Abstract: This paper makes a detailed investigation on the changes of commercial structure, function and spatial distribution of Kaifeng in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and estimates the commercial scale of Kaifeng in the middle of Qing Dynasty based on the inscriptions of Shanshan Guild Hall.
Keywords: Kaifeng Commercial Shanshan Club donated money
Kaifeng is one of the six ancient capitals of China, with a population of over one million in the Northern Song Dynasty, and it is the world's leading metropolis, which is not only a political center, but also a prosperous economic city. Kaifeng was the provincial capital of Henan in Ming and Qing dynasties, and its city scale and prosperity could not be compared with the former national capital. Fu Yiling and Han Dacheng made an investigation on Kaifeng's urban economy in Ming Dynasty, and Mr. Deng Yibing also discussed Kaifeng's economy in the early Qing Dynasty. On the basis of these studies, this paper intends to make a further investigation on Kaifeng's urban commerce and its changes in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
The book A Dream Record in the early Qing Dynasty is the most detailed account of Kaifeng business in the Ming Dynasty, and this paper mainly relies on this book to investigate Kaifeng business in the Ming Dynasty. As for the commerce in Qing dynasty, there is no such detailed description as Dream Record. However, the author collected a number of inscriptions on merchants' guild halls in the field investigation. According to these inscriptions and local records, we may get some more specific understanding of Kaifeng business in Qing Dynasty.
a
Kaifeng in the Ming Dynasty, with a circumference of 21 miles, "nine out of 61 people are street workers, six out of 51 are lane workers, and two out of 41 are hutongs", and there are more than 161 streets, alleys and alleys. (4) In Kaifeng, there is also a city within a city, that is, the residence of King Zhou, the fief of Zhu Xi, the fifth son of Ming Taizu. Zhou Wangfu is located in the north of Kaifeng City, 9 miles away, accounting for about 1/5 of the whole city area of Kaifeng. The city has four gates: Wumen Gate, Donghuamen Gate, Xihuamen Gate and Houzaimen Gate. The street outside the city wall is five feet wide before people are allowed to live. ⑤
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① Fu Yiling: On Social and Economic Changes in Ming and Qing Dynasties, People's Publishing House, 1989, pp. 152-159; Shandong and Henan in Ming Dynasty, social science front, No.3, 1984. Han Dacheng's Urban Studies in Ming Dynasty, Renmin University of China Press, 1991, pp. 66-72.
② Deng Yibing: A Preliminary Study of Kaifeng City Economy in Early Qing Dynasty, History Monthly, No.2, 1986.
③ Anonymous: A Dream Record, Zhongzhou Ancient Books Publishing House, 1984 edition, with Kong Xianyi as a proofreader.
④ Shunzhi xiangfu county annals, volume 2, streets.
⑤ "Dream Record" is "the third in Zhou Fanji".
Ming system: the second son of the emperor was made a prince, and Lumi was awarded ten thousand stones. The prince's eldest son attacked the seal, and the rest sealed the county king, eating two thousand stones; In addition to the eldest son's attack on the seal, the king of the county gave the general of the town a thousand stones; Sun, the king of the county, awarded the general of the auxiliary country and ate 811 stones; The great-grandson of the king of the county awarded the general of the country and ate six hundred stones; Great-great-great-grandson awarded the lieutenant of Zhenguo, who ate four hundred stones; The fifth sun awarded the lieutenant of the auxiliary country and ate three hundred stones; The sixth grandson awarded the lieutenant of Fengguo with 211 stones. The prince's daughter is the princess, eating eight hundred stones; The king of the county, the daughter of the county, eats six hundred stones; The granddaughter of the county king, Rijun Jun, eats four hundred stones; Great-granddaughter Ri County Jun, eating three hundred stones; Great-great-great-granddaughter Rixiangjun, eats 211 stones. The descendants of the king of Zhou continued to multiply, and by Jiajing, it was already "the county king was thirty-nine, the generals were over 511, and the lieutenants and the guests were invincible" (2). According to the records in the Wanli period, in Henan Province, "Zhou Fu is the most famous of all the vassals, with 48 county kings and several thousand imperial families". Therefore, there are many palaces in Kaifeng, besides Zhou Wangfu, there are Qujing Wangfu, Huating Wangfu, Yuanwu Wangfu, Ruijin Wangfu, Zhenping Wangfu, Fengqiu Wangfu, Fengxin Wangfu, Linru Wangfu, Junling Wangfu, Anji Wangfu, Blocking Wangfu, Runing Wangfu, Luyang Wangfu, Yingchuan Wangfu, Shenqiu Wangfu, Ruyang Wangfu, zhecheng county Wangfu, Yining Wangfu, and so on. These mansions are "golden nails and Zhu households, and all four doors are accompanied by guards".
