Uses: The colors are red and yellow, which set each other off and become interesting. It "occupies the most romantic color in spring" and is a good ornamental flower for flowers and fruits. It is cultivated in the garden as a material for greening and as a hedge. It can be planted alone or mixed with Yingchun and Forsythia suspensa. Fruit can be preserved; It is also used in medicine, which can dredge channels and collaterals, dispel wind and promote blood circulation, and has the effects of strengthening body, exciting, relieving pain, calming liver, regulating spleen, eliminating dampness and relaxing muscles and tendons. It is mainly used to treat heatstroke, cholera, beriberi edema, dampness arthralgia and other diseases. Soaking wine (papaya wine) to treat rheumatic joint pain.
Chaenomeles speciosa, also known as Chaenomeles speciosa, is one of the rare fruits in China, which has high medicinal and edible value. Chaenomeles speciosa 1 0 blooms in late October, with red flowers and white flowers, and it looks like an apple when it matures in September and October. The surface of ripe fruit is yellow, and the sunshine part is pink. The weight of a single fruit is 200-350g, and the yield per mu is 2000 in the high-yield period. The fruit of papaya is extremely rich in nutrition. Every100g of fresh fruit contains vitamin 273 1 mg, anti-aging 3237 NO/ g, and is also rich in protein, tartaric acid, phosphorus, iron and calcium. It is an excellent raw material for fruit processing and medical supplies. The candied fruit has unique taste, pure sweet and sour taste, special fruit fragrance, less pulp fiber and no stone.
Medicinal value
pawpaw
Pinyin name mü gu ā
English famous papaya
Other names are begonia, pear with iron feet, wrinkled papaya, papaya and papaya.
Source: This product is a dry and nearly ripe papaya fruit. Rosaceae. In summer and autumn, the fruit is picked with green yellow stone, scalded with boiling water until the skin is grayish white, cut in half and dried.
Features: this product is rectangular, cut in half longitudinally, 4 ~ 9 cm long, 2 ~ 5 cm wide and 1 ~ 2 thick. 5 cm. The outer surface is purplish red or reddish brown with irregular deep wrinkles; The lateral edges curl inward, the flesh is reddish brown, and the central part is concave and brown; Seeds oblate and triangular, often falling off. It's hard. The smell is slightly fragrant and sour.
distinguish
Take 65438 0 g of this product powder, add 65438±00ml of 70% ethanol, heat and reflux for 65438 0 h, filter, and test the filtrate as follows.
(1) Take 1ml filtrate, evaporate it, add 1ml acetic anhydride to the residue to dissolve it, pour it into a test tube, add 1 ~ 2 drops of sulfuric acid along the tube wall, and a purple color ring appears at the junction of the two liquids; The upper liquid is brownish yellow.
(2) Drop the filtrate on the filter paper, dry it, spray the aluminum trichloride test solution, dry it, and observe it under the ultraviolet lamp (365nm), showing blue fluorescence.
Processing, cleaning, wetting or cooking, slicing and drying.
It tastes sour and warm.
Meridian tropism belongs to liver meridian and spleen meridian.
Function is mainly used for calming the liver and relaxing muscles and tendons, regulating stomach and eliminating dampness. It can be used for damp arthralgia, soreness of waist and knees, vomiting and diarrhea, and beriberi edema.
Usage and dosage: decocted, 5-10g; I still took the pills and dispersed them. External use: decocting in water, fumigating and washing.
Store in a cool and dry place, moisture-proof and moth-proof.
Note (1) When treating rheumatic joint pain, it is generally used for waist and knee pain, and is often combined with tiger bone. It is an important drug for treating vomiting and diarrhea. It can be used for cholera, vomiting and diarrhea due to summer-heat dampness, and can be used with Coicis Semen, Cisha, Coptidis Rhizoma and Evodia rutaecarpa. In addition, this product is also an important drug for treating beriberi swelling and pain, and can be compatible with Evodia rutaecarpa, Perilla frutescens and Areca catechu. It can also promote digestion, and can be used for treating dyspepsia.
Excerpt from China Pharmacopoeia
taboo
1. Dietotherapy Materia Medica: Don't eat too much, it will damage teeth and bones.
2. Introduction to Medicine: Avoid lead and iron.
3. "Materia Medica": The waist and knees are sore, the essence and blood are insufficient, and those who are deficient in true yin are not suitable. Not suitable for people with spleen and stomach deficiency and cold, and more stagnation.
