First, agricultural production has developed rapidly, and the supply and demand of major agricultural products have shown a new pattern.
65438125 October, in Dongwang Village, Ningjin County, Hebei Province, several farmers were palletizing the harvested corn. According to the statistics of Hebei Investigation Corps of National Bureau of Statistics, in 2008, the sown area of grain in the whole province reached 9237 1.7 million mu, and the total grain output is expected to reach 2903 1.5 million tons, an increase of 6 1.6 million tons and an increase of 2 1.7%% compared with 2007. Since 2004, grain output will increase for the fifth consecutive year. Xinhua News Agency reporter Yang Shizhen photo
After the rural reform in China broke through the people's commune system and implemented the household contract responsibility system, the productivity has developed greatly. In the new stage of the new century, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council adhere to the policy of "giving more, taking less, and letting loose", constantly strengthen the policy of supporting agriculture and benefiting farmers, completely abolish the agricultural tax and agricultural specialty tax throughout the country, end the history of farmers paying taxes for farming for more than 2,600 years, implement "four subsidies" (direct subsidies, subsidies for improved varieties, subsidies for purchasing agricultural machinery and tools, and comprehensive subsidies for agricultural means of production) for grain farmers, and implement the policy of purchasing major grain varieties at protective prices.
(1) The output and per capita possession of major agricultural products such as grain have increased substantially.
In 2007, China's total grain output reached 50 1.6 million tons (/kloc-0.0032 billion Jin), an increase of nearly 200 million tons (nearly 400 billion Jin) compared with/kloc-0.978, with an increase of 65%. Cotton output reached 7.62 million tons, an increase of 2.5 times; Oil production reached 25.69 million tons, an increase of 3.9 times; The sugar output reached121880,000 tons, an increase of 4 1 times. The total output of meat reached 68.66 million tons, an increase of more than 6 times; The output of aquatic products reached 47.48 million tons, an increase of 9 times. The per capita possession of major agricultural products has also been greatly improved. In 2007, the per capita grain possession was 38 1 kg, an increase of 19.4% compared with 1.978. 5.8 kilograms of cotton, an increase of 65438 0.5 times; Oil 19 kg, an increase of 2.5 times; 93 kilograms of sugar, an increase of 2.7 times; Fruit 138 kg, increasing by 19 times; The per capita consumption of meat was 52kg, up 4.3 times, and that of aquatic products was 36kg, up 6.3 times. Agricultural products such as grain, oil, cotton, fruits and vegetables have grown steadily in an all-round way, providing a material basis for the increasing improvement of people's living standards.
(B) Agricultural product variety optimization
Since the reform and opening up, agriculture in China has entered a new stage of development. Structural adjustment pays more attention to the development of high-yield, high-quality, efficient, ecological and safe modern agriculture, and pays attention to the comparative advantages of local agriculture and the sustainable development of agriculture. At present, the coverage rate and quality improvement level of major agricultural products in China have improved significantly. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture, in 2006, the national high-quality rates of rice, wheat, corn and soybean reached 69%, 55%, 42% and 66% respectively, and the "double low" rapeseed planting area accounted for more than 75%. The quality rate of fresh agricultural products such as livestock, aquatic products, fruits and vegetables has also been greatly improved, and pollution-free, green and organic foods have developed rapidly.
(3) The overall supply and demand of major agricultural products are basically balanced.
10 On June 45438+04, a She girl was picking sweet pomelo at Xinhua Farm in Songka She Township, Nankang City. In recent years, Nankang City, Jiangxi Province, which has the reputation of "Hometown of Honey Pomelo", has developed honey pomelo industry through "company+farmers", introduced fine varieties of honey pomelo, and its products are exported to Shanghai, Hong Kong and other places. Xinhua News Agency (photo by Yang Xiaoming)
After the late 1990s, the supply and demand of China's major agricultural products, such as grain, changed from a long-term shortage to a basic pattern of "basically balanced total output and surplus in good years". The sufficient supply of agricultural products such as grain has laid a foundation for market stability and the improvement of living standards of urban and rural residents, and supported the sustained, rapid and healthy development of the national economy. Since the beginning of the new century, with the deepening of agricultural structural adjustment, the rapid development of marketization, industrialization and urbanization, and China's accession to the World Trade Organization, the relationship between supply and demand of agricultural products is undergoing important stage changes. Important changes have taken place in the structure of grain demand, the circulation of commodities has increased, and the demand for commodity grain has risen. At present, among the main agricultural products, the supply and demand of wheat, rice and other rations are basically balanced, corn is changing from supply and demand balance to short supply, and cotton production and sales have increased substantially. The production and sales of vegetables and fruits are booming, and the pattern of large market and large circulation has basically taken shape.