princes, county kings and so on also have a large number of civil and military officials and soldiers who serve them specially. Zhou Wangfu has a set of specialized agencies, and foreign officials have two members, one is the prince, the other is the judge. There are also eight institutes: Yue Dian Dining Institute, Yue Feng Si Institute, Yue Dian Zhang Institute, Yue Dian Yi Institute, Yue Liang Yi Institute, Yue Ji Shan Institute, Yue Gong Zheng Institute and Yue Dian Bao Institute. The officials of the above eight offices, a member of the Canon Hall, are the leaders of the long history department and a member of the escort command. The official has something to undertake, "to be in charge of the affairs of the government and pass this chapter, which is the same as that of the factory manager in JD.COM"; There is a "commitment department of five members, one year, one meal, one treasure, and the rest take turns to take charge." Bandu, regardless of the number, has a big hat and clothes * [Qiu+San]; The following flat towels, and then the following scattered officials can not be counted; The rest of the escort and the captain have their own rations. " The king of the county has a professor officer and a catering officer in each government. In addition, the prince set up 361 Zhuang private schools and the county king set up 24 private schools. "Wang Zong men and women have salaries, escorts and a captain have rations, civil and military officials have salaries, and all kinds of people have work and food; The soldiers in each battalion are paid, and the soldiers in each health station are stationed. The local government and the firemen are short of money when they see the branches. " ⑦ A large number of princes and nobles, with Zhou Wangfu as the center, and officials of all sizes serving them constitute a special group in Kaifeng population.
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① The Record of Dreams is "the fourth in rank".
② Tan Qian: Guoque Volume 63, Ancient Books Publishing House, 1958, p. 3983.
③ Wang Shixing: Guang Zhi Yi Volume III Four Provinces in the North of the Yangtze River, Zhonghua Book Company, 1997, p. 37.
(4) "A Dream Record" is the sixth market discipline.
⑤ "Dream Record" is the fourth in rank and discipline.
⑥ "Dream Record" is "Zhou Fanji third".
⑦ "Dream Record" is the fourth in rank and discipline.
Kaifeng is the capital of Henan province and the seat of Kaifeng prefecture, with Xiangfu county as the annex, and the government offices at the provincial, prefecture and county levels gather in one place. "All the official offices are in the southwest of Zhoufu". In the west of the Bell Tower, the General Secretariat Office consists of Experience Department, Photo-grinding Office, Six Rooms and Fourteen Departments, surrounded by Dojo Department, History Department, School Inspection Department, Photo-grinding Office, Official Treasury Department and Case Reporting Department. The official offices and residences are continuous, and the surrounding areas are inhabited by bookkeepers, and there are also hundreds of them. According to the inspection department, it is located in Chief Secretary West Street, with the river management department on the east and the garrison road department on the west. There are also a large number of official offices and houses. The headquarters is located in the east street of Zhonglou, which consists of the judgment department, the prison department, the governor department and the experience department. Duchayuan Department, to the east of Duchuanshisi; According to the inspection department, in the west of Leijiaqiao; The Tuition Department is south of Ma Junqiao. To the west of Yanqing Temple, the Kaifeng government office has six halls, namely, Qing army, Nanhe, patrol, punishment management and grain management, and prisons. Xiangfu County Department is located in the west of Sokokuji, with six rooms, including the departments of storage, supervision, Qing army, Donghe, grain management and patrol. In addition, Xuanwuwei in Kaifeng has one commander, one patrol commander, 24 commanders and commanders of the town governor's department, 36 thousand households and 72 hundred households, all of which are hereditary. (1) the civil and military officials of the three-level government offices, as well as the numerous clerks and servants, are another part of Kaifeng's urban population.
