Cultivation techniques of tomato in greenhouse
1. Pollution-free cultivation techniques of tomato in greenhouse in early spring
The stubble arrangement of early spring tomato in greenhouse is mainly based on sowing and seedling raising in winter and early spring production, which has low technical difficulty and risk, high yield and economic benefit, and is one of the main cultivation forms of tomato production in greenhouse in Bozhou city at present.
Variety selection 1. 1
There are many varieties of this crop suitable for tomato production.
Such as L402, Zhongza 7, 8 and 9, American Red, Sunshine 903, Shanghai 903 and Ruby 2.
Generally, middle-late maturing varieties are the main varieties, and early, middle and late maturing varieties are intercropped.
1.2 Cultivate healthy and disease-free seedlings.
The sowing date of tomato in greenhouse in early spring varies from region to region.
Generally in Bozhou area, seedlings are raised in greenhouse from the end of February to the beginning of 1 month.
Two leaves are planted at the same time, and the seedling age is 60-70 days. When the plant height is 20-25 cm, there are 7-9 leaves, which are generally large buds.
1.3 Colonization
1.3. 1 Soil preparation and fertilization: The surrounding branches and leaves will wither, and the soil will be deeply ploughed 15 ~ 20 days in advance, and ploughed for 30 ~ 40 cm, especially the greenhouse with leafy vegetables in the previous crop, the greenhouse and the soil should be disinfected, as mentioned above.
Combined with soil preparation, 5000 kg of fully decomposed organic fertilizer is applied per mu.
The amount of phosphorus absorbed by tomato in seedling stage and early growth stage can be piled up and fermented with 10- 15 kg calcium superphosphate and organic fertilizer. The more base fertilizer, the better. Too much fertilizer will lead to the rapid growth of nutrients, but it will lead to late flowering, slow fruit growth and more deformed fruits.
1.3.2 field planting: the greenhouse is cultivated with small ridges and plastic films.
Plastic film mulching adopts double ridges to cover a piece of plastic film or a high border with a width of 1 m, the border surface is 70 cm wide, and a small ditch with a width of 20-25 cm is opened in the middle of the border. Basic fertilizer is applied in the ditch, and 5000-8000 kg of high-quality organic fertilizer or decomposed biogas slurry is applied per mu.
If calcium superphosphate is not used, 15 kg diammonium phosphate or 30 kg compound fertilizer can be added for leveling, and then a ditch can be dug with a shovel, which can be used for underground irrigation of small ditches under the film.
If possible, plastic hose drip irrigation equipment can be installed under the film, and the use effect is very good.
The temperature index of tomato planting in greenhouse in early spring is: 10 cm, when the ground temperature is stable above 8 degrees and the temperature is above 10 degrees, the planting period in Bozhou area is in mid-February.
Usually, early-maturing varieties are planted in plastic film beds, with 5500 seedlings per mu; Medium-mature varieties are planted with plastic film on the ridge, with about 4000 plants per mu and row spacing of 45cm× (27 ~ 40) cm.
After planting, pour enough planting water, but don't drown it with open water. Pay attention to seal the plastic film mouth to prevent soil hardening.
2. Pollution-free cultivation techniques of tomato in greenhouse in autumn and late autumn.
Late-maturing tomatoes in greenhouse in autumn are mainly to solve the problem of off-season in tomato market in late autumn and before winter.
This crop of tomato has high temperature and drought in the early stage of production and growth, and the virus disease is serious. In the later stage, the light weakened and the temperature dropped, which affected the fruit's swelling and coloring.
The key of cultivation technology is to select disease-resistant varieties and cultivate disease-free seedlings.
Prevent high temperature and strong light in the early stage after planting, pay attention to prevent aphids from overgrowth and virus disease, and grasp the period with suitable temperature and light conditions in the middle to complete 3-4 ear fruit setting and promote its expansion; Strengthen heat preservation in the later period to avoid freezing injury.
2. 1 Select excellent disease-resistant varieties.
Select varieties with heat resistance, cold resistance, disease resistance, high yield, large fruit type, thick skin, storage and transportation resistance and strong adaptability, such as Maofen 802, L402, Zhongza No.8 and No.9, Jiafen 15, etc.
2.2 Cultivate disease-free seedlings
It is required to cultivate virus-free seedlings at higher temperature.
Sowing in Bozhou area should be carried out from late June to early July, sowing in advance or delaying sowing, and the yield and benefit are obviously different.
Seedling management at this stage is mainly to prevent virus diseases and seedling overgrowth caused by high temperature and drought. When it is found that the seedlings grow in vain, 0.05% ~ 1% chlormequat should be sprayed to prevent drought after spraying, and watered in the morning and evening.
2.3 Colonization
Before planting, the lighting surface of the greenhouse is covered with a drip-proof film, the front foot is rolled up to about 1 m high, the rear part is opened with an air outlet, and a sunshade net or grass curtain is covered on the greenhouse film to form a arbor.
