In order to safe water transmission, reasonable water distribution, accurate water, in order to achieve irrigation, drainage and other water purposes and the construction of hydraulic buildings on the channel. In the construction of farmland water conservancy projects, water storage, diversion and other pivotal projects, only with the supporting use of the canal system project, in order to achieve the purpose of Xingli, so the canal system buildings, also known as the irrigation district supporting buildings. Irrigation project supporting is to tap the potential of the existing irrigation facilities, play an important measure of engineering efficiency [1].
Types
Drainage buildings are also known as irrigation district supporting buildings. Divided into:
①Control, regulation and water distribution buildings. Used to regulate the water level, distribution of flow, such as control gates, sluice gates, bucket doors.
② cross buildings. Used to cross rivers and canals, depressions, roads and obstacles, such as ferries, inverted siphons, culverts, tunnels and so on.
3 water discharge buildings. Such as spillway gates, backwater gates, overflow weirs and so on.
4 drop building. That is, the fall of the concentration of the connecting buildings, such as drop, steep slope and drop wells.
⑤ Sand flushing and sand sinking buildings. Such as sand flushing gate, sand sinking pool.
6 water quantity building. Such as water measuring weir, water measuring tank, etc., can also use other hydraulic buildings to measure water.
⑦Specialized buildings and safety equipment [2].
History
Drainage buildings appeared very early in China. According to the "Water Classic - Weishui Note" records: the first year of Emperor Huidi of Han Dynasty (194 BC) to build Chang'an City, with flying canals to divert water into the city; "Zhouli" a book of "Kaogongji - craftsmen" chapter (written more than 2,000 years ago) records: "want to be the abyss, then hooked in the torque"; "Book of Han" Volume 89 "call the letter of Chen biography "Records: Han Yuan Di Jianzhao five years (34 BC), call Xinchen "line to see the county water springs, open ditches and malfeasance, up the water gate to block where dozens of places, in order to broad irrigation"; "the book of the later Han - Zhang Jean biography" records: three years of the Zhongping (AD 186) Bi Lan "for the overturning of the car, Thirsty Wu, in the west of the bridge". The above "fly canal", "hook in the moment", "water gate" and "thirsty Wu" that is nowadays ferry, water drop, Sluice and siphon. Ferry, water drop, sluice gate in China has more than 2000 years of history, siphon also has 1800 years of history. The twelve canals built in the early Warring States period are the earliest large-scale irrigation canals in northern China that diverted river water for irrigation. The Nile Basin in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Basin all have a long history of irrigation. The oldest irrigation and drainage canal system buildings in these regions date back to more than 2000 BC [1].
Types and roles
Drainage buildings can be divided into the following categories according to their roles:
①Canal: manually dug or filled watercourses used to convey water to meet the needs of irrigation, drainage, navigation or power generation. An irrigation or drainage channels, generally divided into dry, branch, bucket, agricultural four levels constitute the channel system, referred to as the canal system.
② regulation and water distribution buildings: channel used to regulate the water level and distribution of the flow of buildings, such as control gates, sluice gates, bucket doors.
③ cross buildings: conveying channel water flow through the mountain beams and across or through the valley, rivers, channels, roads when the building, divided into two categories of intersection buildings and intersection buildings. The former for the channel and another waterway intersection with *** with the bed of the cross building, applicable to the two waterways at the bottom of the elevation of the situation is similar. Commonly used intersection buildings are sluice gates, inverted siphons and so on. The latter for the channel and natural or artificial barriers in different elevations on the intersection, in the channel on the construction of the building, applicable to the two elevation difference is large. Commonly used intersection buildings are ferry, inverted siphon, culverts, tunnels and so on.
4 fall building: channel in the ground fall concentration or steep slope section built to connect the upstream and downstream sections, or in the water discharge and retreat buildings connecting channels and rivers, ditches, reservoirs, ponds, connecting buildings, such as waterfalls, steep slopes, wells and so on.
5 Channel discharge and receding buildings: In order to prevent the water flow in the channel from exceeding the permissible maximum water level and causing dike breakage, to protect the safety of dangerous sections of the channel and important buildings, and to empty the channel for the purpose of maintenance of the channel and the buildings, etc., such as the overflow community, spillway gates, discharge chutes, siphon drain, receding gates and so on.