Second, agricultural production conditions have been greatly improved.
First, the level of agricultural mechanization has increased year by year. According to statistics, the total power of agricultural machinery in China increased from117.5 million kilowatts to 765.9 million kilowatts in 2007, an increase of 5.5 times. Large and medium-sized tractors and combine harvesters increased from 557,000 and 654,380+0.978 to 2,063,000 and 634,000 respectively in 2007. The sown area of crop mechanical harvesting has increased year by year, and the mechanical operation area of bulk crops such as wheat, rice and soybean has increased greatly. Second, the construction of infrastructure such as farmland water conservancy has been gradually strengthened. By the end of 2007, the effective irrigated area in China reached 565 18 thousand hectares, an increase of 25.7% over 1978 hectares. The area of drought and flood protection reached 4 1 153 thousand hectares, and the area of electromechanical irrigation and drainage increased to 37,762 thousand hectares. Irrigation and water conservancy construction has provided a solid foundation for the steady improvement of agricultural comprehensive production capacity. Third, the development of modern agriculture represented by facility agriculture has accelerated. The results of the second agricultural census show that the greenhouse area in China is 8 1 1,000 hectares, the greenhouse area is 465,000 hectares, and the small and medium-sized shed area is 23 1 1,000 hectares. By the end of 2006, the vegetable planting area in greenhouse was 723,000 hectares, accounting for 4.3% of the total vegetable planting area. Fruit and horticultural seedlings are planted *** 184 thousand hectares, accounting for 1.8% of the total orchard area. The development of high-tech agriculture such as facility agriculture and ecological agriculture has promoted the improvement of the quantity and quality of agricultural products such as vegetables and fruits.
Three. New achievements have been made in the structural adjustment of agriculture and rural economy.
In order to meet the requirements of changes in the new stage, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council pay more attention to improving the rural economic structure, improving the quality of agricultural production, creating more market space for agricultural production, and realizing the transformation of agricultural growth mode from quantitative growth to quality and efficiency growth.
First, the structure of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery has been continuously optimized
10 10 On 24th October, the boatman of a Hong Kong fishing boat was preparing to trade at Shekou Wharf. Since 1993, there have been more than 4,500 Hong Kong floating fishermen in Shekou, Yantian and Nan 'ao fishing ports in Shenzhen. These fishermen with dual identities of Hong Kong and Shenzhen can travel freely between Shenzhen and Hong Kong. This is a convenience measure made by Shenzhen in the context of reform and opening up. Xinhua News Agency reporter Zhou Wenjie photo
Judging from the proportion of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery in the total agricultural output value, the proportion of agriculture is decreasing, while the proportion of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery is increasing. In 2007, the proportion of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery in the total agricultural output value (excluding agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery services) was 52.3%, 4.0%, 34.2% and 9.5% respectively. Compared with 1978, the proportion of agriculture decreased by 27.7 percentage points, while the proportion of forestry, animal husbandry and fishery increased by 0.6 and 60 respectively.
(2) Specialized division of major agricultural products and regional production pattern have basically taken shape.
Driven by the comparative advantages of resources and guided by industrial policies, agricultural products are gradually concentrated in advantageous producing areas. Compared with the initial stage of reform and opening up, the regional production pattern of planting industry has basically taken shape. At present, Henan, Heilongjiang and other 13 grain-producing provinces account for more than 70% of the country's grain output and provide more than 80% of the country's commercial grain; China has formed the northeast soybean and corn belt. Peanut and wheat belt in Huang-Huai-Hai area; Rapeseed belt in the Yangtze River basin; Yellow River Basin and Northwest Inland Cotton Industry Belt. Animal husbandry production is also more focused on regional development. Sichuan, Hunan and other 13 pig-producing provinces have accounted for more than 75% of the country's pork production. Seven dairy farmers, including Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang, produced more than 60% milk in China. The variety and quality of agricultural products are constantly enriched, which provides rich production and living resources for the society and greatly improves the material living standards of our people.
Four. The income of rural residents has increased substantially and their living standards have continued to improve.
In the early days of reform and opening up, farmers' production and business activities were single and their income sources were single. Farmers' income is mainly agricultural income and grain income, and physical income accounts for a large proportion. With the development of market economy, the change of rural employment structure and the deepening of system reform, the trend of marketization, diversification and non-agriculture of farmers' income sources is obvious, and the income pattern of farmers has undergone fundamental changes.
