Yi Yin said cooking soup with a tripod:
Yi Yin was one of the important ministers in the early Shang Dynasty. His real name was Yin, Oracle Bone Inscriptions called him Yi, and Jinwen called him Yi. According to legend, Yi Yin was born near Yishui, and went to Shen You's home as an adult to make a living by farming. Although his position is very low, he is worried about the world. He saw that the Xin family had a gentleman and virtue, and wanted to persuade him to rise up and destroy the summer. In order to get close to Shen Guojun, he volunteered to be a slave and served as Shen Guojun's personal chef. The monarch discovered his talent and was promoted to the position of managing meals. After long-term observation, Yi Yin finally found out that there were Shen and Xia surnames, both of which were in the back, so it was difficult to sever the blood relationship. Besides, at that time, there was a small country with few people and weak troops, which was not enough to undertake the heavy responsibility of destroying summer. Only soup was the ideal candidate, so I decided to go to soup. At that time, Tang married Xin's daughter as a princess, and Yi Yin volunteered to be his wife and accompany him to do business. He analyzed the general trend of the world and the way of governing the country, and advised Tang to undertake the task of destroying the summer. From this, Tang knew that the foreign demon had the ability to learn from heaven and earth, so he liberated him from slavery and became the highest ruling minister. Yi Yin was not only the founding father who helped Tang win the world, but also the hero of the later three Shang kings. As a result, Yi Yin was listed as the first "old minister" in Oracle bone inscriptions, and was solemnly sacrificed, not only with Tang, but also by himself.
Yi Yin is a famous man. He once said that his name is Yi Yin, and he is also known as Aheng. Bao Heng was an official and was born in the late summer and early Shang Dynasty. Date of birth and death is unknown. Mozi? 6? Shang Xian (1) said: "Yi Yin is a female teacher and servant of the Xin family." Teachers and servants are the mentors of slave owners' noble children. This can be compared with the tutor who was the son of a slave owner in the history of ancient Greek education. In Oracle Bone Inscriptions, it is recorded that Yi Yi (that is, Shang Tang) and Yi Yin sacrificed together. It can be said that Yi Yin was the first teacher in China who recorded Oracle Bone Inscriptions.
Yi Yin was born in Kongsangjian (now Bangzitou, Luanchuan County, Luoyang City), a slave. Shang Tang later named him Yin (equivalent to Prime Minister). So it was handed down in the name of Yi Yin. Legend has it that his father was a slave chef who could kill and cook well, and his mother was a slave who picked mulberry and raised silkworms on Iraqi water. Before his mother gave birth to him, the dreamer told him, "Anyway, put the mortar out of the water and walk east." . The next day, she really found that the water in the mortar was like a spring. The kind-hearted Caisang people quickly informed her neighbors that they had fled 20 miles eastward. When she turned around, the village became Wang Yang. Because she disobeyed the warning of the man of God, her body became empty. By chance, a girl picking mulberry leaves found a baby in the empty mulberry leaves. She took it back to You Wangxin, and he ordered a slave chef to raise him. The twists and turns of this myth and legend reflect that Yi Yin was born by water, so he was named Yi, and his mother was a mulberry slave.
Yi Yin was smart and diligent since childhood. Although he reclaimed the wild land, he was happily with Yao Shun. Not only mastered the cooking skills, but also deeply understood the way of governing the country; He is not only the chef of slave owners, but also the "teacher and servant" of aristocratic children. Because he has a good knowledge of the ways of governing the country of the kings of Britain and Ming, such as the Three Emperors and Five Emperors, Dayu, etc., Tang, who is thirsty for talents, took jade, silk, horses and leather as gifts and hired him in various countries. In the southwest of Kongsang River in Songxian County, there is a hill as flat as a few feet, which is hired by the world-famous biographer Shang Tang. It is the right wing of the "Yuan Shengci" in the leading village of Nansha Drum Tower, and there are three dedicated platforms in the city for future generations to mourn. Because Xin Wang did not allow Shang Tang to hire Yi Yin, Shang Tang had to marry Xin Wang's daughter. Therefore, Zhiyi came to Tang Wang as a slave.
"Mencius" said: "Soup is to Yi Yin, and learning is to me, so no pains are king." It can be seen that Yi Yin is the first imperial teacher in China. What did Yi Yin teach Shang Tang? "Mencius? 6? Zhang Wan (1) said that Yi Yin "wanted Yao and Shun's soup" and "cut off the summer to save the people". In fact, it is to teach Shang Tang how to plan out the summer and how to govern the country and the people.
