According to the flow chart and the analysis of newly added reagents in NaOH step, it can be seen that the phenol in equipment ① is extracted with benzene and then enters equipment ②, and then the phenol in equipment ② is converted into sodium phenolate, which is converted into phenol by introducing CO2 into equipment ③, and at the same time, NaHCO3 is generated and enters equipment ④. When CaO is added to equipment ④, CaCO3 generated enters equipment ⑤ and NaOH enters equipment ② for recycling.

(1) According to the above analysis, the phenol in equipment ① is extracted by benzene and then enters equipment ②, so the operation of equipment ① is extraction, and all instruments are separatory funnels, so the answer is: extraction; ? Separating funnel;

(2) According to the above analysis, NaOH solution is used to convert phenol in equipment ② into sodium phenolate and enter equipment ③, and CO2 is introduced into equipment ③ to convert sodium phenolate into phenol, and at the same time, NaHCO3 is generated and entered equipment ④, so A is C6H5ONa and B is NaHCO3, so the answer is: C6H5ONA; Sodium bicarbonate;

(3) According to the above analysis, CO2 is introduced into the equipment ③ to convert sodium phenolate into phenol, and the equation is: C6H5ONa+CO2+H2O→C6H5OH+NaHCO3, so the answer is: C6H5ONA+CO2+H2O → C6H5OH+Nahco3;

(4) According to (2), in the device (4), the aqueous solution of substance B, namely NaHCO3 and CaO, reacts with CaCO3, NaOH and water, and then calcium carbonate is separated by filtration; So the answer is: CaCO3；; NaOH filtration;

(5) Recyclable substances are by-products produced in the process and raw materials that need to be added in the process. According to the arrows in the flow chart, it is easy to find that the recyclable substances are C6H6, CaO, NaOH aqueous solution and CO2, so the answer is: NaOH aqueous solution; Carbon dioxide