I. Nanjing traditional buildings with their own characteristics
Ming and Qing dynasties, Nanjing has a lot of craftsmen from Anhui, such as Zhu Yuanzhang in Nanjing to build the capital, gathered in the area of the old city south, they also brought the essence of Huizhou school of architecture to Nanjing. The whitewashed walls and horse-head walls are the typical style of Huizhou architecture. But it would be inappropriate to use it to describe Nanjing's residential buildings.
The tolerant, introverted, low-key character of the Nanjing people, so that the Huizhou school of architecture has the characteristics of Nanjing: for example, the roof of the small tiles, black, white and gray as the main color, the interior of the brick pavement, the courtyard is a mixture of bricks and stones, and there are few particularly complex stone carvings and wood carvings. So it's more accurate to summarize the characteristics of Nanjing's residential buildings with small tiles and horse-head walls.
From the scale of the houses, Nanjing houses are smaller than Huizhou-style buildings. Most of the old buildings in Nanjing are three courtyards, with no corridors or compartments, and only a few are double-sided compartments, which make them compact and more practical. The doors of the houses are low-profile to hide from the rain, and they are more concise than Huizhou-style buildings.
While the old buildings in Nanjing are also shikumen, most of the shikumen walls will exit inward by the width of an eaves, unlike in Huizhou-style buildings, where the shikumen walls and the walls on both sides are in one plane, "which reveals the Nanjing people's low-profile and wisdom, the doors are hidden under the eaves and are not so conspicuous, and the doorways can hide from the rain when it rains. "
The biggest feature of traditional Nanjing houses is its simplicity, finesse, calmness, plainness and lightness. For example, the doorway decoration of the house door - the door cover, the door cover (or doorway) of the traditional residential houses in southern Anhui and Suzhou and Zhejiang are more complicated in the square column structure, the part that sticks out forward is more, and all of them have tiles; Nanjing residential houses generally do not have a doorway, and there is only a door cover, and the part that sticks out forward on the outer eave of the door cover is shorter than that of the Huizhou school of architecture, and it generally has only water-worn bricks, no tiles, and the two wings are The two wings of the door are slightly curved.
The traditional houses in Nanjing generally do not have a doorway, only the door cover, the part of the door cover that extends forward from the eaves is shorter than that of the Huizhou school of architecture; the door cover is generally only water-worn bricks, no tiles, and the two wings are slightly curved.
The second "unique" is the facade, Huizhou houses, Jiangsu and Zhejiang houses are powder wall tile lattice window, horse head wall, while the history of Nanjing houses are quite a lot of brick bucket wall, water wall, workmanship is very fine, brick and brick water grinding, blocks of flat masonry, the seams such as silk, water, a color, appear elegant and quiet. In addition, almost no windows on the outer walls of Nanjing homes, at most, there is a two-story "cat bow waist" of the windows.
The third "unique" is that most of the traditional houses in Nanjing have fire walls. Compared with the Huizhou residence, Nanjing residence fire wall wall eaves have no corner, including the ridge end also has no corner.
The fourth unique thing is that the patio of the northern houses is relatively narrow and long, the patio of the southern courtyards is relatively flat and wide, while the houses in Nanjing are generally in the form of quadrangle courtyard, the patio is nearly square and the depth is relatively deep.
II. Nanjing Republican Architecture
Nanjing's Republican architecture is an important part of China's modern architecture (1840-1949), and its development has gone through five periods of generation, transformation, heyday, stagnation, and restoration, with the main architectural styles of eclecticism, classicism, modern Chinese palatial, neo-national forms, modernism, and Chinese traditional and ethnic forms. Six kinds of national forms, from which we can see that the Republic of China architecture has experienced the development trajectory from copying to the use of foreign for Chinese. Nanjing Republican architecture, there are the Great Hall of the People, Nanjing University and so on. It is no exaggeration to say that it is a museum of modern architecture and art. Nanjing Republic of China buildings, its design, construction, style, not only reflects the influence of Western architectural style on China since modern times, but also maintains the traditional Chinese national architectural characteristics. The fusion of Chinese and Western architectural techniques and styles is most obvious in Nanjing Republican Architecture. It comprehensively shows the evolution of Chinese traditional architecture to modern architecture, and it has important typical significance in the history of architectural development. To this day, most of Nanjing's Republic of China buildings are well-preserved, constituting a unique feature of Nanjing that sets it apart from other cities, and Nanjing has been figuratively called the "home base of Republic of China buildings".