Yi Yin returned to the valley for the first time, where she met Yuan Fei and her sister who were abandoned by Xia, and learned a lot of important information from Xia through her sister. In order to test the attitude of the teacher of Jiuyi towards Wang, Yi Yin persuaded Shang Tang and decided to stop paying tribute to Wang. As a result, Xia Jie was furious and attacked Tang with the "September 1st Division". Yi Yin saw that the division of Jiuyi still obeyed Xia Jie's command, so he offered Shang Tang a plan to temporarily restore gunnar to the Xia Dynasty, and at the same time actively prepared to attack the Xia Dynasty.
About BC 160 1 year, Yi Yin decided not to pay tribute to Wang Xia. Although Wang started his army again, he was "not a teacher of Jiuyi" and was completely isolated politically and militarily. Yi Yin saw that the summer was ripe, so he assisted Shang Tang to order the summer harvest immediately. Xia Jie was defeated and fled to the south. After destroying the three vassal states of the Xia Dynasty, Tang moved westward, and soon occupied the river basin, the heart of the Xia Dynasty, and then made its capital in the west, and the Xia Dynasty perished. This search is located in the Luo Yi Plain near Luoyang, between Erlitou Village, Sijiaolou Village and Gedandou Village in Yanshi today. Xibo is located in the ditch of Yanshi corpse township in Luoyang city today. This battle was the victory of Yi Yin's strategy of cutting summer for Shang Tang, and it was also the first achievement that Yi Yin helped Tang establish Shang Dynasty.
After the establishment of Shang Dynasty, Shang Tang was named Yin. Historical records? 6? 1 Yin Benji "Huangfu Mi's note:" Yin is also, that is, soup makes the world. "For the world" is to set an example, be a teacher by example, and be a teacher by example. "History? 6? 1 Jun Shuang quoted Duke Zhou as saying that "one yin is above the emperor", which is what he said on behalf of heaven. His words are equal to God's will, so it can be said that Yi Yin is a teacher. He once said: Heaven gave birth to this people, so that we can feel first and then know, so that we can feel first and then feel. He also claimed: "Heaven, humanity, non-Tao?" ("Mencius? 6? 1 Zhang Wan "). Yi Yin claimed to be a prophet, and regarded his words as the highest doctrine to educate the people, which was different from others. It can be seen that Yi Yin is the highest separatist figure in China.
After Shang Tang's death, Yi Yin experienced foreign policy and loyalty, and became the teacher of Tang Wang's grandson Tai Jia. Legend has it that Tai Jia did not follow Shang Tang's major policies. In order to educate Tai Jia, Yi Yin placed Tai Jia in a specific educational environment-Tongguan, the burial place of Tang Cheng, and wrote instructions such as Yi Xun, Siming and Guhou, telling how to govern the country, what to do and what not to do, and how to inherit Tang Cheng's statutes. In the specific educational environment created by Yi Yin, Tai Jia stayed in the same palace for three years, felt sorry for his achievements, deeply introspected, "moved benevolence to righteousness", learned Yi Yin's precepts, gradually realized his mistakes, and repented for goodness. When Tai Jia showed signs of turning over a new leaf, Yi Yin personally went to the Children's Palace to meet him at the right time and handed over the kingship to him. He continued to be Tai Jia's assistant. Thanks to Yi Yin's patient education, Taijia's "diligent Xiu De" was restored and inherited from Tang Zheng, so he did a good job. The politics of Shang dynasty is clear again. "Historical Records" says that "the princes are salty and belong to Yin, and the people are peaceful". So Yi Yin wrote three articles about Taijia, and an article about Xianyou Yide praised Taijia. Tai Jia eventually became a promising king and was honored as a "bulk" by later generations.
Chronicle of Bamboo Slips says that Yi Yin made Tai Jia the son of heaven, and then Tai Jia sneaked out of the Children's Palace and killed Yi Yin. This statement is not credible. Because there are many records of worshipping Yi Yin in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty, its position is between Yin and He, and there are also sacrifices to Dayi (Tang Cheng) and Oracle Bone Inscriptions who worships Yi Yin. Until the Spring and Autumn Period, he said, "Although I am a small (small) minister, I have Kyushu, which was blocked by () (Zhong's inscription), and I praised Iraq (that is, Yi Yin) for assisting Shang Tang to achieve the world. This is consistent with Yi Yin's achievements in Shangshu and The Book of Songs. It can be seen that Yi Yin not only granted Tang Cheng the emperor's skill, assisted Tang Cheng to establish the Shang Dynasty and seize the world, but also formulated the "punishment of boiling soup" ("Mencius? 6? Zhang Wan (1), Tai Jia's education, disobeying the soup method and running amok, is also remarkable. In the aspect of emperor education, Yi Yin is a model.