Various exhibitions
1. Gaoli: papaya, which can collect gas and gas stagnation.
2. "Outline": The main diseases of papaya are cholera, vomiting, tendon transfer and beriberi, all of which are spleen and stomach diseases, not liver diseases. Although the liver is the main muscle, the transfer of tendons is due to damp-heat and cold-dampness invading the spleen and stomach, so the transfer of tendons must start from the foot and fibula, both of which belong to Yangming. Papaya can treat tendons but not tendons, but spleen and liver, while soil diseases lead to golden failure and abundant wood. Therefore, it is also helpful to warm the spleen and stomach with acid, remove tendons and calm liver evil. The wood is flat, the earth is in command, and the gold is gold. "Su Wen" says: Take the tendons with acid, but don't eat too much acid when they are sick. Meng: Eating more papaya damages teeth and bones. Both attack the liver, but papaya is a spleen and stomach medicine, not a liver medicine, which is beneficial to syndromes.
3. "Materia Medica Zheng Zheng": Papaya, because of its acid convergence, acid can move tendons, convergence can be solid, and wood taste is positive, so it is especially good for treating liver tendons and blood. Treating soreness of waist and knees, beriberi, menstruation regulation are indispensable, qi stagnation can be adjusted, and qi loss can be consolidated. To calm the stomach, it can eliminate vomiting, cholera, tendons, phlegm, dampness and water. Its sour harvest can astringe the lung to stop dysentery, stop annoyance and quench thirst.
4. new compendium of materia medica: papaya, but it can be a minister, a helper and an envoy, not a monarch. It is a product for nourishing liver, relaxing muscles and tendons, nourishing blood and protecting feet. It is best used with ginseng and manipulation, and is also suitable for cooking and cooking.
5. "Ying Ben Cao": Forced by blood heat, muscle turns to pain, qi stagnation and dampness resistance, muscle softening, papaya cooling blood, can be treated simultaneously.
6. "Materia Medica Seeking Truth": Papaya, sour and warm, is just a astringent product. What book is prepared for its merits of regulating spleen, relaxing tendons and astringing lung? Summer and dampness hurt the body, squandered and disturbed, vomiting and diarrhea, and there was no loss of vitality, damage to the camp and health, and loss of bones and muscles. Papaya tastes sour, can dissipate damp heat and lose astringency, so it can tonify spleen, relax muscles and astringe lung. It's really lung and stomach weakness. Can it be a home-cooked taste? But eating too much will damage teeth and bones and make mistakes. It's a pity that Nai people only know the pin, and don't judge whether it's true or not. Chen Zheliang.
7. Materia Medica speculation: Archaeologists take papaya as evidence, such as beriberi, foot flaccidity, abdominal distension, etc., which are mostly combined with pungent and warm drugs, and do not drive away the evil of cold and dampness, and make up the floating qi. Although the work is constrained, it is ultimately inseparable from convergence. Therefore, it is appropriate to turn muscle diseases into convulsions for treatment, but contracture is not its strong point. Xu used papaya alone to treat the neck, indicating that the tendons of Shaoyin are from the foot to the neck, which is caused by liver and kidney evil. This is because the disease is still increasing. It is assisted by frankincense and myrrh, and it can also be seen that it is used to stretch tendons as milk, not to blame papaya.
8. "Lei Bao Gong Zhi": Adjust the camp to guard and help the valley.
9. "Don't record": the main dampness is evil, cholera vomits, and the muscles are not limited.
10. Herbal Medicine for Dietotherapy: Cure vomiting, twitch muscles after vomiting, and boil juice to drink.
1 1. "Herb Supplement": cool, strengthen bones and muscles, help digestion, quench thirst after water dysentery, drink it. Athlete's foot rushed to the heart again. Take one, seed it, and fry it. Tender is better. Also stop vomiting, vomiting in the heart diaphragm.
12. Herb of sea medicine: astringing lung and stomach, regulating spleen and liver, promoting digestion and quenching thirst.
13. rihuazi materia medica: stopping vomiting and diarrhea, dolphin beriberi edema, cold-heat dysentery, heart and abdominal pain, treating thirst.