(A) farmers' income has increased substantially, and the income structure has shown new characteristics.
From 1978 to 2007, the per capita net income of farmers increased from 134 yuan to 4 140 yuan, with an average annual increase of 7. 1% after deducting the price factor. The structure of farmers' income presents brand-new characteristics: First, the proportion of family operational income represented by agricultural income has decreased. In 2007, the per capita net income of farmers' production and operation was 2 194 yuan, accounting for 53% of the per capita net income of farmers, which was more than 20 percentage points lower than the initial stage of reform and opening up. Second, the proportion of wage income represented by the income of migrant workers has steadily increased, becoming the main source of farmers' income. In 2007, the per capita wage income of rural residents was 1596 yuan, accounting for 38.6% of the per capita net income of farmers, which was nearly 20 percentage points higher than that in the early 1980s. The increase of farmers' wage income is mainly driven by the increase of farmers' income from going out to work. Since 1997, farmers' income from migrant workers has been growing at double digits, occupying a prominent position in wage income. In 200 1 year, the income of migrant workers accounted for 36.5% of the wage income, and by 2007, the income of migrant workers accounted for 40.8% of the wage income. Third, the proportion of net cash income is increasing. In 2007, the proportion of net cash income to farmers' per capita net income was 85.2%, which was 43 percentage points higher than that of 1978.
(2) The living standards of rural residents have been continuously improved.
10 year 10 On October 28th, a worker was working on a "new residence" site in Nanlijiazhuang Village, Xuanpingbao Township, Wanquan County, Hebei Province. In May 2008, Wanquan County, Hebei Province started the construction of villagers' houses in Nanlijiazhuang Village, Xuanpingbao Township, which is the relocation village of ecological immigrants. The apartment design of this village refers to the excellent design scheme of new residential buildings in Zhao Yan, and it is planned as a two-story single-family townhouse with a total construction area of15000m2, which can accommodate 1 19 villagers. In order to improve the quality of farmers' houses, the Civilization Office of Hebei Province and the Construction Department of Hebei Province jointly launched the Hebei New Rural Residential Building Design Competition in September 2006, from which 65,438+000 sets of award-winning residential building design schemes were selected and named "Zhao Yanxin Residential Building", which began to be exhibited in the rural areas of the province in 2008, and these new residential building design drawings, which reflect the requirements of resource saving, comfort and practicality, were distributed to farmers free of charge for reference when building houses. It is understood that at present, more than 0/000 sets of "new residential" model houses/kloc-have been built in Hebei Province to guide the rural residential construction in the province. Xinhua News Agency reporter Gong Zhihong photo
The continuous growth of income has provided a solid foundation for the improvement of rural residents' lives. From 1978 to 2007, the per capita living expenses of rural residents increased from 1 16 yuan to 3,224 yuan, and the living standard moved towards the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way. Mainly manifested in: First, the consumption structure of rural residents is constantly upgrading. Engel's coefficient decreased from 67.7% in 1978 to 43. 1% in 2007, a decrease of 24.6 percentage points, indicating that the consumption structure of rural residents has been continuously optimized. Second, the development and enjoyment of consumer spending increased rapidly. In 2007, the per capita expenditure level of rural residents on culture, education, entertainment, medical care, transportation and communication reached 306 yuan, 2 10 yuan and 328 yuan, respectively, accounting for 4.4, 4.4 and 9.8 percentage points higher than that of 1980. Third, the family life of rural residents has gradually entered the era of electrification and informatization. 1978, rural families have almost no electrical appliances. In 2007, there were 106.5 sets, 26./kloc-0 sets and 45.9 sets of durable consumer goods per 100 rural households. With the steady improvement of traditional durable consumer goods, the popularity of information equipment in rural areas has accelerated. In 2007, the number of telephones, mobile phones and computers per 100 households reached 68.4, 77.8 and 3.7 respectively.
(3) The poverty situation in rural areas has obviously improved.
The economic reform from 65438 to 0978 promoted the great growth of rural economy and provided a solid economic foundation for the country to continuously strengthen anti-poverty measures. The state has successively implemented the development-oriented poverty alleviation plan and the "Eighth Seven-Year Plan for Poverty Alleviation", continuously increased investment in poverty alleviation funds, improved poverty alleviation measures, and identified 592 poverty-stricken counties across the country as key poverty alleviation areas. By 2000, the number of poor people had decreased from 250 million in 1978 to 32.09 million, and the incidence of poverty had decreased from 30.7% to 3.5%, making the cause of rural poverty alleviation a worldwide cause. In the new century, the country has formulated the Outline of Rural Poverty Alleviation and Development in China (200 1-20 10). Relying on industrialization to help the poor and labor export, the whole village pushed forward poverty alleviation and achieved new results. By 2007, the number of poor people had decreased to14.79 million, and the incidence of poverty had decreased to 1.6%.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Rural infrastructure has been continuously strengthened.