It is said that Yi Yin lived for more than one hundred years, and he didn't die until the reign of Woding, the son of Tai Jia. Buried in Xibe after death. Today, there is Shang Aheng's tomb in the west of yanshi city 10 mile, east of Han Tianheng's tomb and 7 miles away from Tang Zhong. 1983 In the spring, China archaeologists excavated the ruins of the mall palace in Shixianggou area on the north bank of Xiluo River in yanshi city, Luoyang, which proved that this place was the capital of Xibo. There is no doubt that Yi Yin was buried in Xibe after his death. In Longtou Village, Nanshagou, Songxian County, the Yuan Temple rebuilt in Ming Dynasty is erected to commemorate the birthplace of Yi Yin. There is a couplet in the ancestral hall, which says, "I will devote myself to three spring rains and enjoy reading a book in Nishan." The first part is Yi Yin's cultivation in Xinye (now Xinlegou in Song County), and the second part is Kong Qiu's writing in Nishan. It can be seen that the ancients regarded Yi Yin and Kong Qiu as equal, one was Sheng Yuan and the other was the most holy. Yi Yin became the prime minister of several kings in Shang Dynasty, which laid a solid political foundation for the Shang Dynasty to last for more than 600 years and became the first famous saint in China history. Later generations respected him as a saint because he promoted the development of China history and China culture.
Due to the scarcity of documents about Yi Yin in Shang Dynasty, it is difficult to draw a decent outline of how Yi Yin taught the noble children of slave owners when he was a "teacher-servant" and how he taught in the court of China after he was made Yin. However, his philosophical thoughts and educational thoughts can also be found in sporadic records of books such as Shangshu, Mencius, Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals and Historical Records.
"Yin people respect God" is not only the main feature of Shang Dynasty thought, but also the main feature of Shang Dynasty education. Yi Yin is the spokesman of heaven, known as "Ge Yu Huang Tian". "Ge", also known as "Ge Ren", is the medium between man and heaven. Witchcraft is the educational embodiment of "leading civil gods" in Shang Dynasty. It is said that Yi Yin is a great teacher because he is a "genius", that is, a wizard. He can spy on God's will, and he can preach God's will on behalf of others. In Yi Xun, Yi Yin warned Tai Jia: "If God doesn't do good often, everything will fall;" If it's not done well, it's ruined. "It is a message from the generation of heaven that God will reward the good with a hundred blessings and punish the evil with a hundred disasters. It is Yi Yin's exhortation to Tai Jia with his destiny, personnel and fortune, and it is also the embodiment of Shinto thought.
Yi Yin, though a prophetic spokesman, educated the Imperial Heaven in Tai Jia, but only with the help of Heaven, gave the monarch the sacred color of ruling the people. On the one hand, Yi Yin educated Tai Jia with the idea that the monarch would not obey God's will, and God would warn him of disaster. On the other hand, he paid more attention to the moral cultivation of people, especially emperors. In the chapter "Tai Jia", Yi Yin said: "It is still illegal to commit crimes in heaven, and it is inevitable to commit crimes yourself". This sentence emphasizes the important role of cultivation. Yi Yin also applies to Tai Jia, saying, "Heaven has no relatives, but respect only relatives." This means that only respect, understanding and sincerity can win the loyalty and love of the subjects. He also said: "The sky is embarrassing, and life is often destroyed; Always be virtuous and protect your position. If you lose your virtue, you will die. ..... God mistreats people and God protects them. " It means that God can't believe that fate is unreliable. Only Changde; Keep the throne. Otherwise, we will lose the right to rule Kyushu. If you ignore your ancestors and gods and kill ordinary people, God can't protect your throne. The only effective way is to "seek a virtue as soon as possible". "One virtue" is the virtue of purity. Although Yi Yin's whole ideological system is an idealism serving the theocracy, his thoughts of paying more attention to personal moral cultivation, "seeking a virtue as soon as possible", praying for God's blessing, and bringing people to a virtue were of progressive significance at that time.