14. Wang: Dry dampness and stomach, strengthen spleen and benefit lung. Good for abdominal distension and upset.
15. Herbs for daily use: treating beriberi, leg and knee pain, quenching thirst and reducing swelling.
pharmacological action
1. carbon tetrachloride induced liver injury in rats. Rats were gavaged with 10% papaya suspension at a daily weight of 300mg/ 100g for 10 days. Compared with the control group, the hepatocyte necrosis and lipid degeneration in the treatment group were lighter. It can prevent liver cell swelling and balloon degeneration, promote liver cell repair, and significantly reduce serum alanine aminotransferase level.
2. Antibacterial effect Screening of antibacterial drugs found that papaya has a strong antibacterial effect. Fresh papaya juice (containing crude drug 1g per 1ml filtrate) and ice powder decoction (1g/ml) have obvious bacteriostatic effects on intestinal bacteria and staphylococcus, and the diameter of bacteriostatic circle is 18-35mm. The bacteriostatic effect on Streptococcus pneumoniae is poor, and the diameter of bacteriostatic circle is 8-12 mm. The more sensitive bacteria are Shigella flexneri, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei and its variants, pathogenic Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli, Proteus, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus albus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus hemolyticus A and so on. The concentration of papaya injection (except tannin) is 1g/ml, and it still has similar antibacterial activity. The pH of papaya juice was adjusted to 3, 4, 5, 6, 6.5 and 7.5 with 0. 1mol/L sodium hydroxide. The results showed that the bacteriostatic effect of papaya weakened with the increase of pH value, and the papain extracted from the water-soluble part of papaya had obvious bacteriostatic effect in vitro, with the bacteriostatic circle of 19-28.6mm for various Shigella.
Other effects papaya extract has been found to have inhibitory effect on ascites cancer in mice. The extract is crystal with melting point of 177- 178℃. Papaya extract 85mg/d was injected intraperitoneally for 7 days, which inhibited the phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages in mice.
4. Toxicity: Twenty-five mice weighing 18-25g were injected into the tail vein with 0.2ml of papaya injection containing 0.5g of crude drug per 1ml, and the toxicity tests were carried out for 3 hours, 8 hours and 20 hours respectively. No animals died.
Excerpts from Chinese Materia Medica
Mengshan Treasures-Mengshan Papaya
Brief introduction of papaya in Mengshan
Mengshan Papaya Mengshan Papaya is a precious tree species selected by Linyi Municipal Science and Technology Commission, Municipal Forestry Bureau and our hospital from the local precious wild papaya resources for many years. Precious papaya in Mengshan was identified and named by Shannong University and Provincial Fruit Research Institute. Appraised by Shandong Science and Technology Commission,/kloc-0 won the gold medal in the Rare and Famous Products Expo of the Ministry of Forestry in September, 1996. 1999 was announced by the Ministry of Health as the first batch of fruits for both medicine and food, and included in the "Spark Project" of high-efficiency agriculture in our city. Papaya preserved fruit beverage, jam, fruit tea and other series of papaya products. Papaya produced in Mengshan is exported to Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong and other markets, and our fruit farmers have achieved a yield of 10000 kg per mu. The good news of income exceeding 10,000 yuan has been reported many times by Shandong TV, CCTV, rural public and other news media. Foreign merchants have come to expand and develop the raw material base, and there is also a local jingle: "If you want to get rich, plant papaya!"
Introduction of papaya varieties in Mengshan area
There are two original species of Chaenomeles sinensis and Chaenomeles sinensis in Yimeng Mountain area. Since 1980s, with the further development and utilization of papaya resources, there are mainly the following three kinds of papaya varieties.
1. Xuanpapaya
Alias begonia, papaya and pear with iron feet. After 7- 10 days of fruit ripening, the skin is slightly shriveled, hence the name wrinkled papaya. Fruit can be used as candied fruit, jam, juice and other foods. Dried fruit is used as medicine. Chaenomeles rugosa is the mainstream product of traditional Chinese medicine Chaenomeles.
The main products: Linyi, Shandong, Xuanzhou, Anhui, Luoyang, Henan, but the area is very small, the output is less than one thousandth of the dosage of traditional Chinese medicine, and the medicinal gap is large. National research institutes with edible value have further developed a series of products such as canned papaya, preserved fruit and beverages. It is superior to hawthorn, apple, peach, pear and other fruit products in color, fragrance and nutrition, and has also passed the appraisal of the former Ministry of Commerce. Products are favored by domestic and foreign merchants and consumers, and high-quality papaya is in short supply.