in addition to the above-mentioned royal nobles and serving officials, there are also a number of retired officials and squires living in Kaifeng. For example, Xu Fu, Zhang Shangshu, Governor Yang, and Wang Bingbing, descendants of the founding father Xu Da, as well as Gao Xiang, Zhang Xiang, Liu Xiang, Li Xiang, Chen Xiang and so on. Therefore, "A Dream Record" has a saying: "The streets and alleys, the Wangfu and the squire's archway are the same, and the streets and alleys in the city are countless, and the situation is like two Beijing." (2)
As Mr. Fu Yiling pointed out, the population structure of Kaifeng in Ming Dynasty formed its economic characteristics, and a large part of the city's commerce and handicrafts served many princes and nobles centered on Zhou Wangfu. For example, there are more than ten dumping shops in Kaifeng city, and there is also a "big dumping place, which specializes in receiving ingots and ingots", which is directly related to Wangfu Luyin. Every summer and autumn, Zhoufu has more than 212,111 Luyin to be exchanged. For another example, there is a government-run workshop in the city that specializes in making all kinds of towels and hats. "The hat-makers are all workers, who specialize in making all kinds of towels and hats with cow's ponytails. The Zhou government often sends out ten or twenty broken nets to wash and mend, and the circles are fixed and made of suet jade, jasper, agate and Zijin"; The gold-selling crank umbrella, yellow, blue, shadow-catching, rain-catching and dragon-catching umbrella made by the umbrella shop are used for the prince, county king and other people to go out for ceremonial purposes; "Ring the candy shop, and make all kinds of candy for ten, five and three tables" is also for the supply of "Wangfu". There is also a painter who shows the Tao God. "It is five feet high and six feet round, and it is used in the funeral of Wangfu"; Outside Nanxunmen, there is the Zhouwang Bowl Shop, which is equipped with porcelain bowls and lamps produced by Yuzhou Shenhou. "Zhouwang welcomes festivals according to festivals, and here he meets wine and changes clothes, which is the palace".
Those who need services for officials of civil and military affairs, such as Shamao Shop, specialize in making crowns and scarves for princes, civil and military officials of all sizes, gold, jade, rhinoceros horn, agate, black horn, and female crowns; There are "official hat shops, official hats, hoes and the like"; There are "tapestries, Confucian tapestries, hooks, skirts and knots"; There are also "thirty or twenty hat and towel shops, and a hundred kinds of hats and towels are customized"; Soap boots shop, "custom-made materials lining civil and military official samples, four seams pinch gold boots for men and women" 6.
Kaifeng is a cultural resort in the Central Plains and a gathering place for scholars and scholars. As the provincial capital and government, there are a large number of candidates who come to take the exam every year, so there are quite a few shops dealing in stationery. There are at least 8 paper shops, 3 invitation card shops and several pen shops in Kaifeng, as well as book shops, painting shops, lettering, jade album making, painting and calligraphy uncovering, sutra engraving, hand-rolling shops, shaft shops and antique shops. Paper shops are divided into red paper, Jingwen paper and ancient paper. ⑦ The so-called "invitation card" is a necessity for courtesies among princes, nobles, bureaucrats and literati. As for the "jade album", it is obviously designed to serve the needs of the palace.
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① The Record of Dreams is the fifth official discipline.
② A Dream Record is the sixth market discipline.
③ Fu Yiling: On Social and Economic Changes in Ming and Qing Dynasties, p. 156-157.
(4) "A Dream Record" is the sixth market discipline.
⑤ "Dream Record" is "the seventh discipline of Guanxiang".
⑥ "Like a Dream" is the sixth market discipline.
⑦ "Like a Dream" is the sixth market discipline.
There are also many shops specializing in women's products, such as shops selling silks and satins, scarves, umbrella fans, rouge, needles, pink ribbons, curtains, aprons and so on. There are "twenty or thirty silver shops selling jewels, pearls and Cui Hua shops" in the front street of Chenghuangmiao. There is a "Jingyi" silver shop in Yangjia Hutong, which "specializes in playing dragons, phoenixes, flowers, landscapes and figures, embedding silk in the urn, posting real gold, and managing 111%"; There are three lanes to the west of the Department, and there are 31 or 21 comb shops in each lane, "all selling exquisite combs with clean teeth of boxwood in Sichuan and pine roots in litchi in Fujian"; Less Sima "Enrong III" archway sells rouge, palace powder and sachets; There are various incense shops under the bell tower, selling incense, incense, incense and so on. Another example is Linqing Shoupa Store, Yinhua Qingsi Sweater Towel and Lu Silk Store, all of which are high-grade consumer goods exclusively for aristocratic women. ①
Catering and hotel industry is also an important part of Kaifeng's commerce, which is characterized by a full range of varieties and grades, and can meet the needs of different consumption levels. There are many high-end restaurants and restaurants around the Drum Tower and Dayoushou, "all kinds of fine wines and delicious dishes are served by cantata prostitutes in weddings" to meet the consumption needs of dignitaries and wealthy businessman dajia. Other hotels and restaurants in various streets are geared to a wider consumer group, either with special flavor or with popular diet. For example, according to the inspection department, there is a "mutton noodle shop" in the west, where several sheep are slaughtered every day, and the noodles are like silver silk, and the flat food wins the championship, and the governments are famous; To the south of the bell tower, there is a "big restaurant selling pork soup, garlic noodles and noodles in meat, which is famous in Hejun"; Feng Qiu Fujiao "all kinds of business of wine and rice, all kinds of doors"; From the south of Changshi Division to the corner of the county, there are various restaurants, wine shops, sliced noodles, vegetarian noodles, skins, yellow wine, baked sesame seeds, and coarse food. As for carts and stalls selling various flavor foods, such as mutton carts, beef carts, oil cakes, pancakes, flat food, zongzi, oil powder, etc., they are more suitable for the consumption of the lower classes. ②
Many hotels have joint accommodation. For example, there is a "prostitute and passer-by hotel" to the south of Dashandian Street. The new store in Yongnan is "all shops for customers, prostitutes, restaurants and hotels in Youduo". There are 211 or 311 monasteries in the backyard of Sokokuji, which specially receive "past officials, big businessmen, tea shops, hanger-on and others" and "entertain prostitutes with wine, sing and dance". Restaurants, pubs, hotels and guest houses in Xiguan and Nanguan outside the city are "door-to-door, and business is not in the city". The catering service industry in Chengguan mainly receives merchants from all over the world, so catering, accommodation, entertainment, transportation and intermediary services are more concentrated. For example, the Horse Market Street in Xiguan has a "mule and horse store, which is a thoroughfare of eight provinces, so there are thirty or fifty big stores, with countless prostitutes living in them, and businesses on both sides go door to door".