6. Sand flushing and sedimentation buildings: Sand flushing and sedimentation facilities, such as sedimentation ponds, sand flushing gates, etc., installed at the head of the canal or in the canal system to prevent and reduce siltation of the canal.
7 amount of water buildings: in order to use the water plan accurately and reasonably to the various levels of channels and fields to the amount of water, and to provide a basis for reasonable water charges, set up in the canal system on the amount of various water facilities.
⑧ specialized buildings and security facilities: to serve a special purpose and the construction of buildings on the channel said specialized buildings, such as navigation channels on the locks, wharves, docks, the use of channel drop construction of hydroelectric power stations and hydropower processing stations, etc.. Safety facilities is to prevent, block livestock and other entry into the channel or make fall into the channel of livestock out of danger facilities, such as safety fences.
The form of the canal building selection, mainly according to the irrigation planning requirements, engineering tasks, and comprehensively consider the terrain, geology, building materials, construction conditions, the use of management, safety and economy, and other factors, after a comparison to determine [2].
Features
The scale of individual buildings is generally not large, but the number of large, total project volume and cost are very large. For example, Shaoshan Irrigation District in Hunan Province, the total cost of the main canal and the North Main Canal, canal buildings accounted for 44%, 6.3 times the cost of diversion hub [2].
The development trend
The current development trend of canal buildings in China is to further develop towards lightweight, stereotyped, assembled and mechanized construction. Water-saving, energy-saving building research, research and application of new materials, electronic computer technology in the design of drainage buildings and popularization, comprehensive utilization of buildings, drainage building monitoring, management automation and centralized control and other issues such as research is increasingly being paid attention to [1].
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References
[1] Wang JJ. Technical points and management experience of anti-seepage construction of channels and drainage buildings[J]. Gansu Water Conservancy and Hydropower Technology, 2008, 44(7):513-514.
[2] National Conference on the Exchange of Advanced Experience in Water Resources Design. Drainage buildings [M]. China Industrial Press, 1966.
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在百度APP-我的渠系建筑物是指为渠道正常工作和发挥其各种功能而在渠道上兴建的水工建筑物。 Such as the use of channel drop power generation hydroelectric power station, navigable channels on the wharf, locks and for people, animals from falling into the water and set up a safety fence. Drainage buildings are many, the overall volume of work, high cost, it should be stereotyped, standardized, assembled and mechanized construction and other aspects of development.
In order to safe water transmission, reasonable water distribution, accurate water, in order to achieve irrigation, drainage and other water purposes and the construction of hydraulic buildings on the channel. In the construction of farmland water conservancy projects, water storage, diversion and other pivotal projects, only with the supporting use of the canal system project, in order to achieve the purpose of Xingli, so the canal system buildings, also known as the irrigation district supporting buildings. Irrigation project supporting is to tap the potential of the existing irrigation facilities, play an important measure of engineering efficiency [1].
Types
Drainage buildings are also known as irrigation district supporting buildings. Divided into:
①Control, regulation and water distribution buildings. Used to regulate the water level, distribution of flow, such as control gates, sluice gates, bucket doors.
② cross buildings. Used to cross rivers and canals, depressions and valleys, roads and obstacles, such as ferries, inverted siphons, culverts, tunnels and so on.
3 water discharge buildings. Such as spillway gates, backwater gates, overflow weirs and so on.
④Drop building. That is, the fall of the concentration of the connecting buildings, such as drop, steep slopes and drop wells.
⑤ Sand flushing and sand sinking buildings. Such as sand flushing gate, sand sinking pool.
6 water quantity building. Such as water measuring weir, water measuring tank, etc., can also use other hydraulic buildings to measure water.
⑦Specialized buildings and safety equipment [2].