2. papaya
Alias papaya begonia, longmu, fengshui tree, cantaloupe, papaya, hawthorn, plum and pear. Deciduous shrubs or small trees are mainly ornamental, flowering in early summer, bearing fruit in autumn, and turning red and gorgeous in late autumn night. After 5-8 years, the seedlings enter the flower and fruit stage, and the effect of papaya is very small. Because the wood of its fruit has no practical value, the fruit is for viewing, and because it is still smooth and does not shrink after drying, it is named papaya, and our unit mainly uses it to cultivate green seedlings.
Kiichigo: Location: Shandong, Henan and Jiangsu. National Medical Products Administration banned medicinal use in 2003 because of its poor medicinal effect. This shows that ebony has no medicinal and edible value for the time being, and because ebony is also a rare tree species with good tree shape and few pests and diseases, it has a good market in greening.
3. Chinese papaya
Alias Mu Tao. Originated in the southwest of China. Deciduous shrubs to small trees. The fruit is ovoid or nearly cylindrical, with a protuberance at the top, 8- 12cm long, yellow, red and fragrant. Mature in September -65438+ 10 month. The fruit is used as medicine and cannot be eaten. Cold tolerance is not urgent, wrinkled papaya and smooth papaya.
Location: Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Sichuan and Qiu Zi, Hubei. The area is up to tens of thousands of mu, and the output is10 million kilograms. Because there are obvious wrinkles after drying, it is sold as wrinkled papaya, which is a counterfeit of medicinal real papaya. What's more, some drug dealers describe real papaya as peaches and plums; Mu Tao and Li Mu are also described as "real papaya", and the fake and the real are confused. Lower quality and price, accept at a low price and sell at a high price. The greed for profiteering disturbs the market, and farmers' income from planting real papaya is low, which discourages farmers' enthusiasm for planting real papaya and restricts the improvement of the quality of medicinal papaya!
Application value of wrinkled papaya, smooth papaya and hairy papaya
Compendium of Materia Medica explains in detail: "Papaya is a moist and tasteless product. The circle is smaller than papaya, and it is the peach that tastes dull and astringent. Just like papaya without nose, it is more astringent than Mutao, which is also called Muli, which is hawthorn and mariko. " Chinese medicine information introduction: "papaya (alias: wrinkled papaya, begonia)." Mutao (alias: papaya, papaya). Muli (alias: Muli, Chrysanthemum Tea, Papaya). He also said, "Papaya (refers to wrinkled papaya) has a thin skin, yellow color, sweet and sour but not astringent, and its son refers to the lining." On the one hand, it is beneficial to people. " "There is a kind of hemp seed, which is yellowish in color, thick in pedicle, small in round, astringent and slightly salty, and can hurt people. And manzi, a small one, absolutely astringent and unbearable. There are soil seeds, and the taste is absolutely bitter. The seed oil is as fragrant as incense, and the bait is dazzling, which hurts too much. "
Therefore, to develop papaya, we must plant it reasonably according to the actual situation and local conditions, and strive to grow papaya to achieve the goal of getting rich. To develop papaya, Mengshan wrinkled papaya is the first choice, which is both medicine and food, with high yield and good quality. Widely used, good sales. Don't blindly plant plum and peach trees; Wild, seedling wrinkled papaya. Plums and peaches bear woody and semi-woody fruits. Can't be processed and eaten; The medicinal effect is poor.
Physiological characteristics of papaya in Mengshan Mountain
Chaenomeles mengshanensis, also known as Chaenomeles rugosa, is a deciduous shrub of Rosaceae, with long oval leaves, sharp edges and delicate honey juice, which is suitable for close planting (2* 1 mu contains 220 plants, suitable for intercropping and does not affect the growth of other crops. ) self-pollination, no big or small phenomenon, grayish brown branches, flowering in early April, flower clusters, flowers first, leaves later, red flowers, colorful, very spectacular. The fruit is fragrant, easy to cultivate and manage, regardless of soil, cold and drought-resistant, adaptable, antibacterial and insect-resistant, and extensive in management. In recent years, it has been successfully planted in Guangxi, Guizhou, Xinjiang, Shaanxi, Gansu, Zhejiang, Nanjing, Hebei, Beijing, Shengli Oilfield and other places! Super high yield! After planting, it will blossom and try fruit 1 year, and enter the rich period after three years. Generally, the yield per mu can reach more than 10 thousand Jin.
[Edit this paragraph] 2: Tropical fruit papaya.
