I. Variety characteristics
1. Botanical characteristics: green and yellow tender shoots, light red young leaves and dense villi. The adult leaves are large and thick, nearly round, 5-lobed, with deep upper fissure and shallow lower fissure, and sharp serrations. The petiole is broad and arched, and the petiole is purplish red. Annual mature branches are yellow-brown, shiny and long internodes. Mature winter buds are medium-sized.
2. Fruit characteristics: the ear is medium-large, long and conical, and the grain is moderately elastic, with an average ear weight of 445g and a maximum of 980g. The fruit is oval to long, slightly curved, and yellow-white, with an average grain weight of 7.5g and a maximum of10g. Each fruit contains 0 ~ 3 seeds, mostly1~ 2 seeds, with shriveled seeds and no small seeds. The fruit powder is thick, extremely beautiful, with thin peel, which can be peeled off and eaten with skin. It contains soluble solids18 ~ 23%, with a maximum of 28.3%. It has a strong taste of rock sugar and milk, and is of high quality and high commodity. Not easy to crack fruit, extrusion resistance, good storage and transportation resistance and long shelf life.
3. Growth and fruiting habits: the root system is developed, the growth potential is moderate, and the new shoots are upright. The fruit-bearing period is early, and the rate of fruiting plants in the second year of planting is over 90%, and the fruit-bearing capacity is strong, with a yield of 667 square meters 1500 kg. The average germination rate is 85%, the fruiting branch rate is 98%, and the average per fruit branch 1.8 ear. The strength of the secondary tip knot is medium. It germinated on April 7, blossomed on May 23, and matured in early August, which was10 ~15 days earlier than Kyoho, and it was a mid-early maturing variety.
4. Stress resistance and adaptability: the cold resistance is strong, and the mature branches can withstand the low temperature of about-18℃; Strong disease resistance, according to the conventional control method of Kyoho strain varieties, no pests and diseases occur; Both waterlogging resistance and drought resistance are strong, and the requirements on soil and environment are not strict, so it can be cultivated in all grape producing areas in China.
Second, the benefit analysis
1. Benefit analysis: With the improvement of people's living standards, the consumption concept has also undergone earth-shaking changes, and many rich people spend high prices to buy features and enjoy life. Under this premise, many special fruits have sold at an amazing price. Golden finger grape has beautiful appearance, extremely high sugar content and special flavor, which is in line with the concept of high-end consumption, so it can be sold at a very high price. In 2009, Golden Finger Grape sold for 100 yuan per kilogram, and the output value could reach150,000 yuan per 667 square meters. Even in economically backward areas, the price of Kyoho grapes is several times that of Kyoho grapes. According to the calculation of per kilogram 10 yuan, the output value can reach 1.5 million yuan per 667 square meters, and the benefits are very considerable.
2. Development prospect: According to the resistance of Goldfinger, Goldfinger grapes can be planted wherever giant peaks can be planted; According to the consumption habits of China people, sweet fruit is always better than sour fruit. At present, Kyoho grape has been planted in hundreds of thousands of hectares in China, while Goldfinger grape has just started to be planted, which can be cultivated in all grape producing areas in China, so the development prospect is very considerable. In 2009, the origin price of Qingdao was RMB 0/00 per kg/kloc, and six supermarkets, including Qingdao Jiashike and Carrefour, were listed at the same time, and each box (1 kg) sold for RMB 268, so the market responded strongly.
III. Key points of cultivation techniques
1. Rack selection: This variety has strong growth potential and easy flowering, and is suitable for any cultivation mode. A new type of rack-Y-frame is recommended here.
Advantages of "Y" frame: (1) The management is relatively standardized and easy for fruit farmers to master; (2) The planting density is high, and the early yield is good; (3) It has the property of scaffolding, and the fruit is good in commodity; (4) it is easy to control the output and improve the quality; (5) The three zones (ventilation zone, fruit zone and nutrition zone) are obviously distributed, which is convenient for mechanized management; (6) In high temperature and humid areas, it is convenient to shelter from rain and cultivate.
Design of Y-frame: (1) The height of the column is 2.3 ~ 2.4m, the underground planting is 0.5 ~ 0.6m, and the aboveground part is left1.8m.. (2) Tie three crossbars with a length of 0.5m, 0.8m and 1 .2m on the ground, respectively, requiring both ends to be equal in length, and pull a wire at both ends of the crossbars along the line, and at the same time, pull a wire at both sides of the column at a position of 0.5m on the ground. In this way, there are four iron wires on both sides of the column to complete the frame type.
Y-frame planting: The soil can be ready for planting after thawing in early spring. Generally, the plot is irrigated once, and if it is saline-alkali land, it is irrigated twice. When planting, the seedlings should not be buried too deep in the soil, and the top of the seedlings should be exposed to the ground for 5 ~10 cm. After planting, pour a small amount of water, then cover with plastic film, dig out the overground part of the grape seedlings from the film, and press the plastic film with a small amount of soil to avoid being blown by the wind. The planting density is 2.5 ~ 2.8 meters with large row spacing, 0.2 meters with small row spacing, plant spacing 1 meter, and 400 ~ 500 plants are planted in 667 square meters.