An architect commented: "Nanjing is located in the middle of the north and south, transportation is convenient, culture is eclectic, and its architectural style has both the north of the dignified and thick, but also the south of the dexterous and delicate. Comparison of Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou and other cities of the 'Westernization', Nanjing Republic of China building can be described as a reference to the ancient and modern, compatible with the Chinese and foreign, the fusion of the North and South, can be called a specific historical period of the Western wind Eastward the epitome of Chinese and foreign architectural art."
Nanjing Republic of China building characteristics, one is uniqueness, Nanjing Republic of China building is the first half of the 20th century, China's national capital planning and construction of the wisdom of the crystallization of the Nanjing metropolis constitutes the material elements and urban symbols. The high specifications and complete types of buildings are incomparable to those in the rental areas of some cities in China. Among them, the "Five Houses and Eight Ministries" of the Republican Government and the Central Research Institute, the Central Stadium, the Central Hospital, the Central Museum, etc., were the most important in the country and even in East Asia at that time in terms of their grades and scales.
Nanjing Republican architectural style:
Nanjing's Republican architecture does not contain any politically and culturally imposed components in it, it is the active absorption. China's northern architecture of the rough and thick, southern architecture of the dexterity of the delicate, and the Western classical architecture of the graceful and elegant, modern architecture of the simple and bright both mutual **** existence, but also intermingled with each other, constituting a picture of a beautiful and prosperous city will be picture scrolls. Until today, the Republic of China building is still Nanjing city architecture in a landscape, people stop and linger.
Nanjing Republic of China building existing condition, whether from the existing area, or from the number, in the country are unique. These buildings have a variety of genres, unique shapes and styles. In a nutshell, Nanjing's Republic of China building mainly has six styles.
One is the traditional Chinese national form of architecture. Mostly wood or brick structure, most of them are single-story, a few are double, palaces, temples are mostly heavy eaves hysterical roof, residential houses are mostly herringbone roof. During the Republic of China period, this form of architecture basically inherited the old functional layout, technical system and style, maintaining the traditional character and vernacular features that are adapted to local conditions and materials. In the traditional national form of architecture in Nanjing, in addition to a large number of residential houses, ancient temples are generally composed of courtyards with multiple buildings, and the courtyards are connected by axes to form a cluster of buildings. Usually the plan is a symmetrical layout, the central axis of the distribution of the main buildings of the temple.
The second is the Western eclectic architecture. Eclectic architecture is the 1820s in Europe and the United States in some countries popular in a kind of architectural style. This style of building arbitrarily imitate the history of various types of architectural styles, or a combination of various architectural forms, do not pay attention to the fixed French, only seek proportionality, focusing on the beauty of the pure form. This type of building in the late Qing Dynasty after the opening of the port of Nanjing is more popular. After the establishment of the Republic of China, this type of building gradually faded out.
Third is the Western classical architecture (also known as Western classical architecture). It mainly refers to the classical architecture that emerged from France in the late 17th century. It is characterized by the classical columnar style as the basis of the composition, highlighting the axis, focusing on the proportion, emphasizing symmetry, and paying attention to the master-slave relationship. This style of architecture is mostly used in court buildings, monumental buildings and large public **** buildings. Classical architecture centered on France, first spread to other European countries, and later influenced some other regions of the world. Around the beginning of the 20th century, this style of architecture appeared on campuses in Nanjing.
