Ceramics of the Qin and Han Dynasties: Qin and Han - ancient buildings more wood to structure, not easy to survive for a long time, so some of the great buildings, such as the A Fang Palace in the Qin Dynasty and the Weiyang Palace in the Han Dynasty, can not be preserved in its entirety, but can still be found in the remaining ruins of the tile and Han bricks and other relics, in order to get a glimpse of the scale of the ancient building. (1) Tile Dang: The frontmost tile of the eaves is the Tile Dang, which carries a patterned hanging round block. The pattern of the tiles is beautifully designed, with flowing fonts and rich variations, such as cloud patterns, geometric patterns, taotie patterns, text patterns, animal patterns, and so on, making them exquisite works of art. (2) Han bricks: The carvings on Han bricks are all-encompassing, complicated and beautiful. Whether it is painted or relief images are vivid and lively, flexible lines; the stories expressed therein are the epitome of the society at that time, in the Han tombs found in Penshan, Sichuan Province, there is a Xieng Khouang bricks are designed to build tombs or tunnels used in the structure seems to have been aware of the application of physics on the reasoning behind the hollow cylinders. Since ancient times, China's society advocates generous burial, pottery can be stored for a long time, became the best burial goods, there are models of premises, musical instruments, birds and animals, as well as human figurines, terracotta warriors of the Qin and Han dynasties are the most famous, recently unearthed one after another my animal for the importance of archaeologists (3) Terracotta Warriors and Horses: Terracotta Warriors and Horses are more than molded combination of methods made of the first ceramic molds to make the initial tire, and then covered with a layer of fine clay for processing engraved and added color, some of which is burned first after the catch, fire and then burned, the fire and then the catch. Some are first connected and then burned, even fire, color and lustre simple, high hardness. (4) lead-glazed pottery: lead-glazed pottery is an innovation of the Han Dynasty pottery, yellow, brown, green and other colors, green glaze is more popular, with lead as the basis of the glaze, plus a little oxidation can be obtained from the greenish-green, the melting point of the low only burned Celsius seven hundred to eight hundred degrees,, and must be able to thin evenly hung on the tire. In the south also produced green glazed pottery, high fire, hard glaze, is also the beginning of the later development of celadon. In the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, celadon porcelain was produced, and the temperature of the kiln was raised by using a "dragon kiln", and kaolin clay, which was commonly used for porcelain, was also used. Sui Dynasty ceramics: five hundred and eighty-nine years, Yang Jian usurped the Northern Zhou and Southern Chen, unified the Central Plains, changed the country's name to Sui, Sui dynasty is short, but in the porcelain firing, but there is a new breakthrough, not only celadon firing, white porcelain also has a very good development, and at this time in the decorative techniques have also been innovated, such as in the object in addition to the clay piece - appliqué, is an example.
Ceramics in the Tang Dynasty: to the Tang Dynasty, porcelain production can be metamorphosed to the realm of maturity, and cross into the real porcelain era. Because the pottery and porcelain distinction, care about the quality of white hard or translucent, and the biggest key in the fire temperature. Although the Han Dynasty porcelain, but the temperature is not high, fragile texture can only be regarded as the original porcelain, and the development of the Tang Dynasty, not only the development of glaze drug maturity, firing temperature can reach more than 1,000 degrees Celsius, so we say that the Tang Dynasty is the real era into the porcelain. The most famous Tang Dynasty is the Tang Three-color. The most important product of the Tang Dynasty is the famous Tang San Cai, which has been widely preferred and collected until today's civilization. Tang Sancai is accompanied by burial pottery, bright colors have yellow, green, green lead glaze, so the name Tang Sancai, but not necessarily every piece of Tang Sancai are all three colors, but can be used to create a three-color cross-mixed glaze technology to create a beautiful flowers, as well as the first in the blanks engraved into a dark pattern, endless variations, colorful. The Tang three-color was distributed in both Chang'an and Luoyang, those in Chang'an were called West Kiln and those in Luoyang were called East Kiln. The Tang Dynasty was characterized by generous burials, not only for the great officials and nobles, but also for the people, and a trend was formed. Tang three kinds of color many figures, animals, bowls, water vessels, wine, stationery, furniture, houses, and even contain the ashes of the pot altar and so on. Generally more people love is the horse figurines, some raised feet gallop, some wandering stand, some lead neck hissing, are showing a lifelike posture. As for the character modeling of women, civil officials, military generals, Hu terracotta warriors, the King, according to the characters of the social status and rank, portraying different personalities and characteristics; noblewoman face rounded, combed into a variety of hair buns, wearing brightly colored clothing, civil officials polite and courteous, warriors fierce and courageous, Hu terracotta warriors, high and deep eyes, the King of the world, angry eyes of the mighty and majestic temperament, enough for our country to be an example of ancient sculpture products.