Combined with soil preparation, 5000 kilograms of humus fertilizer, high-quality farmyard manure or decomposed biogas slurry are applied per mu, and deep harrow is leveled, planting ditches are opened every 50 cm, and 40 kilograms of diammonium phosphate is applied per mu in the ditches.
The seedbed should be watered the day before sowing. When planting, the seedlings should be cut into pieces and planted at the same time. The planting depth is mainly based on the original roots, and it is forbidden to plant large seedlings horizontally. The spacing between plants is 30 cm, and about 4000 plants should be protected per mu. After soil cultivation, water should be poured.
The following principles should be followed in the planting process:
According to the soil fertility conditions and considering the supply of environmental nutrients, the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers should be appropriately reduced.
Pay attention to the application of compost containing more straw and less poultry manure such as chicken manure and duck manure in the old vegetable shed, which can restore soil fertility, supplement carbon dioxide in the shed, be beneficial to desalination and reduce obstacles to continuous cropping.
The temperature is low in early spring, and the supply of soil nutrients is slow, so topdressing should be kept up in the early stage. After May, the topdressing of nitrogen fertilizer should be reduced and the use of potassium fertilizer should be increased. The temperature is high in early autumn, and the supply capacity of soil organic nutrients is strong, so control should be given priority to, and topdressing is not suitable.
It is suggested that fertilization should be closely combined with reasonable irrigation, and furrow irrigation and drip irrigation under film should be adopted, with each irrigation not exceeding 30 square meters and sandy soil not exceeding 22 square meters.
For tomatoes with long stubble in winter, sweet corn can be planted in summer leisure to realize reasonable rotation and overcome continuous cropping obstacles.
Planting management of tomato in greenhouse
I. Temperature management
1, field planting-early fruit setting (from early October of 10 to mid-February of 12): Generally, there is no ventilation from field planting to slow seedling stage.
In order to promote the slow growth of seedlings, it is necessary to maintain a high temperature during the day, generally at 25-30℃. If the temperature is too high during the day, it should be ventilated for a short time.
After the seedlings are delayed, air should be gradually released during the day to cool down. When the temperature is too low at night, the tuyere should be closed as soon as possible in the afternoon and the grass should be covered in time at night.
It can be controlled at 20-25℃ during the day and at 15- 16℃ at night.
2. Winter cold stage (from late February to early February, 12): As the greenhouse in winter is an unheated facility, its thermal insulation capacity is limited, and the external temperature and low temperature are the main obstacles in this period, so the temperature management at this stage should focus on thermal insulation, and every effort should be made to raise the temperature in the greenhouse as much as possible and uncover the straw cover as soon as possible.
Uncover the lawn film at 8: 00-8: 30 every morning to let sunlight enter the shed as soon as possible and increase the temperature in the shed; Cover the grass around 4 pm every day and cover the grass early to maintain the night temperature, so that the night temperature will not drop too low.
During this period, it is necessary to reduce the outdoor air volume and shorten the outdoor time, but we must adhere to the outdoor air, because the role of outdoor air is not only to adjust the temperature, but also to ventilate, supplement carbon dioxide, discharge and reduce humidity.
At this time, it is maintained at 25-30℃ during the day and at 15- 16℃ at night, which is beneficial to fruit development and coloring.
In order to improve the temperature of the shed, an old film can be hung at the entrance of the shed along the back column as a wind shield at this stage to prevent cold air from rushing in directly from the entrance, and then a plastic film is added on the grass, which is a very effective heat preservation measure.
3. The weather is getting warmer (from mid-February to mid-April): As the weather gets warmer, the outdoor temperature gradually rises, and the temperature and lighting conditions in the greenhouse are obviously improved. During this period, the temperature gradually increased, and the management should be changed from the previous insulation management stage to temperature regulation, and diseases began to increase at this stage.
In sunny days, the tuyere can be opened appropriately in advance to strengthen ventilation and reduce humidity. Don't wait until the temperature in the shed reaches 30℃, which will do harm to the stems and leaves. The temperature at night is about 65438 05℃, which is beneficial to fruit growth. Too low temperature at night will cause poor growth, while too high temperature at night will make plants flourish and affect fruit growth.
Grass film should be uncovered early and covered late, gradually increase ventilation, strictly control day and night temperature and reduce humidity.
22-28℃ during the day, 13- 15℃ at night, and the temperature difference between day and night is about 10℃.
Conducive to fruit expansion and coloring.
4. Management of high temperature weather stage (from mid-April to June): As the weather turns hot and the temperature rises, after the outdoor temperature is above 12℃, the air outlet will be opened day and night, and weeding will be carried out later.
The temperature is controlled at 22-28℃ during the day and 13- 15℃ at night.
Second, the lighting management
The key point of management is to let more light enter the greenhouse in winter and distribute the light reasonably, so that plants can get more light energy for photosynthesis and produce more nutrients.
Therefore, (1) the straw cover should be uncovered early and uncovered late, and the straw cover should be opened in time when the sun is full in the shed in the morning to ensure the early illumination in the shed and extend the illumination time.
Cover it before sunset.
