These four factors affect the price at different levels.
The 1 th factor affecting the price is the cost. The higher the cost, the higher the price. The production cost will decrease with the improvement of science and technology, and the price will also decrease.
For example:
The French emperor Napoleon entertained his guests with exquisite silver tableware. And he himself, however, only uses aluminum tableware. You know, silver is much more valuable than aluminum. Many people think that Napoleon used aluminum tableware because he was low-key and simple, but in fact it was just the opposite.
At that time, aluminum tableware was a symbol of noble status. Because the refining cost of aluminum is extremely high, aluminum tableware is very scarce, so it is expensive, even more expensive than gold.
Now, with the rapid development of aluminum smelting technology, aluminum has become very cheap. Due to the scarcity of metallic silver itself, the value of silver greatly exceeds that of aluminum. So the cost affects the price. Technology is changing costs.
The second factor that affects the price is the relationship between supply and demand.
Let me give you an example:
Moon cakes in Mid-Autumn Festival cost several hundred yuan a box. After the holiday, there was no demand, and the price of moon cakes immediately shrank sharply. Usually, a catty of Chinese cabbage is 2 pieces of Qian Qi, but during the Chinese New Year, because of the lack of supply, Chinese cabbage becomes 5 yuan a catty. After the New Year, the supply returned to normal, and the cabbage dropped to one catty in 2 yuan.
Suppose a commodity only produces 10 pieces. If there are only 10 people in the market, everyone can buy it when the supply and demand are balanced. If there are 100 people in the market, the commodity price will go up. If there are 1000 people in the market, commodity prices will rise even higher.
Supply is scarce and demand is strong. Then the price will go up.
Therefore, selling a commodity with strong demand but scarce supply will make more money.
Like a house. Is building a house high in technology? number
However, there are so many houses in the downtown area of Shanghai, but the prices are very expensive.
Central, inner ring and outer ring, from the perspective of building a house, the cost of building a house is the same.
Then why can houses in different lots sell at different prices? Because everyone wants to go downtown, the demand is very strong, but the supply of housing in the central area is very small. When supply is scarce and demand is strong, the price will be very expensive. This is the second factor that affects prices, the relationship between supply and demand.
The third factor that affects the price is efficiency.
Runmi Mall is selling small hole tea. The sales volume is good, but it is not expensive.
Why? Because of high efficiency.
We get tea directly from the source of the supply chain, without opening a shop, hiring a salesperson or smashing advertisements, thus reducing many intermediate links.
This is to use efficiency and reduce prices.
The same demand, the same production cost, but different operating efficiency will lead to different prices.
Why are some things on the Internet of good quality and high cost performance? That's because selling things online is more efficient, so the price will be cheaper.
This is the third factor that affects the price, efficiency.
The fourth factor that affects the price is information.
When you go to the wholesale market to buy things, usually, the salesman will look you up and down and give you an offer.
Then, you will start bargaining.
In the end, the price of this item may be different.
If your mother buys it, it will almost certainly be cheaper than the price you buy.
Why? Because of information asymmetry.
When the information is asymmetric, there will be producer surplus and consumer surplus.
What do you mean? There is a certain space between your psychological price and the seller's cost.
If the purchase price of an item is 5 yuan money and you think it is worth 20 yuan money, you are willing to buy it.
As for the seller, 20 yuan can sell, but in theory, 6 yuan is also willing to sell.
What price depends on your bargaining power.
If the seller has strong bargaining power, it will be sold to you at 15 yuan.
You think it's good. A little cheaper than expected. At this time, you have the consumer surplus of 5 yuan money.
And if you have strong bargaining power and finally buy it with 8 yuan money, you will have a consumer surplus of 12 yuan.
Through constant bargaining, the two sides test each other's bottom line and finally determine the transaction price.
Therefore, the price level is also related to the information difference between the two parties.
In a market economy, the role of price mainly includes:
1. Price is an indicator of the change of commodity supply and demand.
With the help of price, we can constantly adjust the production and management decisions of enterprises, adjust the allocation direction of resources, and promote the balance between total social supply and total social demand.
In the market, with the help of price, the information of market supply and demand can be directly transmitted to enterprises, and enterprises organize production and operation according to market price signals. At the same time, the price determines the degree of realization of value, which is an important symbol of commodity sales in the market.
2. The price level is closely related to the change of market demand.
Generally speaking, under the condition of a certain consumption level, the higher the price of a commodity in the market, the smaller the demand of consumers for this commodity; On the contrary, the lower the commodity price, the greater the consumer demand for it.
When the price of this commodity is too high in the market, consumers may make a decision to buy less or not, or buy other commodities to replace this commodity. Therefore, the change of price level plays a role in changing consumer demand, demand direction and demand structure.
3. Price is an important means to realize national macro-control.
The signal system of supply and demand change represented by price provides information for national macro-control. Generally speaking, when the price fluctuation of a commodity shows that there is a gap in this commodity, the state can use economic levers such as interest rate, wages and taxes to encourage and induce the increase or decrease of the production scale of this commodity, so as to adjust the balance between supply and demand of commodities.
Prices also provide information for the state to regulate and control the production of commodities that cannot be balanced by market forces alone, so that the state can intervene in market economic activities more accurately, avoid the instability of economic operation brought about by spontaneous market regulation to a certain extent, or reduce the unstable factors in the process of economic operation, so that market supply and demand tend to be generally balanced.