Step 2: plastic trimming
(1) Management techniques in the first year after planting: First, plant the upright post, pull the wire and complete the Y-shaped frame. Second, after the seedlings germinate, in line with the principle of "leaving the strong and not leaving the weak, leaving the upper and not leaving", the two strong buds on the upper part are selected and the rest are erased. Thirdly, when the height of the seedling grows to15 ~ 20 cm, a relatively weak branch is removed, leaving only a strong branch to grow upwards; The purpose of this is to prevent the damage to the new shoots caused by weather disasters, such as breaking, and to be foolproof. Fourth, when the height of the seedlings is 40 ~ 50 cm, a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be applied, and the young plants should be supported and the new shoots should be tied to the support. Fifthly, when the new shoot grows to1.2m, the top of the main shoot is cored, and then five leaves are left on the top of the secondary shoot for repeated coring, and the final height is about1.8 ~ 2m. Sixth, in the first year of winter pruning, it is required to prune the grapes at any position where the thickness of the cut mouth reaches more than 0.8 cm, but the maximum height of the pruned grapes should not exceed 1.5 m and the minimum height should not be less than 0.5 m. If the growth in the first year is ideal, it is best to prune them at 1.5 meters to ensure the yield in the second year to the maximum extent.
(2) Management of the second year: First, tie the vines horizontally on the first iron wire. If the pruning height of the previous year was 1.5 meters, it was just connected with the previous grape. The second is to wipe the bud and fix the tip. After the grapes germinate, leave a branch at the corner to grow upright as the fruiting branch next year. This branch was not allowed to bear fruit in that year, and it was allowed to grow upright. When the new shoot grew to 1.2 meters, it was cored, and then two leaves were left on the top secondary shoot for repeated coring. Third, the new shoots from the main vines tied to the first wire can bear inflorescences and grapes. According to the number of inflorescences of grapes, a new shoot is left every15 ~18 cm, and each new shoot usually leaves one ear of fruit, and individual ones can leave two ears of fruit; If carefully managed, the output of 667 square meters in the second year can reach 1000 kg. The fourth is to pick the heart skillfully and promote the big spike. The young tree period of this variety is easy to grow in vain and the inflorescence is small, so it is necessary to pick the heart early and skillfully. When the new shoots grow to 60-70cm, leave 50cm for re-coring, leave a top secondary shoot a few days later, and leave the remaining secondary shoots 1 leaf for coring; When the new shoot grows to about 60 ~ 70 cm, the core will be picked again, and then two leaves will be left on the top tip to pick the core repeatedly. Fifth, thinning the whole ear. In order to achieve the goal of high quality and high efficiency, thinning the whole ear is an essential link, except the secondary ear before flowering, pinching the ear tip when seeing the flower, and thinning the whole ear at the same time when the grain size is clear after physiological fruit drop; Make the ear shape neat, and then remove the diseased fruit, small fruit and over-dense fruit. Sixth, the next year's winter pruning-single branch pruning, the next year's winter pruning, the branch cultivated at the corner will be cut at 1 m as the bearing branch for next year, and all the rest will be cut off.
(3) Management in the third year and beyond: completely according to the management mode of the second year.
3. Soil, fertilizer and water management
(1) Soil management: There are mainly measures such as deep tillage, intertillage weeding, intercropping, mulching and grass planting.
(2) Fertilizer management: Like other varieties, Golden Finger Grape needs not only elements such as N, P, K and Ca, but also trace elements such as Zn, B and Mn. The production of 1000 kg grapes generally requires n: 5 ~10 kg, P2O5: 2 ~ 4 kg and K2O: 5 ~10 kg, depending on the fertility of the soil itself. Fertilization period is generally as follows: basal fertilizer in autumn, topdressing before germination, topdressing before flowering, topdressing at young fruit stage, topdressing at berry maturity stage, etc. In addition, combined with spraying, foliar topdressing is carried out, and it is used 4-5 times a year, mainly amino acids, humic acids and compound micro-fertilizers, and the synthetic growth regulators Bijiu, NAA, 2.4-D, etc. are not used, and PP333, PBO, etc. are limited.
(3) Water management: The main stages of water management include grape germination, pre-flowering 10 day, about 10 day after flowering, berry coloring, berry ripening, grape burying in the ground to prevent cold, etc. As for the water deficit index of grape plants, it can be used as the standard of irrigation according to the growth status of tender shoots, and the tender shoots are hard and bent for normal growth. If the tender shoots are upright and soft, they are short of water and should be irrigated immediately.
4. Reasonable load: Too high yield will not only affect the quality and delay the maturity, but also make the trees premature. In production, the load of trees must be strictly controlled. Under normal management conditions, strong fruiting branches can keep 1 ~ 2 ears of fruit, moderate branches only keep1ears of fruit, and weak branches do not keep fruit.
5. Grape bagging: Bagging is one of the best ways to obtain bright, high-quality and pollution-free fruits, and it has become an essential link in the production of high-grade grapes. Grape bagging can effectively reduce fruit diseases and insect pests and bird harm, reduce spraying times, reduce pesticide residues, improve fruit quality and increase commodity value.
6. Timely harvesting: Goldfinger grapes can be picked and listed one after another 20 days after the grapes swell and soften. But if you want to reflect the thick honey fragrance of Golden Finger Grape, you'd better let it fully mature before harvesting. In Qingdao, Golden Finger grapes are generally harvested around September 1 every year and end in the middle and late of 10. During this period, the grapes are fully mature and can be used as high-grade gifts.
7. Pest control: This variety has strong disease resistance, so you can refer to the control methods of pests and diseases of Kyoho grape. Because the sugar content is too high, we should pay attention to the harm of birds and bees.