Plant name papaya
Chinese alias papaya, pumpkin, stone melon, Peng Shengguo, pumpkin, wood wax gourd, papaya, Wanshou pill and Naiwan.
Latin scientific name papaya.
Classification of Caricaceae and Genus.
Role description
Papaya is a small softwood tree of papaya, which is 8 meters high and has milk. The stems are unbranched and have large leaf scars. The leaves are large, the top of the stem is aggregated, and the petiole is long and hollow; Leaves alternate, palmately parted. Annual milky yellow flowers, unisexual, dioecious. Berries are large, rectangular and orange when ripe; The flesh is thick yellow.
Distribution of origin
Native to southern Mexico and neighboring Central America, it is now mainly distributed in Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, Indonesia, India and Sri Lanka in Southeast Asia. Central and South America, West Indies, Florida, Hawaii, Cuba and Australia. China is mainly distributed in Guangdong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian, Taiwan Province and other provinces (regions).
Application and Function of Papaya Tree
The fruits, seeds and leaves of papaya can be used as medicine. Fruit contains 90% water, 5-6% sugar, a small amount of tartaric acid, citric acid, malic acid and so on. Seeds contain 25% fatty oil. The leaves contain papaya, papaya glycoside, choline and so on.
nutritive value
Every 100g of papaya contains 92.2g of water, 0.4g of protein, 0.4mg of isoleucine/kloc-4 mg, 20mg of leucine, 9mg of lysine, 6mg of phenylalanine 19mg of tyrosine, 0/0/0 of threonine1mg of valine. Glycine17mg, arginine 6mg, histidine18mg, glycine19mg, alanine17mg, proline 9mg, serine12mg, carbohydrate 7g and fat 0g. In addition, it also contains papain, chymosin, provitamin A, vitamins B, C, D and E, and papaya L. ..
Utilization rate treatment
Harvest ripe fruits in summer and autumn, eat them raw or cooked, or slice them and dry them for later use. Leaves can be harvested all year round, fresh or dried for later use. In addition, papaya fruit can also be processed into papaya candy, jam, preserved fruit, canned food and so on. Olive milk is rich in papain, which can digest protein and is widely used in industry.
It only takes about 6 months from transplanting to fruiting. It stands upright on a single pole and bears flowers and fruits all the year round. The weight of single fruit is 1-3 kg, and each plant can produce about 70 kg a year. The highest yield per plant was 130 kg. Papaya pulp is thick, sweet and delicious, and rich in nutrition. Its unique papaya enzyme can clear the heart and moisten the lungs, and can also help digestion and treat stomach diseases. It has unique papain. It has strong anticancer activity on lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Papaya is resistant to storage and transportation. Natural storage for 1-2 months after harvest, bearing early fruits. In the first year, it achieved a high yield of more than 2,000 kilograms per mu, and planted 250 plants per mu.
Nutritional analysis
1. Jianpi Xiaoshi: Papain in papaya can decompose fat into fatty acids; Modern medicine has found that papaya contains an enzyme, which can digest protein and is beneficial to the digestion and absorption of food, so it has the function of invigorating the spleen and promoting digestion.
2. Anti-epidemic and anti-insect: Carica papaya L. and papain have anti-tuberculosis effects and anti-tapeworm, roundworm, trichuris, amoeba and other parasites, so they can be used for insecticidal and anti-tuberculosis.
3. Breast enhancement and anti-cancer: chymosin in papaya has breast enhancement effect, and papaya has anti-lymphocytic leukemia effect, so it can be used for breast enhancement and treatment of lymphocytic leukemia (hematologic cancer).
4. Supplement nutrition and improve disease resistance: Papaya contains a lot of water, carbohydrates, protein, fat, multivitamins and various essential amino acids, which can effectively supplement human nutrition and enhance human disease resistance.
5. Anti-spasm: Papaya contained in papaya pulp has spasmolytic and analgesic effects, and has obvious therapeutic effect on gastrocnemius spasm.
Fruit is rich in papain, vitamins C and B, calcium, phosphorus and minerals, and it is nutritious. The fruit is rich in carotene, protein, calcium salt, protease, lemon enzyme and so on. Has the functions of preventing and treating hypertension, nephritis, constipation, digestion and gastropathy, promoting metabolism of new joints, resisting aging and caring skin.
Suitable crowd
The general population can eat it.