(2) After pulling out the thatch, always wipe the shed film to sweep away the dust adsorbed on the film and the broken grass falling from the thatch, so as to improve the light transmittance of the shed film and enhance the illumination.
(3) also want to uncover the straw cover light in rainy days.
Third, water resources management.
1, field planting-inflorescence flowering: after field planting, on the basis of sufficient field planting water, water should be controlled during and after the slow seedling stage, and water should not be lightly applied until the spike flowers open to prevent flowering and falling, and less water should be applied during drought to promote flowering and fruit setting and prevent falling.
2. From inflorescence flowering to the third inflorescence flowering, watering should be strictly controlled to promote the root system to develop into deep soil. Only when the growing point withers at noon can small water be poured along the ditch. If there is too much water in this period, plants will grow in vain and flourish, which will lead to falling flowers and difficult fruit setting.
3. When the third inflorescence blooms, the ear fruit enters the swelling stage, and then watering should be started, with enough water, but not flooding, and watering should be done under the film.
Adequate water can not only ensure the normal growth of stems and leaves, but also promote the development and expansion of fruits.
4. Severe cold season (12 from mid-late February to early February): At this stage, the temperature is low, the light is weak, and the plants and fruits grow slowly, so watering must be properly controlled.
5. Pre-heating stage after mid-February: The temperature rises gradually, the growth of plants and fruits accelerates, and the water demand also increases gradually. It is necessary to water in sunny mornings and gradually increase the number of watering. /kloc-water once in spring around 0/5-20, but we should master the principle of "watering the fruit without watering the flowers" to prevent the fruit setting rate from decreasing.
Fourth, topdressing
1, after planting and before harvesting, we should pay attention to watering and temperature management, control the fertilizer efficiency of base fertilizer, and try to avoid topdressing.
2. At the beginning of fruit harvesting, a large amount of topdressing should be carried out. Generally, diammonium, urea and potassium nitrate are each 15kg, and liquid fertilizer can also be applied 15kg.
After mid-February, the growth accelerated and the demand for fertilizer increased. Top dressing can be applied once every 1 month, and compound fertilizer 15 kg or liquid fertilizer 15 kg per mu each time.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) Plant regulation
1, pruning: for varieties with infinite growth, single stem pruning and head-changing pruning are mostly used, and single stem pruning is mostly used.
Single stem pruning: leave 1 trunk and remove all side branches.
Leave fruit on the trunk, according to the cultivation stubble and different ways, leave fruit 4- 10 ear, and leave fruit mostly for overwintering flowers.
Head-changing and pruning: before heading for the third time, leave two real leaves on the trunk, one in the middle to replace the trunk after fruit setting, and leave three ears on this branch before topping, so that the head is changed for 2-3 times.
2. Branching: The lateral branches of tomato have strong germination ability, and often several lateral branches grow at the same time. In order to promote the growth of roots and sprout trees, the initial branching time can be delayed to about 3cm, and then smoothed in time when 1-2cm is long.
Bifurcation is generally combined with rattan. It is important to split the fork in the sunny morning, when the wound heals quickly and reduces the infection of the disease. It is also very important to plant healthy trees first, and then plant diseased trees to prevent diseases from spreading to each other.
3. Picking (topping): According to the cultivation purpose, when the spike on the main branch reaches a certain number, two real leaves are left in front of the spike, which is called topping.
After the core is removed, the growth point stops growing, and the nutrients made by the leaves can be concentrated on the fruit, so that the fruit grows fast, grows big and matures early.
4, to the old leaves: in the late stage of tomato growth, the lower leaves are yellow, losing photosynthetic function, affecting ventilation and light transmission, to be removed, but also in the sunny morning.
5. Protect flowers and fruits: In winter, tomatoes are affected by unfavorable factors such as low temperature, high humidity and insufficient light, which affects pollination and fertilization, thus causing flowers and fruits to fall and making it difficult to set fruit.
In order to improve the fruit setting rate and increase the yield, especially the early yield, it is necessary to treat with tomato essence and 24-D.
Tomatoes: When the concentration is 20-30ppm and the inflorescence has 2-3 flowers, it can be sprayed with a small sprayer. Spraying tomatoes is fast, the fruit expands quickly and is not easy to deform.
24-D: using concentration 15-20ppm. When the flowers bloom, use a brush to dip the medicine to smear the pedicel. However, care must be taken not to let the liquid medicine get on the stem to avoid phytotoxicity.
When using 24-D, we must pay attention to the high concentration of 24-D, which is easy to cause fruit deformity, plant damage and leaf atrophy.
6. Sparse flowers and fruits: If there are too many flowers per panicle before treating flowers with tomato essence or 24-D, remove abnormal flowers and extra florets and keep 4-5 flowers per panicle.
After treatment, if there are too many fruits, it will often lead to different sizes of fruits, and the weight of individual fruits will decrease, which will affect the quality of fruits. So try to slim down the fruit. Generally, early-maturing varieties leave 4-5 fruits per panicle, and late-maturing varieties leave 3-4 fruits per panicle.
The above is the greenhouse tomato planting technology, greenhouse tomato planting management related content.
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