Fourth is the traditional Chinese palace style of modern architecture. This style of architecture is an attempt by Chinese and Western architects to combine traditional Chinese architectural shapes with modern Western construction techniques, which began to appear in Nanjing in the late 19th century. After the national government set its capital in Nanjing, it was clearly emphasized in the Capital Plan formulated in 1929 that the architecture of the capital Nanjing should be "in the form inherent in China, and public offices and public **** buildings should be adopted as much as possible". Because of this kind of "new function, old form" of the building not only meets the functional needs of modern architecture, but also can show the appearance of traditional Chinese architecture, in line with the requirements of the times, so in the last century 20 ~ 30 years in Nanjing, this style of building has become a wave of fashion. This style of building appeared earlier in the church school. The reason for adopting this architectural shape in church schools was to utilize the inherent Chinese architectural form to express the church's gesture of respecting Chinese culture, so that Chinese students would unconsciously accept the influence of Western culture in the atmosphere of traditional architecture. Since then, this style of architecture has expanded to include large monumental, administrative and public **** buildings.
Fifth, the new national form of architecture (also known as modernized national form of architecture). 1930s, some insightful Chinese architects saw the contradiction between traditional Chinese architectural forms and the combination of modern Western architectural technology and modern architectural functions, while taking into account the expensive cost of palatial buildings, time-consuming and labor-intensive, as well as dull architectural pattern, and thus put forward the idea of innovation, against the cumbersome Retroism form, against the big roof, exploring the organic integration of Chinese and Western architecture, to create a new national form with both the atmosphere of the times and traditional characteristics.
This kind of building generally adopts the planar combination of modern architectural composition, mostly adopts reinforced concrete flat roof, or adopts the modern roof frame with two slopes, simple and symmetrical modeling, and applies traditional Chinese architectural decorations in the gables, walls, doors, windows, entrances, and interiors, and is supplemented by appropriate traditional architectural patterns. This kind of building takes into account the needs of western modern building technology, modern building function, and at the same time with the Chinese national style, the pursuit of new functions, new technology, new shape and national style of the harmony and unity. In the 1930s, Nanjing's exploration of this form of architecture was in a leading position in the country.
Sixth, the Western modernist architecture (also known as Western modernist architecture). After the First World War, due to changes in the political, economic and social conditions of thought in Europe, Western modernist architecture came into being. This style of architecture emphasizes the architectural style with the times, and advocates to get rid of the historical outdated architectural style of bondage, and actively use new materials and new structures, to create a new architectural style reflecting the characteristics of the times. Because this style of architecture is practical, economical and beautiful, easy to apply new materials and new structures, so once produced, quickly spread around the world.
In the 1930s, this trend of thinking affected Chinese architects. They followed the pulse of the times and designed and built buildings in this style in Nanjing and other places. After the victory in the war, this style became the most commonly used architectural style in emerging buildings.
III. Modern Landmark Buildings in Nanjing
1. Zifeng Building
The Zifeng Building is also known as Greenland Plaza-Zifeng Building. Zifeng Building is located from Central Road in the east to West Beijing Road in the west, surrounded by Xuanwu Lake, the North Pole Pavilion, Drum Tower, the Ming City Wall and other historical relics and monuments; the location is the center point of Nanjing's main urban area and the city's vantage point, with a panoramic view of the surrounding vista: Zijinshan Mountain can be viewed from the east, Yangtze River can be viewed from the west, Yuhuatai is in the south, and Shufushan Mountain is in the north.
2. Zhongshan Mausoleum
Zhongshan Mausoleum in front of the Pingchuan River, the back of the Green Roach, east of Linggu Temple, west of the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, the entire complex built according to the mountain, from south to north along the central axis gradually rise, the main buildings are Bo'aifang, the Tomb Road, mausoleum gate, stone steps, the stone Pavilion, Hall of Sacrifice and the tomb room, etc., arranged in a central axis, reflecting the style of traditional Chinese architecture, from the air looking down, like a From the air, it looks like a "Liberty Bell" lying on a green velvet carpet. Integration of ancient China and the essence of Western architecture, solemn simplicity, a new style. Zhongshan mausoleum buildings in the type of combination, the use of color, material performance and detailing have achieved excellent results, music stage, Guanghua Pavilion, Liu Hui Pavilion, Yangzhi Pavilion, Tibetan scripture building, line healthy Pavilion, Yongfeng Society, Yongmu Lu, Zhongshan Academy and other buildings like stars around the mausoleum, constituting the main landscape of the Mausoleum of Sun Yat-sen scenic area, the tone of the harmony of a more enhanced atmosphere of solemnity, both the profound meaning, but also the grandeur of the momentum, and they are all architectural names. Momentum, and are masterpieces of architectural masterpieces, has a high artistic value, known as "China's modern architectural history of the first mausoleum".