The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of ceramics: This period is more famous is the Chai kiln of the Shizong of the latter Zhou Dynasty, to the celestial blue-based, Shizong commented that "the rain passes through the cloud breaks, the color of the same as the future", so there is "rain passes through the green" reputation. Tao Tao Road recorded "green as the sky, bright as a mirror, thin as paper, sound like a chime", can be a little known for its exquisite production.
Ceramics during the Song Dynasty: Zhao Kuangyin seized power in the latter Zhou Dynasty, established the Song Dynasty capital Kaifeng, historically known as the Northern Song Dynasty. Song Dynasty ceramics of our country's heyday, "Song porcelain" is also known around the world. Ding kiln, Ru kiln, official kiln, brother kiln, jun kiln for the five famous kilns, beautiful shape, elegant and dignified, not only beyond the achievements of predecessors, even if the later imitation can rarely match. Yuan dynasty ceramics: Yuan dynasty into the Central Plains for ninety-one years, the porcelain industry than the Song dynasty for the decline, however, this period there are new developments, such as the rise of blue and red glaze, colored porcelain a lot of popularity, white porcelain has become the mainstream of porcelain, glaze white pan blue, led to the development of porcelain after the Ming and Qing dynasties, to get a very high level of achievement. (1) Pivot Kiln: the Yuan Dynasty in Jingdezhen design official kilns, exquisite production, decorative patterns often have "Pivot" two words, and therefore also known as the Pivot Kiln, Jingdezhen gradually formed a national porcelain manufacturing center also began in the Yuan Dynasty. (2) blue and white: blue and white porcelain is painted with cobalt material fired into a pattern, only a blue, but the pigment intensity, level, can show extremely rich and varied artistic effects. Blue and white simple but gorgeous, both complex and uniform, as blue calico, with simple, simple, elegant features, become the main varieties of porcelain. (3) glaze red: glaze red is oxidized instead of cobalt material, practice and the blue and white is underglaze coloring, due to reduction into snow red, glaze through the red, so the name glaze red, the Yuan dynasty, following the kiln after the emergence of another red performance method, firing is not easy, is a more difficult to burn porcelain, often gray-red or dark brown, quite unstable, not much production, less heirloom.
Ming Dynasty ceramics: China's pottery development to the Ming Dynasty and entered a new journey, before the Ming Dynasty porcelain to celadon, and after the Ming Dynasty to white porcelain, especially blue and white porcelain, especially into the Ming Dynasty white porcelain, and Jingdezhen became the main kiln, the largest scale, has been extended to the Ming and Qing Dynasties five, six hundred years and not decline, describing the prevailing situation as "daytime white smoke to cover the air at night, red flame burning sky. Red flames burn the sky". Yongle Xuande period for the early period of blue and white porcelain, although not as sweet white, the delicacy of the offspring, but because of the importation of cobalt material Su mud Bo green, so that this period of blue and white color; the artist's artistic training is very high, the use of the green material of the scattering of the halo, for the end of the bone floral strokes, resulting in the ink of the interest; some use different thickness on the line, resulting in a lively change, appear more vivid and powerful. Since the Yuan Dynasty, the import of Islam also brought rich patterns at this time, coupled with the use of Chinese painting, the layout of the content is clear and crisp, feel his majestic simplicity. Chenghua, Zhengde for the middle of the blue and white porcelain, at this time Su mud Boqing has been used up, switch to equal green, color pale than the richness of the Suqing, and no loose halo ink effect, so in addition towards the colorful or detailed expression of the development of painting techniques strive to be refined, fine drawing and dyeing, coupled with the thin tire of the white porcelain, to achieve the goal of sophistication. Jiajing, Wanli years for the late blue and white porcelain, back to the use of green, to the kilns of the Jiajing brought prosperity, colorful and strong. At this time, the production was large, and was shipped to Europe by Dutch ships. The famous five-color and doucai of the Wanli period became the basis for the development of colored porcelain in the later generations, and even the Japanese Ivory porcelain was developed according to the doucai of this period, and the "Wanli colored porcelain" became famous in the history. At the same time, there are red and yellow color, blue and yellow flowers, red and blue, yellow and blue five colors, red and so on all kinds of color magnet and the previous generation of kilns of the great success, the pattern is ever-changing, increase a lot. Starting in the Ming Dynasty, kiln sites tend to concentrate in Jingdezhen, regardless of the official kilns or kilns are biased in favor of painted porcelain, Song porcelain before the single glaze is the main, and after the Ming Dynasty into the world of color, porcelain tires also tend to be thin, fine, white request, in the billet to remember the style also from now on, the age of the hall, the name of the people have, so that the study of the evidence to have a more accurate identification.