History
Drainage buildings appeared very early in China. According to the "Water Classic - Weishui Note" records: the first year of Emperor Huidi of Han Dynasty (194 BC) to build Chang'an City, with flying canals to divert water into the city; "Zhouli" a book of "Kaogongji - craftsmen" chapter (written more than 2,000 years ago) records: "want to be the abyss, then hooked in the torque"; "Book of Han" Volume 89 "call the letter of Chen biography "Records: Han Yuan Di Jianzhao five years (34 BC), call Xinchen "line to see the county water springs, open ditches and malfeasance, up the water gate to block where dozens of places, in order to broad irrigation"; "the book of the later Han - Zhang Jean biography" records: three years of the Zhongping (AD 186) Bi Lan "for the overturning of the car, Thirsty Wu, in the west of the bridge". The above "fly canal", "hook in the moment", "water gate" and "thirsty Wu" that is nowadays ferry, water drop, Sluice and siphon. Ferry, water drop, sluice gate in China has more than 2000 years of history, siphon also has 1800 years of history. The twelve canals built in the early Warring States period are the earliest large-scale irrigation canals in northern China that diverted river water for irrigation. The Nile Basin in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Basin all have a long history of irrigation. The oldest irrigation and drainage canal system buildings in these regions date back to more than 2000 BC [1].
Types and roles
Drainage buildings can be divided into the following categories according to their roles:
①Canal: manually dug or filled watercourses used to convey water to meet the needs of irrigation, drainage, navigation or power generation. An irrigation or drainage channels, generally divided into dry, branch, bucket, agricultural four levels constitute the channel system, referred to as the canal system.
② regulation and water distribution buildings: channel used to regulate the water level and distribution of the flow of buildings, such as control gates, sluice gates, bucket doors.
③ cross buildings: conveying channel water flow through the mountain beams and across or through the valley, rivers, channels, roads when the building, divided into two categories of intersection buildings and intersection buildings. The former for the channel and another waterway intersection with *** with the bed of the cross building, applicable to the two waterways at the bottom of the elevation of the situation is similar. Commonly used intersection buildings are sluice gates, inverted siphons and so on. The latter for the channel and natural or artificial barriers in different elevations on the intersection, in the channel on the construction of the building, applicable to the two elevation difference is large. Commonly used intersection buildings are ferry, inverted siphon, culverts, tunnels and so on.
4 fall building: channel in the ground fall concentration or steep slope section built to connect the upstream and downstream sections, or in the water discharge and retreat buildings connecting channels and rivers, ditches, reservoirs, ponds, connecting buildings, such as waterfalls, steep slopes, wells and so on.
5 Channel discharge and receding buildings: In order to prevent the water flow in the channel from exceeding the permissible maximum water level and causing dike breakage, to protect the safety of dangerous sections of the channel and important buildings, and to empty the channel for the purpose of maintenance of the channel and the buildings, etc., such as the overflow community, spillway gates, discharge chutes, siphon drainage channels, receding gates, etc.
6. Sand flushing and sedimentation buildings: Sand flushing and sedimentation facilities, such as sedimentation ponds, sand flushing gates, etc., installed at the head of the canal or in the canal system to prevent and reduce siltation of the canal.
7 amount of water buildings: in order to use the water plan accurately and reasonably to the various levels of channels and fields to the amount of water, and to provide a basis for reasonable water charges, set up in the canal system on the amount of various water facilities.
⑧ specialized buildings and security facilities: to serve a special purpose and the construction of buildings on the channel said specialized buildings, such as navigation channels on the locks, wharves, docks, the use of channel drop construction of hydroelectric power stations and hydropower processing stations, etc.. Safety facilities are to prevent, block livestock and other entry into the channel or make fall into the channel of livestock out of danger facilities, such as safety fences.
The form of the canal building selection, mainly according to the irrigation planning requirements, engineering tasks, and comprehensively consider the topography, geology, building materials, construction conditions, the use of management, safety and economy, and other factors, after a comparison to determine [2].
Features
The scale of individual buildings is generally not large, but the number of large, total project volume and cost are very large. For example, Shaoshan Irrigation District in Hunan Province, the total cost of the main canal and the north trunk canal, canal buildings accounted for 44%, for the diversion hub cost of 6.3 times [2].
The development trend
The current development trend of canal buildings in China is to further develop towards lightweight, stereotyped, assembled and mechanized construction. Water-saving, energy-saving building research, research and application of new materials, electronic computer technology in the design of drainage buildings and popularization, comprehensive utilization of buildings, drainage building monitoring, management automation and centralized control and other issues of research is increasingly being paid attention to [1].