1. Suitable for patients with chronic atrophic gastritis, parturient with insufficient milk, rheumatic pain, traumatic injury, dyspepsia and obesity;
2. Not suitable for pregnant women and people with allergies.
Cooking instruction
Xuan papaya is often used for treatment, that is, northern papaya, also known as wrinkled papaya, should not be eaten fresh; Edible papaya is a kind of papaya produced in the south. As a vegetable, it can be eaten raw or stewed with meat.
1. It can be used for treating limb contracture pain caused by damp arthralgia, and has the effects of eliminating dampness, relieving contracture, relaxing muscles and activating collaterals. It is often used with Achyranthes bidentata and Clematis chinensis.
2. There is also stomach dampness. This product has the functions of invigorating spleen and regulating stomach, and the sour taste can promote fluid production and relax muscles and tendons. It is often used to treat vomiting, pain and diarrhea caused by stomach disharmony.
The therapeutic effect of papaya is warm and sour, entering the liver and spleen meridians;
Has the effects of promoting digestion, expelling parasites, clearing away heat and expelling wind;
Indications: Stomach pain, dyspepsia, lung heat, dry cough, galactorrhea, eczema, parasitic diseases, hand and foot spasm pain.
Function of nature and taste: sweet, sour and warm. Jianwei Xiaoshi, Jin Shu Gong. Indications: weakness of spleen and stomach, loss of appetite, lack of milk, joint pain, numbness of limbs, etc. For example, 250 grams of fresh papaya, trotters 1, take it in soup to cure milk deficiency; Papaya 150-250g, eaten raw, is used to treat stomach and duodenal ulcer pain.
Medicinal value
pawpaw
Source "Modern Practical Chinese Medicine"
Pinyin name f ā n mü gu ā
Alias names include Shigua (a key catalogue of products), Chaenomeles (official records of Zhaoqing), Pengshengguo, Pumpkin (Miscellaneous Notes of Lingnan), Pumpkin (textual research on plant names and facts), Chaenomeles (a catalogue of plants in Taiwan Province Province), Chaenomeles in Guangxi, and Chaenomeles in Luchuan Materia Medica.
Its source is the fruit of papaya, which is a kind of papaya plant. Harvest in summer and autumn when the fruit is ripe.
Papaya, also known as wax gourd tree (Luojiang County annals). Trees up to 8 meters high, unbranched or sometimes grow new branches when damaged; Dry and soft, with large leaf scars. The leaves are large, nearly round, usually palmately 7-9-lobed, with a diameter of 60 cm, and each lobe is pinnately divided; The stems are hollow, more than 60 cm long, and the male flowers are sessile. They are arranged on a long and drooping panicle with a length of 1 m, aggregated, grass yellow, and the corolla tube is weak, about 2 cm long, and the stamens 10 are inserted on the corolla. Female flowers sessile, solitary or several flowers arranged in an umbrella-shaped inflorescence, petals yellow and white, lanceolate and twisted, separated, ovary superior, room 1. The fruit is oblong or nearly spherical, orange at maturity and 10 ~ 30 cm long; The flesh is thick yellow, and most black seeds are planted on the inner wall. Flowering all year round.
Habitat distribution in Guangdong, Fujian, Taiwan Province, Guangxi, Yunnan and other places are cultivated. Guangdong, Guangxi and other places.
The fruit is oval or retort-shaped, with yellowish brown or dark yellow surface, ten shallow longitudinal grooves, a length of 15 ~ 25 cm and a diameter of 7 ~ 12 cm, with fleshy peel and white flesh. The seeds are mostly oval, surrounded by a fleshy yellowish aril, 6 ~ 7 mm long and 4 ~ 5 mm in diameter. The aril is brownish yellow with reticular protrusions.
Chemical ingredients The fruit contains papaya, papain and chymosin. Yellow fruit contains cryptoxanthin, butterfly flavin, β-carotene, δ-carotene and cryptoxanthin epoxide. Red fruits still contain tomato hydrocarbons. The seeds contain benzyl isothiocyanate and papain.
Pharmacological action ① Anti-tumor action ② Antibacterial and antiparasitic action ③ Protease action.
④ Other effects Intravenous injection of papain can cause histamine release, prolong coagulation time and cause shock. Protein substance extracted from pulp juice has obvious anticoagulant effect in tube test and whole test. The anticoagulant dose (2 mg/kg in dogs) has no obvious effect on cardiovascular system and respiratory system, but it has a direct inhibitory effect on the heart at high dose. Because of allergy and intestinal spasm, its therapeutic application is still limited.