Before the reform and opening up, rural infrastructure was weak, agricultural production conditions were backward, market system was backward, and agricultural and rural infrastructure construction was in a hurry. After 30 years of development, rural infrastructure has been greatly improved. Especially since the beginning of the new century, the CPC Central Committee has put forward a major historical task of building a new socialist countryside, and the scale and intensity of rural infrastructure construction have obviously increased.
(1) Rapid development of rural transportation, electricity, culture and health infrastructure.
Since the reform and opening up, the state has always attached great importance to rural roads, rural power grids, culture and education and other infrastructure related to the long-term development of agriculture and rural areas, and rural infrastructure construction has made remarkable achievements. The results of the second agricultural census show that at present, the proportion of administrative villages with access to roads, telephones, electricity and television signals has reached more than 95%, and more than 80% of townships have post offices. Culture, education, environmental sanitation and medical institutions have also been greatly improved. At present, more than 85% of villages have primary schools within 3 kilometers, more than 98% of townships have hospitals and health centers, 72% of townships have centralized water supply, and 37% of townships have garbage disposal stations.
(2) The rural market system has achieved initial results.
In the past 30 years, rural reform has always adhered to the market orientation. The rural market-oriented reform has broken through the planned economy mode of unified purchase and marketing. After many reforms of agricultural product circulation system, China has initially formed an open, unified, competitive and orderly agricultural product market system and established a grain circulation system adapted to the development of socialist market economy. The main body of agricultural products market has developed from a single operation to a diversified operation composed of farmers, various intermediary organizations and state-owned circulation enterprises. Circulation channels have gradually formed multi-level progress in retail, wholesale and futures; Information services are also developing in the direction of constantly meeting the needs of producers, operators and consumers. Market infrastructure construction has also achieved remarkable results. The results of the second agricultural census show that at the end of 2006, 68.4% of towns and villages had comprehensive markets, and 34.4% of villages had comprehensive shops or supermarkets with an area of more than 50 square meters. 88.4% of townships have savings offices.
(3) New steps have been taken in rural social undertakings.
Since the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council have insisted on coordinating economic and social development, speeding up the development and reform of social undertakings such as education, health and security, and the rapid development of rural social undertakings has provided a strong guarantee for building a well-off society in rural areas. In education, all primary and secondary school students in rural compulsory education are exempt from tuition and fees and provide textbooks free of charge, benefiting 65.438+0.5 billion students; In terms of health, the number of township hospitals10.9 million was rebuilt and expanded, and medical equipment10.2 million was equipped. In terms of social security, in 2007, the new rural cooperative medical system covered 86% of counties in China, benefiting 730 million agricultural population; A minimum living security system has been established in rural areas throughout the country, and 35.66 million rural residents have been included in the coverage.
Six, the rapid development of rural non-agricultural industries, industrialization and urbanization level has been improved.
(A) the rapid development of rural non-agricultural industries
The CPC Central Committee and the State Council adhere to the principle of coordinated development of large, medium and small cities and small towns, and rural non-agricultural industries with township enterprises as the main body and small town construction as the support have developed rapidly. All localities pay more attention to the transformation of agricultural products processing, highlight green brands, and build a number of leading enterprises with distinctive characteristics in agricultural products processing. Agricultural products processing has become a new bright spot in the development of township enterprises. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Agriculture, the operating income of township enterprises in 2006 was 2468 1 billion yuan, which was 1. 1 times higher than that in 2006. Total profit1473.5 billion yuan, 5 times as much as 200 1 growth1. The development of rural non-agricultural industries has optimized the rural employment structure. After the reform and opening up, farmers have gained the right to choose their own jobs and work in cities, and the proportion of employees in non-agricultural industries and migrant workers has increased rapidly. According to the results of the second national agricultural census, in 2006, the proportion of rural non-agricultural employees [1] in rural practitioners increased from 7% in 1978 to 29.2%.
(2) The level of industrialization and urbanization has improved.
The development of rural non-agricultural industries, especially township industries, has promoted the process of industrialization and urbanization in China. Township industry and urban industry complement each other and develop harmoniously, and have embarked on an industrialization road with China characteristics. Rural industrialization has promoted the development of rural urbanization. The construction and perfection of various township industrial communities have improved rural infrastructure conditions and promoted the development of rural service industry. Relying on township enterprises and service industries, the construction of small towns has accelerated the development of small towns and embarked on a road of urbanization with China characteristics. The urbanization level of China has increased from 1978 to 17.9% in 2007.