3. Jinling Hotel
Jinling Hotel is located in the northwest of Xinjiekou, Gulou District, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, was once China's tallest building, is a landmark building in Nanjing, the first luxury five-star hotels in Jiangsu Province, listed in the "China Tourism Industry Landmark Hotel". It has been honored as "The Best Five-Star Hotel in China", "Top 50 Global Hotel Groups", "Top 10 China Tourism Groups", "Top 3 Local Hotel Groups in China" and "Top 3 Enterprises of China Hotel Groups". Group", "National Advanced Enterprise in Quality Management", "Pioneer of National Brand in China Hotel Industry", "China's Best Business Hotel", "China's Top Ten Most Popular Hotels" and "China's Best Hotel".
The hotel has been honored as one of the top three hotels in China, "National Advanced Quality Management Enterprise", "China Hotel Industry National Brand Pioneer", "China's Best Business Hotel", "China's Top Ten Most Popular Hotels", etc.
4. Nanjing New Century Plaza
Nanjing New Century Plaza is developed by Singapore Pan Asia Group, once used to have the title of "Jiangsu's tallest building", the building's actual height of 232.2 meters, even the main skyrocket height of 255.2 meters. The building has attracted attention from all walks of life, and experts believe that in many aspects such as planning and design, architectural image, spatial efficiency, intelligent configuration, energy utilization, and economic operation, the New Century Plaza possesses absolute foresight, reflecting the international character of office buildings in the era of CBD headquarters economy.
5. Nanjing Changfa Center
Nanjing Changfa Center (CFC) is located in Nanjing "Chang'an Street"-Zhongshan East Road Central Axis, the north pillow of Zhongshan East Road and Nanjing Culture Square, located in Xuanwu Lake. It is located on the Nanjing cultural axis of Xuanwu Lake - Presidential Palace - Nanjing Cultural Square - Fuzhimiao. Changfa Center is a commercial complex project jointly developed by Nanjing Changfa Real Estate Development Company and German WSP design unit, which consists of two 150M high double-tower business office buildings, two 135M high-rise residential buildings and a commercial plaza, with a total building area of about. It is located in the central axis of Zhongshan East Road, adjacent to Nanjing's historic Taiping South Road commercial street, and close to the Xinjiekou commercial district, the "No. 1 commercial district in China".
6. Nanjing Fuzimiao
Nanjing Fuzimiao is located in Nanjing Qinhuai District, Qinhuai River, the north bank of Gongyuan Street, west of the Jiangnan Gongyuan, that is, the Nanjing Confucius Temple, Nanjing Temple of Literature, the Temple of King Wenxuan, for the worship of Confucius, is China's first national supreme academy of learning, but also four major temples of literature in China, the ancient Chinese cultural hub for the place of the Golden Age of the history of the humanities, not only is the cultural and educational centers of the Ming and Qing dynasties, but also a place of Nanjing, Nanjing and the city of Nanjing, is also a place of the "first Chinese business circle" - Xinjiekou business circle is also close. It was not only the cultural and educational center of Nanjing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but also the top cultural and educational complex in the southeastern provinces, and is now an important part of the Qinhuai Scenic Zone of Fuzimiao. Fuzimiao is a group of grand-scale ancient architectural complex, mainly by the Confucian Temple, the Palace of Studies, Gongyuan three major groups of buildings, covering an area of great significance. There are buildings such as Shoubi, Panchi, Pai Fang, Juxing Pavilion, Kuixing Pavilion, Latticework Gate, Dacheng Hall, Mingde Hall, Zunjing Pavilion and so on. Fuzimiao is known as the famous attraction of Qinhuai and has become the characteristic landscape area of the ancient capital Nanjing, which is the largest traditional ancient market in China, and is one of the four major downtowns in China together with Shanghai Chenghuang Temple, Suzhou Xuanmiao Guan and Beijing Tianqiao.
