1 Nian Gengyao case

The literary inquisition in Yongzheng Dynasty began with the Nian Gengyao case. Nian Gengyao, a native of Huangqi, Han army, was born a scholar and had a talent for fighting. He has made many achievements in counter-insurgency in Sichuan and Tibet. In the last years of Kangxi, he was named General Dingxi and Governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, and attached to the then Prince Yin Zhen of Yong. After Yin Zhen succeeded to the throne, Nian Gengyao was highly prized, and was named Governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, General Taibao and General Fuyuan, and was awarded the first class merit. Nian Gengyao began to regard his younger sister as the concubine of Yongzheng as his own credit. Yin Zhen had long wanted to make an example, but he had no excuse. In February of the third year of Yongzheng (1724), the astronomical spectacle of "the combination of the sun and the moon, the combination of the five stars and the pearl" appeared. Courtiers congratulated on the table, and Yin Zhen paid special attention to Nian Gengyao's playing table and found the "fault". First, the handwriting is scrawled, and second, the idiom "Go out early and come back late" is written as "Go out late and come back late", which means diligent all day long. Regardless of this, Yongzheng thought that Nian Gengyao was up to no good, and those who bore a grudge against Nian Gengyao saw that the emperor had taken the lead, so they rose up and attacked him, and Nian Gengyao was disintegrated into ninety-two major crimes. Yin Zhen ordered Nian Gengyao to commit suicide, his relatives and companions were beheaded, exiled or relegated, and all those involved with him were punished.

2. Xie Jishi case and Lu case

Later Xie Jishi's case and Lu's case were both brewed with the joint participation of Hotan Wenjing. Tian Wenjing was born as a Guo-zi-jian diploma, starting with the experience of small officials in counties. In the second year of Yongzheng (1724), he served as the governor of Henan. His laws are strict, and officials from Kejia are timid and afraid to do things. They have disintegrated three or four state and county officials, including Xinxu Magistrate and Zuodu Yushichai.

In the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726), the new governor of Zhili took office via Henan, and Tian Wenjing followed suit to see him off. Gu Li, who was born in Hakka, couldn't help but accuse Tian Wenjing of not deliberately ravaging literati. Therefore, Gu Li, a member of Tian Wenjing, took part in the imperial examination with Huang Zhenguo and others in the same year, so he intended to protect them. The implication is that Guli has personal close friends with others. Soon, Guli went to Beijing to state Tian Wenjing's corruption and Huang Zhenguo's injustice. After some investigation, Yongzheng suspected that there were cronies among Hakka people such as Guli.

In the winter of the same year, Zhejiang Taoist supervisor Xie Jishi neglected Tian Wenjing's ten sins. Yongzheng returned the letter, and Xie Jishi insisted. In a rage, Yongzheng arrested Xie Jishi, and Jiuqing, a university student, came to chop him down. Because the content of Xie Jishi's disintegration was exactly the same as that of Li Gui, they were all wronged. Huang Zhen was recommended by Cai, and Cai and Li Gui were closely related, so Yongzheng decided that these people engaged in cronies and sent Xie Jishi to Altay, Xinjiang; Cai was reduced to the prefect of Fengtian; Bi Li was demoted to assistant minister of industry (he was removed soon). Lu, born as a juren, moved to Wuxian for military service. After being introduced, Yongzheng saw that he was "perverse" and detained him in Beijing to study and handle affairs. Later, he was dismissed from the Ministry of Industry. When introducing him again, Yongzheng saw that he was arrogant and rude, so he wrote down sentences such as "The Five Classics and Four Books, such as' Hui Di Ji' and' Being rebellious', which were different from the Buddha's later years", which was considered ironic. Yongzheng further believed that he was a native of Guangxi, a fellow villager with Xie Jishi, and that Guli had been the governor of Guangxi. "On weekdays, a party must support Guli and Xie Jishi." So he ordered Lu to be dismissed and sent to Altai.

3. The cases of Ceng Jing and Lv Liuliang

On the afternoon of September 26th, the sixth year of Yongzheng (1728), Yue Zhongqi, governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, was sitting in a sedan chair on a street in xi 'an, Shaanxi, when someone suddenly stopped the sedan chair to throw books. This is a prison in Ceng Jing and Lv Liuliang. See Biography of Yi Shi and Lv Liuliang in Jiangdong for details. When the case was closed, Lv Liuliang and Lu Baozhong's father and son opened the coffin and slaughtered the body, and they were beheaded; Lu made a decision; Lv Liuliang and Sun Fa sent Gu Ning Pagoda to Armor to be slaves; All the property was confiscated. Yan Hongkui, a student from Lv Liuliang, opened the coffin and slaughtered the corpse, and his grandson sent Ningguta as a slave armor; Student Shen Zaikuan made a decision; Huang Buan (death) was punished according to the discussion; Four people, including Che, who published and collected Lv Liuliang's works, were sentenced to prison, two others were exiled to 3,000 miles away with their wives, and a dozen people were flogged. Ceng Jing's confessions and confessions were compiled into the book The Lost Sense of Justice, which was published and distributed to all schools in China. Instructors were ordered to urge scholars to observe and study carefully, and those who neglected the observation were punished. He also ordered Hang Yilu, assistant minister of punishments, to lead Ceng Jing to preach in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and Shi Yizhi, minister of the Ministry of War, to lead Zhang Xi to preach in all parts of Shaanxi. Ironically, Lao Tzu decided the case and his son reversed it. Yongzheng once said that "my descendants will slander me in the future and will not be responsible." However, in October of the 13th year of Yongzheng (1735), Emperor Qianlong succeeded to the throne, and his conviction was publicly reversed before the reform. Ceng Jing and Zhang Xi were ordered to be transferred to the capital, and they were executed in1February, tied for "sense of justice". The traitor Yue Zhongqi came to no good end. Later, he was disintegrated by E Ertai, a great scholar, and was sentenced to prison. He was released in the early years of Qianlong. (Accurately speaking, the cases of Ceng Jing and Lv Liuliang involved attempted rebellion, which did not conform to the "criminal prison set up in the Ming and Qing Dynasties for violating the writing ban or writing Luo Zhi to eliminate dissidents." Definition is not a typical literary inquisition case. )