Seven, the relationship between supply and demand of rural labor and employment presents a new pattern.
165438+102, migrant workers asked about their children's schooling at the information desk of Jiulongpo District Education Committee. It was the second Migrant Workers' Day in Chongqing. The large-scale consultation activities of "Growing Together under the Blue Sky" and "Caring for Migrant Workers' Children" sponsored by Chongqing Municipal Education Commission and Chongqing Jiulongpo District People's Government kicked off in Yangjiaping Pedestrian Street in Chongqing. Hundreds of people, including Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, education departments of all districts and counties, and vocational and technical schools, provided professional advice to migrant workers on issues such as children's enrollment, vocational and technical training, and tuition fee reduction. It is understood that at present, there are 406 designated schools in Chongqing that accept the children of migrant workers, and the children of migrant workers enter the city1980,000. Xinhua News Agency reporter Liu Yushe
After the reform and opening up, farmers have gained the right to choose their own jobs and work in cities. The number and proportion of non-agricultural industries have increased rapidly, and the number of farmers going out has increased steadily. The relationship between supply and demand of rural labor force and employment presents a new pattern.
(A) the rural labor structure tends to be optimized
From the perspective of three industries, the proportion of employees in the primary industry in the whole society decreased from 70.5% in 1978 to 40.8%. According to the results of the second agricultural census, at the end of 2006, male labor accounted for 50.8% and female labor accounted for 49.2% of the total rural labor resources. In rural practitioners, employees in the primary industry account for 70.8%, employees in the secondary industry account for 15.6%, and employees in the tertiary industry account for 13.6%. In terms of education level, the labor force with junior high school education among rural residents increased from 35% in 1985 to 6 1% in 2006.
(B) Rural labor mobility presents a new pattern
Since the reform and opening up, the large-scale flow and transfer of rural labor force to cities has become a beautiful landscape in China's economic development. Migrant workers are widely distributed in various industries of the national economy, accounting for more than half of the employees in service industries such as processing and manufacturing, construction, mining, sanitation, housekeeping and catering, and have become an important force to promote China's economic and social development. The main characteristics of labor mobility: First, large-scale. There are 654.38+300 million rural registered laborers leaving their towns to go out to work, accounting for 27.5% of the total in rural practitioners. Among them, the male labor force is 84.34 million, accounting for 64%; The female labor force is 47.47 million, accounting for 36%. Young and middle-aged workers are the main body of migrant workers, accounting for 66% of them aged 2 1-40. Of the migrant workers, 19.2% are employed in rural counties, 13.8% in cities outside the county, 17.7% in cities outside the province and 49.3% in the province. Second, migrant workers are mainly engaged in secondary and tertiary industries. Among migrant workers, 2.8% are employed in the primary industry, 56.7% in the secondary industry and 40.5% in the tertiary industry. Third, the mode of going out to work has changed. At the beginning of the reform, farmers mainly used the slack season to go out to engage in short-term and seasonal work, or moved between urban and rural areas and regions on an annual basis. Since the beginning of the new century, there have been new signs of migrant workers going out to work. The proportion of migrant workers who are completely divorced from agricultural production and have been working outside for many years has increased, part-time jobs have weakened, and rural families have been increasing.
Since the reform and opening up, the CPC Central Committee has insisted on stabilizing and improving the basic rural management system, adhering to the direction of socialist market economy reform, and combining party leadership with respect for farmers' initiative. Brilliant achievements have been made in the development of agriculture and rural economy. Since entering the new stage of the new century, the central government has adhered to the policy of "giving more, taking less and letting go", completely abolished agricultural taxes nationwide, fully realized free compulsory education in rural areas, directly subsidized farmers, and benefited farmers for a long time. Especially since the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Central Committee put forward the Scientific Outlook on Development, established the guiding ideology of coordinating urban and rural development, and raised the work of agriculture, rural areas and farmers from the "basic position" to the "top priority" position of the whole party. According to the requirements of coordinating urban and rural development, the central government put forward the historical task of building a new socialist countryside. Focusing on accelerating the development of modern agriculture, we will effectively improve the comprehensive agricultural production capacity, vigorously strengthen the construction of rural infrastructure, adhere to the sustainable development of agriculture, accelerate the formation of a new situation, and enter a new stage in agricultural and rural economic and social development.