Ceramics during the Qing Dynasty: Chinese porcelain can be said to be the pinnacle of excellence. Thousands of years of experience, coupled with the natural raw materials of Jingdezhen, pottery officer's management, the early years of the Qing dynasty, Kangxi, Yongzheng, Qianlong three generations, due to political stability, economic prosperity, the emperor attached importance to the achievements of porcelain is also very outstanding, the emperor's hobby and advocate, so that the early Qing dynasty ceramics production technology is highly skilled, decorative fine and gorgeous, the achievements of the extraordinary, is the long history of Chinese ceramics the most bright and brilliant. Qing dynasty ceramics production, in addition to the official kilns in Jingdezhen as the center, all over the kilns are extremely prosperous and prosperous, and get a lot of achievements, especially the gradual advancement of the West, ceramics export, Western raw materials and technology imported by foreign influences, so that ceramics is more rich and colorful, but also because of mass production and imitation into the wind, the pursuit of the painting of the Academy of fine and slender, although there are amazing works, but less creative and flow in the artisanal spirit. Fujian Province, Dehua white porcelain, glittering white and transparent, the production of Buddha is quite famous. In the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the development of export ceramics, Guangcai, colorful. (1) pastel: the Yongzheng period is the most achievements in pastel, pastel main feature is a soft and light tone, the proportion of fine and neat, so it is also known as "soft color"; using white powder to set up a body shape and then add color, and dyed into the intensity of the light and dark levels, fresh and thorough, warm and plain, with a deep brushwork flowers and birds of the meaning of the strong decorative. (2) enamel: Qianlong period inherited the style of the previous two Qing dynasties, produced a lot of beautiful and exquisite works, and then spared no capital, the pursuit of creativity, the synthesis of a variety of techniques, used in ceramics, imitation of a variety of other materials are also a lot of products. The greatest achievement in color painting is enamel, which was first fired with imported pigments, so it is also known as "foreign color". The material used for enameling is crystalline in color and thick in texture, and is used for decoration with a slightly convex pile of patterns. Jingdezhen porcelain tires shipped to the court, the order of the Academy of Chemical to be painted, more than "secret play in the court, so the decorative painting method is extremely fine, the pursuit of gorgeous, mythical animals with the court atmosphere, plus the palace of the "Gu Yue Xuan" for the style, all of which belongs to the House of, become famous Gu Yue Xuan porcelain. (3) alabaster: yixing alabaster to the qing dynasty production is greater, famous artists, in addition to the manufacture of yixing pots, daily supplies such as bowls and plates, vases, flower pots, etc., to keep the tire color, ancient, a variety of color pottery are also creative. (4) Weaving gold: "Weaving gold" is to use gold thread to fill in the color again, quite characteristic, using Jingde white embryo in Guangzhou to add color to export, and has been passed on to today. (5) Black Porcelain: The black porcelain from Boshan, Shandong Province, was a popular household item for northern farmers. (6) Shiwan plastic: Guangdong Shiwan molding characters in recent years is very important, glaze changes, lifelike, especially with the story of the characters, expression vivid and powerful and interesting.
China's modern ceramics: After the Opium War, China fell into a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society, China's national industry has been severely damaged, thousands of famous kilns have stagnated and tended to decline. Ceramic production level continues to decline, the scale of production is also shrinking, the manufacturing process is still following the old method. After all, China has a long tradition of porcelain, the vast number of porcelain workers with excellent skills, in extremely difficult and difficult circumstances, the development of handmade skills as the characteristics of antique porcelain, fine art porcelain production, adhere to the foreign machine-made daily porcelain to fight to maintain the reputation of Chinese porcelain in the international community in the decline of ceramics shows the potential for revitalization.