7. "Nanjing 1912"
Nanjing 1912 is located in the Xuanwu District of Nanjing, Nanjing, east of the Nanjing Presidential Palace, west of Taiping North Road, south of the Yangtze River Road, north of the Yangtze River Street, also known as the Nanjing 1912 neighborhood, Nanjing, Nanjing, a commercial complex of commercial buildings in the area of the Republic of China culture as the architectural features, but also the Nanjing Republic of China It is also a successful case of protection and development of Nanjing's Republican buildings and old urban buildings. It is a fashionable commercial and leisure neighborhood consisting of 19 Republican-style buildings and four street squares, namely, ****he, Boai, New Century and Pacific Ocean. Nanjing 1912 was officially opened on December 24, 2004, with a total area of more than 40,000 square meters. It was named after Dr. Sun Yat-sen, who was inaugurated as the Provisional President of the Republic of China (ROC) in Nanjing on January 1, 1912, which was the time when China's 1,000-year imperial system came to an end, and the Manchurian dynasty fell, saving the nation from peril. At that time, the city of Nanjing gathered many dignitaries and academics, was the place where Chinese and Western cultures met, and was the political and cultural center of China at that time. Such historical experience and nostalgia have become the best background for the fashionable consumption of the Republican buildings adjacent to the Presidential Palace.
8. Drum Tower
The Drum Tower is located in the center of Nanjing, built in Ming Hongwu fifteen years, large-scale, majestic, is the year the drums chime the place for the people of the city day and night chimes, and sometimes used to welcome the king, receive the imperial edict and other celebrations, known as the symbol of the capital of the Ming Dynasty. To the qing dynasty, the drum tower only remains of the city, until the emperor kangxi's southern tour, in this look around, the local officials only in the drum tower on the base of the monument, and renamed "monument", so the drum tower has "ming drum qing monument" of the name. Xi'an Drum Tower was built on a square base, brick and wood structure, the top of the heavy eaves form, a total height of 36 meters, covers an area of 1,377 square meters, there are stairs can be circling up. Covered with dark green glazed tiles on the eaves, the building is plastered with gold color paintings, painted buildings and carved beams, and topped with a gilded treasure roof, it is a landmark building in Xi'an.
9. Jiangsu Nanjing Radio and Television Tower
Jiangsu Nanjing Radio and Television Tower is located in Nanjing Gulou District, Stone City 118, east of Gulin Park, south of Qingliang Mountain, west of Dinghuaimen, north of the Lion Rock, also known as the "Zijin Tower", the tower height of 318.5 meters, the tower **** 8 floors, covering an area of 40,000 square meters. With a height of 318.5 meters and 8 floors, the tower*** covers an area of 40,000 square meters, which is a place for people to visit at high altitude for shopping, entertainment, dining and recreation, and it is especially ideal for viewing the Yangtze River and the buildings in the city from the tower. Television tower tower limbs were three limbs upright, the middle of the hollow modeling, majestic through the spirit of the show; living in the air in the large and small towers, type like a flying saucer, the tower seat of the tower hall, the Palace of Science, the group of buildings and the plaza, lawn, green belts composed of a harmonious architectural ensemble. Jiangsu Nanjing Radio and Television Tower was built in March 1989, October 1993 began wireless transmission, the famous calligrapher Wuzhongqi had handwritten the inscription "the first tower in Jiangsu".
10. Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge
Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge is located in Nanjing Gulou District, Nanjing, between Xiaguan and Pukou District, Bridge North, is the first by China's own design and construction of the Yangtze River double-decked railroads, highways, dual-purpose bridges, in the history of China's bridges and even the world's bridges has an important significance in the history of bridges, is an important achievement of China's economic construction in the 1960s, the important achievements of the construction of Chinese bridges, with great economic significance, milestones. It is an important achievement of China's economic construction in the 1960s and an important milestone in China's bridge construction, which has great economic, political and strategic significance, and is known as the "Bridge of Competition". The Yangtze River Bridge is Nanjing's landmark, Jiangsu's cultural symbols, *** and the country's splendor, but also China's famous attractions, is listed as the new Jinling forty-eight scenes.
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