than the low temperature, which will dry branches and freeze buds. The strong wind at flowering stage can easily reduce the pollination ability of cherry and affect insect flower visiting activities.
[Cultivation techniques]
First, raise seedlings
China cherry and sour cherry are mostly propagated by branch cutting, while sweet cherry is mainly propagated by grafting.
(1) The method of stacking soil or horizontal stratification is often used in seedling production. In the former, in late autumn or early spring, a mound with a height of 30-50 cm is piled up at the base of the selected mother tree to promote the base of the trunk to sprout and take root to form new plants, and in the autumn of the next year or early spring of the third year, the rooted plants are separated and taken down and directly planted in the orchard; In the latter, the sprouting strips of most lateral branches of the ground cover are selected, pressed horizontally in the ditch, fixed at the bottom of the ditch with wooden hooks, filled with soil and compacted, and cut off the layering in sections in autumn or next spring after rooting to obtain new plants. In addition, European sour cherry is an easy-to-root vegetable, and new plants can be obtained by taking root tillers and planting them in the nursery.
(2) China cherry cuttings are easy to take root, and can be carried out in spring when the juice is flowing. Cut the cuttings into1.5 ~ 20cm long sections, cut the lower end into horse's ear shape, cut the upper end flat and dip in wax, and cover the cuttings with soil thickness of 2 ~ 3cm above the top end.
(III) Grafting and Breeding Sweet Cherry When grafting and breeding sweet cherries, China cherry, sour cherry, hairy cherry and Mahali cherry are often used as rootstocks.
Grafting methods are as follows: ① T-shaped bud grafting, the cut bud is about 1 times larger than that of apple or pear, and is generally 2.5 cm long. The width is 1 cm. When cutting, it starts to cut upward at the lower part of the bud 1 ~ 2 cm, and the upper part cuts horizontally at 0.8 ~ 1.5 cm above the bud, with slight xylem. (2) First, cut a knife obliquely at 0.5 cm below the bud, reaching the xylem, then cut obliquely downward at 1 cm above the bud, penetrate into the wood for 2-3 mm, pass through the transverse incision, take off the piece with the woody bud, cut an incision matched with the bud at the smooth base of the rootstock, and embed the bud into the rootstock incision. (3) Splitting scion: the diameter of the rootstock is required to be above 3.5 cm, and the rootstock is cut 20 cm from the ground, and the cut with a knife is 4-4.5 cm deep. The lower end of the scion is cut into two inclined planes, and the length of the scion is appropriate to be 2-3 buds. The two cut scions are grafted from both sides of the cut respectively, and the cambium is aligned. ④ Cutting method is suitable for rootstock diameter 1 ~ 1.5cm ... scion thickness is 0.5 ~ 1 cm, with 2 ~ 3 buds. Cut a long inclined plane with a length of 3 ~ 3.5 cm on the front of the lower end, and cut a small inclined plane with a length of about 0.5 ~ 0.8 cm on the back, making an angle of 45 degrees. Rootstocks are cut from the ground 15 ~ 20 cm and from 1/3. ⑤ Abdominal connection; The base of the scion is cut into a straight slope with 3 ~ 4 buds, the rootstock incision should go deep into the xylem, and the length exceeds the slope of the scion, and the cut scion should be inserted. ⑥ tongue grafting method: suitable for fine rootstocks. Cut the rootstock 20 ~ 25cm from the ground, and the incision is inclined and 3 ~ 4cm long. Cut a knife downward on the inclined plane, the length is 3 ~ 4cm, the scion is about 10cm, the diameter is 0.5 ~ 1cm, and the chamfer at the base is 3 ~ 4cm.
Second, build a garden.
Cherry has strict requirements on environmental conditions, and the following principles should be followed when choosing a garden:
(1) Choose sandy loam with deep soil layer, good air permeability and strong water retention for cultivation, and gardens cannot be built in saline-alkali soil.
(2) In frost-free areas, the south slope or flat area can be selected, and in frost areas, the north slope or northwest slope with slow temperature rise and air circulation in spring should be selected for garden construction.
(3) Cherry is afraid of waterlogging and drought, and the irrigation and drainage system should be fully considered when building the garden.