Politically, Yi Yin advocated "being superior to others and being loyal to others". To be king, you must be "only loyal to your own virtue, and you will always be a virtue, and time waits for no one." In other words, we should always pay attention to our moral cultivation, constantly update our moral consciousness, and make ourselves "keep pace with the times" and be in a state of constant innovation. He also stressed that "officials are only talented, and people are only left and right." Advocate respecting, using and employing people properly. He emphasized that "I am the best for morality. For the people. " That is, the minister should be responsible to the son of heaven and ensure the stability of the people. Think of this as a post of minister.
In education, Yi Yin believes that "habit is natural". In other words, people's character and quality are formed in the habit of daily life behavior. He also said "be cautious from the beginning", from which it can be inferred that as a "mentor", he must attach great importance to the enlightenment education of young children. Judging from his educational practice of putting Taijia in the palace and writing instructions to promote Taijia's awakening, he understood and consciously created Taijia in a special environment. This shows that he saw the role of environment in education. Tai Jia changed from evil to good. When Tai Jia was still in power, Yi Yin immediately went to the same palace to meet Tai Jia and wrote a book to praise him. This educational practice at least shows that Yi Yin's encouragement to Taijia is timely. This is called learning from the past and rewarding the good. The correct use of rewards and punishments for education is still one of the educational methods even today.
Yi Yin attaches great importance to moral education. This can be seen from Tai Jia's self-reflection on Yi Yin when he turned from evil to rehabilitation. Tai Jia kowtowed to Yi Yin and said, "My boy has no virtue, and his roots are very different from my grandfather's. Structure is the degree of failure, vertical failure ceremony, destroyed grandpa's code, and soon let disaster befall me. God's sins can still be remedied, but his own sins have nowhere to escape. I used to violate your courses ... because of your education and salvation, I know that being a man and being a king should be from beginning to end. " When Yi Yin paid homage to Tai Jia, he continued to educate Tai Jia to "cultivate one's morality and help the world". In "Virtue in Saltiness", Yi Yin used the historical fact that the Xia Dynasty perished because of "Wang Xia's eternal virtue", and Shang Tang was able to take the lead for the Xia Dynasty because Tang Wang "sought virtue as soon as possible" to educate Tai Jia. Tell Tai Jia that the reason why the Shang Dynasty ruled the world was not that it was gracious to the Shang king, but that it was gracious to the Germans. It's not that the Shang king please the common people, but that the common people are willing to submit to the virtuous king. In Yi Yin's view, if you lose virtue, you lose the world. Seek virtue, get help from heaven, and get the world. He regarded the emperor's moral education, that is, Xiu De and self-cultivation, as a matter of national life and death, so he emphasized everywhere that "only Xinde will last forever". In moral education, he emphasized "being superior to others and being loyal to others, not being prepared with others, and being unprepared for physical examination". In other words, the Shang king who came up should be honest and clean, and distinguish between right and wrong; Subordinate subjects should be sincere and loyal to your majesty. The principle of self-cultivation is not to blame others, but to strive for self-improvement and never be inferior to others. This method of moral cultivation still has its educational significance today. It is an effective method for Yi Yin to educate contemporary people with historical experience and lessons.
Morally, Yi Yin advocated "moral impermanence, being a good teacher". In other words, whoever can accumulate all the good virtues can be a teacher. Regarding the relationship between morality and politics, Yi Yin said: "The temple of the VII can view morality, and the leaders of ordinary people can view politics." . That is to say, whether morality and politics are cultivated to the extent that morality and public goodness are consistent depends on whether all people are convinced that the current king and future generations are worshipping the Seven Temples. It can be seen that Yi Yin advocates good governance.
Yi Yin made outstanding contributions to China's ancient politics, military affairs, culture and education. Hanshu? 6? 1 Criminal Law Annals was written by Yi and Lu, which praised his ability of governing the country and military affairs. Du Fu's poem says: "He is the brother of Yi, Lu and others, and in time, he will surpass all the greatest politicians", which also evaluates Yi Yin from this angle; Su Dongpo's "On Yi Yin" even praised him from a political point of view as "a man who distinguishes the affairs of the world and has the festival of the world". Praise him for not being moved by self-interest, "so he is omnipotent, he controls the world with his omnipotence, so he doesn't mess up when facing great events." Mao Heshen, a contemporary educational historian, called him "a model of imperial education and an important role in the political arena of the Yin Dynasty". In today's Sheng Yuan Temple in Songxian County, I wrote a poem: "The grain harvest is not alkaline, and there are monuments for hundreds of thousands of years." Yi Yin's name and his contribution to history will be immortal.