table 1 is an incomplete statistic of commercial shops in Kaifeng according to the record of a dream. please refer to it.
apart from commercial shops, Kaifeng temple fair market is also very prosperous. For example, in Dongyue Temple, "On Christmas Day on March 28th, every year, the meeting will be held five days ago, and people will pay homage and make sacrifices, and the crowds will be full. All kinds of goods sold are everywhere, tents are built all over the yard, and all kinds of goods are prepared. In particular, the city god temple club sells the most goods. Mr. Fu Yiling once classified the Town God Temple as
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① The Record of Dreams is the sixth in the market discipline.
② A Dream Record is the sixth market discipline.
③ A Dream Record is the sixth market discipline.
(4) "Dream Record" is the seventh chapter of Guanxiang discipline.
⑤ "Like a Dream" is the sixth market discipline.
source: like a dream, the sixth market discipline and the seventh guanxiang discipline.
the list of goods of the fair traders ①, slightly adjusted in this paper, is transcribed as follows (see table 2):
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① Fu Yiling: Shandong and Henan in the history of Ming Dynasty.
The most prosperous commercial areas in Kaifeng are mainly concentrated in mountain products Street, Bell Tower, Drum Tower and Dayoushou, where a number of large shops and shop names are gathered. For example, there are dumping silver shops, gold shops, Zhengsheng brand shops and large grocery shops in the north and big shop corners in the east. There are grocery stores to the south of West Road, such as Songzihao Store, all of which are selling groceries and fans; In the north area, "there are more than a hundred buildings". Hill Shop Street, north of which is full of shop names, includes red paper shop, Jingwen paper shop, dumping silver shop, Hesen shop name, raw and cooked medicinal materials shop, etc. There are old dealer tea shops and various kinds of bud tea in the east of the road, and pharmacies and fan shops in the south; There are Zhangshidian Shop, Gulian Paper Shop, Fansi Silver Shop, North-South Spice Shop, Medicine Shop, Sheepskin Shop and Porcelain Shop in Luxi. To the south, there are gold shops, Pijin shops and raw and cooked pharmacies, until the south exit. There are all Beijing goods near the bell tower, and there are also goods such as perfumed incense, brushing teeth, ear spoons, hats and boots, suitcases, and gold-painted lacquer boxes. There are tapestry craftsmen who make ribbons, Confucian tapestries, hooks, skirts, knots, etc. Lunan, selling first handkerchief, umbrella, cage, table circumference and other things, there are 31 or 21 towel shops with hats, and hundreds of towels and hats are customized; There is also a fragrance shop, which sells incense, incense, incense and sachets. Gulou south sells leather boxes, hat boxes with crowns, stationery hairpin boxes, seven-inch pillow boxes and other goods, "all of which are heavy copper ornaments"; In gulou west, there are various shops, such as Axis Shoe, Felt Goods, Satin Store, Guangfu Store, Sugar Store, Lu 'an Bud Tea Store, Yufang Satin Store, South Hotel, etc., which reach the first corner. On Dayushou Street, there are shops such as drugstore, sheep oil, candles, ready-made clothes, dyeing house, crimson carpet shop and paper shop to the south, and to the General Sheng 'an; Back to the east, there are Gao shochu, Linqing Shoupa, sweat towel, umbrella, kudzu towel and pinkish rouge.