Papaya can reduce the blood pressure of rabbits, stop the expansion period of isolated frog heart and rabbit heart, contract the blood vessels of frog hind limbs, and relax the ear shell, kidney, small intestine and coronary vessels of rabbits.
Papaya inhibits intestinal (cat, rabbit, guinea pig) and tracheal (guinea pig) smooth muscle, excites pregnant uterus (rabbit, guinea pig) and normal uterus (guinea pig) a little, paralyzes them a lot and paralyzes skeletal muscle.
Seeds contain papain and sinase, the former is similar to glucosinolate, which produces irritating volatiles after hydrolysis. The pulp juice of fruit can obviously strengthen the contraction of guinea pig uterus. According to the cloud, seeds have abortion effect and have been used as menstruation and anti-irritant.
Poisoned papaya has a paralyzing effect on the central nervous system, which can cause mild spasm in mice and rabbits at the end of poisoning. The main causes of death are respiratory paralysis and heart disease.
It tastes sour and warm. Entering the liver and spleen meridians.
Efficacy: eliminating dampness, removing arthralgia, relaxing muscles and tendons, promoting digestion and treating beriberi.
Outline: "Bitter, flat and nontoxic." ② Yao Kecheng's Materia Medica of Food: "It tastes sour, bitter and nontoxic." ③ Luchuan Herbal Medicine: "Sweet in taste, slightly cold in nature."
Functions: Indications for stomachache, dysentery, constipation, wind arthralgia and rotten feet.
① "Outline": "Main heartache, wind arthralgia decoction."
(2) Yao Kecheng's "Eating Materia Medica": "Regulating qi, dispersing blood stasis, treating heartache, reducing fever and relieving depression."
③ The Collection of Lingnan Materia Medica records: "Fruit juice is used as an insect repellent and preservative."
(4) Modern and practical Chinese medicine: "Immature fruit juice is used to treat gastric dyspepsia, which is a nutritional product and a milk delivery agent." Ripe fruit can induce diuresis and relieve constipation, and it can also cure dysentery. "
⑤ "Lu Chuan Ben Cao": "Treating hand and foot paralysis, rotten feet for a hundred years."
⑥ New edition of Materia Medica: papaya, sour, warm and nontoxic. Let's start with the meridians of Taiyin and Zujue Yin. Qi can remove solid, and qi stagnation can be combined. Nourishing stomach and spleen, benefiting lung and removing dampness, helping grain qi, regulating Wei Rong, eliminating cholera, stopping tendon transfer, eliminating athlete's foot and banning water conservancy. But you can be a minister and assistant, not a king. It is the product of nourishing liver, strengthening tendons, nourishing blood and protecting pulse. It is most suitable for use with ginseng and surgery, and can be used for cooking and cooking. The living can ward off evil spirits.
Usage and dosage: decocted, fresh 1 ~ 2; 5 ~ 8 points after the investigation; Or squeeze juice. External use: decoct and wash.
The attached prescription treats the rotten feet of the distant years: two or two pieces of wooden wax gourd, one or two pieces of local barley and one pig's foot. * * * pot clothes. ("Lu Chuan Ben Cao")
Excerpted from Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine
[Edit this paragraph] Planting and cultivation
1. Choose a place with abundant sunshine, fertile soil, moisture and good drainage for planting, or use the corners of fields, hillsides and houses for planting. When planting in patches, holes should be opened according to the row spacing of 1 m× 2 m, and 5- 10 kg of farm manure mixed with soil should be applied to each hole. Loose and fertile sandy loam should be selected as the nursery ground, with 3000 kg farmyard manure as the base fertilizer per mu, 25 cm deep and 1.3 m wide.
2. The propagation methods are mainly ramets, cuttings and seeds.
(1) papaya propagated by ramets has shallow roots and strong tillering ability, and many seedlings can grow from the roots every year. Plant sprouted seedlings around old plants with roots before March. Smaller ones can be planted in the nursery first, cultivated for 1-2 years, and then planted in the nursery; The big ones can be planted directly. This method has the advantages of early flowering and fruiting, simple method and high survival rate.
(2) Before cutting propagation and germination in February-March, cut off robust and delicate branches, cut them into small pieces of 15-20cm, and obliquely insert them in the seedbed according to the spacing of 10cm× 15cm, properly shade them, and keep them moist frequently. After the new roots grow, they are transplanted to the nursery to continue to cultivate 65438+.