4. Qu Dajun case

During his lecture in Guangdong, Fu Tai, the governor of Guangdong, paid tribute to Mr. Qu Wenshan from Zhangxi. He thought of the famous scholar Qu Dajun's "Wengshan" and guessed that "Wenshan" was wrong. So I traced back to Qu Dajun's books "Wengshan Wenwai" and "Wengshan Shiwai", and I found that there were "many rebellious words that covered up the depressed and uneven spirit". In this way, another ideological "rebellion" case was exposed. Qu Dajun has been dead for more than 30 years, and his son Qu Minghong (Ren Huilai's instruction) voluntarily surrendered himself to Guangzhou, handing over his father's poems and prints. The case was reported, and the Ministry of Punishment suggested that Qu Dajun slaughter the body; Because Qu Minghong surrendered himself, he was saved from death. Only Qu Minghong and his two sons were sent to Fujian, and Qu Dajun's poems were banned. This is the case in Qu Dajun. See Biography of Qu Dajun, the Three Great Books of Lingnan for details.

5. The disaster of Qiulian's play pen

Then there was the disaster of Qiulian playing with a pen. Qiu Lian is from Cixi, Zhejiang. When he was young, he once played the Book of Sean and big noble, which contained "If you want to establish a prince, be a prince; The words "Prince Mo Ruoxian, the prince" and "When Mr. Wang comes out, the prince can be safe and the world can be settled" were quite popular at that time. At the end of Kangxi, 70-year-old Qiu Lian was a scholar, and later returned to his hometown to be an official. In the seventh year of Yongzheng (1729), Qiu Lian, then 85 years old, was suddenly arrested. It turned out that the letter he wrote for Sean was for the advice of Yin Ren, the waste prince. In June of the following year, Qiu Lian died in the capital prison. Teenagers play with pens, but old people are in trouble It is really called "the beginning of life literacy". "

6. The case of "the breeze can't read"

Xu Jun, a member of the Hanlin Academy, is the son of Xu Shang, the minister of punishments in Kangxi Dynasty, and the grandnephew of Gu. In the eighth year of Yongzheng (1730), Xu Jun misspelled the word "Your Majesty" as the word "Imperial" in the memorial. As soon as Yongzheng saw it, he immediately dismissed Xu Jun. Later, I sent someone to look it up and found the following poems in Xu Yun's poems: "The breeze can't read, why not turn over the books?" "The moon cares about me, and the breeze has no intention of leaving one behind." So Yongzheng thought it was deliberate slander and made a decision based on disrespectful laws.

In the eleventh year of Yongzheng (1733), he sent a letter to collect scholars, wanted to learn from Kangxi and started the branch of poetry again, but in response to Liao Liao, he had to give up. Talents are dying, and literacy is ineffective. As for this, the negative impact of the literary inquisition can be justified.

7. Wei Minzhi case

During the Yongzheng period, Cha's younger brother, Cha Siting, went to Jiangxi to be an examination officer. He wrote an essay called Wei Minzhi, which was based on The Book of Songs Shang Qing Xuanniao. The general idea is that the vast land of the country and the people live and work in peace and contentment means loving the people. This topic is completely in line with Confucian norms, no problem. However, literary inquisition prevailed at that time. When Yongzheng heard about it, he thought that the word "Wei Zhi" was the word "Yongzheng". Isn't this about killing your own head?

Therefore, Yongzheng ordered the arrest of the Justine family. Justine was brutally tortured and died in prison. That's not enough. Even the body is restless and humiliated by slaughter. Heiting's son also died tragically in prison and his people were exiled. Zhejiang Jinshi shall not take the Juren and Jinshi examinations within six years. Cha was also implicated, and he was ordered to lead his family to Beijing to serve his sentence. On the way, he wrote this sentence: "It's so frosty and so long, there are still two years before seventy." Later, he was put back to his hometown and died soon. The champion of that year was also persecuted.

Regarding imperial academy's scientific research case, the lawsuit of copying the prison in Qing Dynasty was like this: "Or, the topic of the investigation was" People Stop ". Those who avoid it are called "Wei Zhi", which means the first in Yongzheng. Sejong heard of it and slandered it angrily, calling it disrespectful. " This sentence is often quoted by historians. In the Miqing Report written according to the law, there is no title of "Stop at Wei Min" in the section entitled "A gentleman does not judge by his words", the section entitled "An examination of the sun and the moon" and the section entitled "A stream in a mountain road". Si Ting has a copy of Wei Zhenglu, the annotations of which are unfavorable to Yongzheng. For example, the homepage says, "One day in the 60th year of Kangxi, it was appropriate to take a leave of absence at home. Suddenly I heard that it was a big trip, and all four sons of the emperor had acceded to the throne. It's amazing. " Wei Zhenglu was the cause of the court's conviction, so later generations suspected that it was attached as a test question.