(4) Cherry root system is shallow and easy to be blown down by the wind. Therefore, we should choose the leeward slope to build the garden, the flat land to build the garden, and strengthen the construction of the shelter forest.
Third, colonization.
China cherry has a high self-pollination rate, so it is unnecessary to configure pollinated varieties. Most sweet cherry varieties have low self-pollination ability, so pollinated varieties must be configured, accounting for about 20% ~ 30%. Planting in mountainous areas, the main varieties and pollinated varieties can be mixed, and pollinated varieties can be planted every 3 ~ 4 rows in flat orchards. Nano-farmers use purple, crystal and pilose acid as pollination varieties. The varieties suitable for Dazi pollination are Crystal, Xiaozi, Nanong, Jixin and Maoba acid. The pollinated varieties of chicken heart are crystal, purple and binku; The pollination varieties of Binku and Purple Cherry are Dazi, Pension and Crystal. The planting density of sweet cherry should be 4 ~ 6m×5 ~ 7m；; The planting density of cherry in China is 2 ~ 5m, x3 ~ 6m. In areas with fertile soil, the planting density can be thinner.
Fourth, plastic trimming.
The modeling of cherry trees should be completed in 4 ~ 5 years, and individual adjustments should be made in 7 ~ 8 years. Save the tree as much as possible to avoid serious injury. The tree shape should be flexibly mastered according to the climate, soil conditions and planting density. Generally, there are three kinds of trees: overgrown, natural and sparse. Pruning is divided into summer pruning and winter pruning. Generally, young sweet cherry trees should be pruned lightly to increase the number of branches and leaves. The short cut-off period should reach 3 years, and then the slow release method should be adopted. After entering the first fruiting stage, the main task is to cultivate each fruiting branch group.
V. Management of soil, fertilizer and water
Cherry orchard needs high-level soil management, deep excavation of young trees, irrigation and intertillage after rain. After planting, the soil is cultivated at the base of the trunk 30 cm, which can make the tree body have strong soil fixation and good ability to resist early and preserve moisture.
Cherry orchard requires good irrigation and drainage conditions, and annual irrigation can be divided into pre-flowering water, fruit-urging water, post-harvest water and frozen water. The amount of water sprayed before flowering should be small, and it should be watered frequently from flower withering to fruit ripening. The relative water content of soil in 10 ~ 30 cm layer should not be lower than 60%.
It is very important to fertilize cherries before winter, before and after flowering and after harvest. At the end of September-65438+10, organic fertilizer is the main fertilizer, and 30-60 kg of human manure or pigsty manure 120 kg is applied to young trees. Results 60 ~ 90 kg of human manure was applied to each tree and 52500 ~ 75000kg of pigsty manure was applied to each hectare. Applying more quick-acting fertilizer and spraying 0.3% urea 1 ~ 2 times outside the root during the flower and fruit period can significantly improve the fruit setting rate of flowers. Fertilize the fruits after harvesting, and apply 60-70kg decomposed human manure or100kg pig manure to each plant.
Six, the main pests and diseases and their prevention and control
(1) Pests and the main pests to be controlled are: Cerambycidae, Chrysopa flavescens, Lepidoptera, Lepidoptera, Bombyx mori, Lepidoptera, Scarabaga, Shipworm, Apple Leaf Curler, etc. The control methods are as follows: (1) In early spring, coat the trunk with white or spray 5 Baume lime-sulfur mixture; ② Spraying 800 times of 80% dichlorvos emulsion or injecting 40% dimethoate emulsion 1000 times into the trunk during the nymph and adult stages; (3) Combining pruning with pruning in winter, cutting off branches of diseases and insect pests and scraping off old bark. ④ Artificial trapping during adult occurrence.
(2) Diseases and control The main diseases are cherry leaf spot, cherry witches' broom, leaf perforation, root rot, nodule disease, gummosis, silver leaf disease and so on. To prevent and control leaf spot, witches' broom and leaf perforation of cherry, diseased branches and dead leaves can be removed after pruning, burned in time, and 1: 2: 160 ~ 200 bordeaux solution sprayed before germination. To prevent and control root rot and root cancer, we should adopt the method of prevention first and comprehensive prevention, select suitable rootstock tree species and disinfect them with lime milk or Bordeaux solution. Agricultural methods should be more effective in preventing gummosis.