(3) Seed propagation is autumn sowing or spring sowing. Autumn sowing is in late June, 65438+ 10. When the papaya seeds are ripe, the fruits and seeds are taken out, and holes are opened in June, 1 15cm× 20cm deep, and each hole is sown with 2-3cm fine soil. Spring sowing is carried out from early March to late March. First, soak the seeds in water for 2 days, then take them out, put them in a pot, cover them with a wet cloth and leave them in a warm place for 24 hours. Sowing according to the above method, autumn sowing appears in the spring of the following year, and spring sowing appears from late April to early May. When the seedlings grow to about 1 m, they can be taken out of the nursery and planted. Plant 2-3 triangular seedlings in each hole, cover with soil, compact and water. Spring is the best time to plant trees.
3. Tian Tuan management
(1) After intertillage weeding survives, intertillage weeding is combined with fertilization, weeding and weeding twice a year in spring and autumn. Cultivate the soil when it is loose at ten o'clock in winter to prevent freezing.
(2) Top dressing before flowering in spring 1 time. First, ditch around the trees, and apply about 5 kg of burnt mud ash and soil miscellaneous fertilizer or about 10 kg of human excrement and urine to each plant to promote growth and facilitate flowering and fruiting.
(3) Pruning has a great influence on the flowering and fruiting of papaya, and should be carried out from 65438+February to March of the following year. Adult trees are pruned 1 time every year, and diseased branches, dead branches, old branches and over-dense young branches are pruned, so as to keep the tree shape empty inside and round outside, with more flowers and more fruits. Old trees that are older than 10 and have begun to decline should be renewed. Before freezing, all the above-ground parts can be cut off, so that the old roots can grow seedlings and cultivate new plants.
[Edit this paragraph] 3: Papaya recipes
Papaya used in this recipe are all tropical fruits, including papaya (papaya) and non-medicinal papaya (wrinkled papaya). See above for details, please don't be confused!
Papaya is an evergreen cork tree of Caricaceae, which is also called "three tropical herb fruit trees" with bananas and pineapples. It is a kind of fruit with high vitamin A content in tropical and subtropical fruits, and it is also rich in vitamin C and soluble calcium. Traditional medicine believes that papaya can regulate the spleen and stomach, calm the liver and relax tendons, and can remove tendons and relieve spasms.
Papaya is actually very good, but some people insist on not eating it because it tastes bad. Papaya is called "papaya" in China. As the name implies, eating more can prolong life. As for the reason, the ancient books did not say it clearly, but it is estimated that it is related to the enzymes contained in it.
It is reported that papaya contains enzymes similar to human growth hormone, and eating more can keep people young. Yeah, yeah, it needs to be verified. What is certain is that the proteolytic enzyme contained in papaya helps to decompose protein and starch, which is of great benefit to the digestive system.
Medical books say that "spleen is the foundation of the day after tomorrow", and eating fruit can help digestion and absorption, thus consolidating the spleen and stomach, which is really cost-effective. According to medical analysis, papaya is sweet, flat and slightly cold, which is helpful for digestion, relieving summer-heat, quenching thirst, moistening lung and relieving cough.
There are also some Chinese medicines, but this papaya is Sichuan papaya, also called Xuan papaya, not papaya sold in fruit stalls. Sichuan papaya tastes sour and slightly warm, and its main function is to eliminate dampness, relieve arthralgia, relax tendons and activate collaterals, which is most suitable for patients with rheumatic pain.
As for papaya, eating it raw can relieve throat discomfort, and it is also helpful for colds, expectoration, constipation and chronic bronchitis. In diet therapy, cooked papaya and persimmon can be decocted in water to cure asthma and cough; Peel cooked papaya and add honey after steaming to cure lung dryness and cough; Juice or dry raw papaya and grind it into powder to repel insects. The most widely known is that papaya boiled fish tail or stewed pig's trotters can promote milk secretion.
(papaya powder processed from papaya fruit)
Living environment:. It is most suitable for planting in warm areas with annual average temperature of 22 ~ 25℃ and annual rainfall of 1500 ~ 2000 mm, and the suitable growth temperature is 25 ~ 32℃, and the growth tends to be slow around 10℃. At 5℃, the young organs began to freeze, and at 0℃, the leaves withered. Excessive temperature is not conducive to growth and development. The soil has strong adaptability, but it is considered that acidic to neutral is suitable.