Chinese garden culture is unique among the world's three major garden genres (China, West Asia, ancient Greece). "Painting with sound, poetry with shape, solidified music, flowing architecture", "although made by man, just like from the sky", "feelings in the scenery, scenario integration" is the natural landscape garden of China's The high degree of generalization of the Chinese natural landscape gardens.
Unlike the classical artificial gardens in the West, which transformed and beautified nature on a large scale, the Chinese gardens revered nature and were born in the "interaction" and "dialogue" with nature. Simulation of nature, writing imitation of nature, abstraction of nature is the usual method of gardening.
In the private garden, in order to meet the tour, feast, rest, living requirements, the building density is relatively large, but try to avoid symmetry and take the principle of building through the landscape. However, in the imperial supremacy of the feudal society, the garden such things are inevitably moved into the royal family, so in this ancient oriental land appeared a lot of gardens and palaces of the combination of "nature" can reflect the interest of the garden, but "nature" is free, is the Asymmetry, which seems to have become a set of contradictions with the authority and solemnity of the royal family. How to solve this set of contradictions, so that the royal garden for the emperor to play in the mountains, but also reflects the supremacy of the royal family, in the aesthetics of nature, not forgetting the proclamation of the illustrious kingship, has become an important issue of garden designers to consider.
Chinese garden achievement is very high, and to the Ming and Qing Dynasties to the peak of the development of the author only to the Beijing Summer Palace and the Beihai as an example, to talk about the Chinese royal garden space axis and symmetry of the understanding of the problem.
2 royal gardens in the axis analysis
Classical gardens are different from the modern common landscape garden, the difference lies not only in the creation of the method, the more essential difference lies in the history of the many types of landscape gardens, the royal gardens, private gardens, in addition to the aesthetic factors, but also contains a lot of political and cultural activities and recreational content, and must be related to feng shui.
Royal gardens are rich and open, the design of the idea of pursuing the imagination of the immortal mountains and pavilions and set of imitation of the world's famous scenic areas. In the lake built three islands to symbolize the East China Sea three mountains of the arrangement of the three gods, from the Western Han Dynasty Jianzhang Palace along to the Ming and Qing Dynasty Beijing Three Seas and the Qing Dynasty Yuanmingyuan, can be described as a long-lasting traditional theme. Its arrangement is characterized by the division of a number of scenic spots, each other to the scene, echoing each other, sometimes with very complex axes and radial line relationship.
2.1 Summer Palace
Summer Palace is the most complete, but also the art of gardening is very high in a large-scale classical royal gardens. Landscape is one of the indispensable factors of classical Chinese gardens, such as the Summer Palace, of course, is no exception, do not use the techniques of chiseling mountains and water, completely natural landscape.
2.1.1 Plane Axis Analysis
The Summer Palace consists of several districts such as the palace area, the former mountainous area, the Wanshou Mountain area, the back lake area and the Kunming Lake area. The main building complex is located in the Wanshoushan axis, near the south side of Kunming Lake, the layout of the symmetrical, huge volume, become the center of the garden.
In order to achieve a harmonious echo, along the central axis to the south, until the small island in Kunming Lake, the construction of seventeen-hole bridges and octagonal pavilions, but also to take a larger volume. The rest of the building volume are smaller, this not only strengthens the central axis, more importantly, did not destroy the natural original style, almost perfect harmony between nature and man-made. It does not mean that we must change the nature for the sake of this axis, or pursue the nature, and be the slave of the nature.
Figure 2 shows the main buildings on the central axis of the Summer Palace. Buddha Xiangge, Paiyun Temple, Dragon King Temple, arranged in order, facing Kunming Lake. I am afraid that this is related to the feng shui that the ancient emperors believed in, as it is located by the mountains and at the focal point of the landscape. This fulfills the saying: successive emperors of scenic spots issued by the protection is not all about aesthetics.
2.1.2 Vertical Analysis
Perhaps the central axis has another layer of meaning for the royal garden. The central axis of the Summer Palace is so skillfully used that it not only does not destroy nature, but also strengthens it. The architecture is magnificent and reflects the authority of the emperor. This authority is also related to its location. The building was built in the middle of the mountainside, which dominates the whole garden landscape layout of the Buddha incense pavilion only body that is 37m high, together with the tall base, from the lake up to 80m. Buddha incense pavilion as the Summer Palace garden center, has two functions: first it is the visual center of the whole garden, and based on the control of the layout of the whole garden. From this aspect to analyze, Buddha incense pavilion is in the position of being viewed, from the Buddha incense pavilion to look down, there is a strong overlooking effect, which achieves the effect of the mountains. On the central axis, the buildings are arranged from high to low, further reinforcing the central axis and the authority of the emperor.
2.1.3 Analysis of Building Volume
At the same time, the whole garden is divided into four parts with the central axis as the center: the eastern residential area, with a strict layout; the central part of the central area; the back of the mountain part; and the southern lake area. These four parts are separated according to the nature of use, each with a different function. Comparison of the four parts can be clearly seen in the important position of the central axis, in the central axis of the building volume is huge, very powerful, while the rest of the part are very small. Emperor Qianlong once moved the Jiangnan garden into the Summer Palace, placed in the northeast corner of the back of the mountain, which did not destroy its central axis, but increased the interest of the Summer Palace.
2.2 North Sea
2.2.1 overall layout axis analysis
Beijing Sea to Qionghua Island as the center of the four-way axis in its east, west, south, north and south of the building, but its south of Tuancheng is not in the Qionghua Island's north-south axis and the west, in order to seek to echo the relationship between the Qionghua Island in front of the bridge made into a triple-fold, the northern fold in the north-south axis of the island, the southern fold in the island of Qionghua to the Tuancheng folding line, the middle fold for the connection of the north and south folds. The center fold for the north and south of the two folds of the connection body, to a bridge to the Qionghua Island and Tuan Cheng linked.
Qionghua Island, the north-south axis and the north shore building is not relative. For this reason, in the north of Qionghua Island in the center of the Yulan Hall of the west and build a Ningzhai, and the north bank of the West Heavenly realm relative to make the scenery into an echo relationship.
2.2.2 axis analysis of the architectural complex
The architectural layout of the North Sea also has a very obvious axis of symmetry, the West Heavenly Brahma complex in the Liuli Pavilion, Ten Pagodas, Da Ci Zhen Ru Hall, Heavenly King Hall, Sumeru Spring, arranged in order, directly opposite the Qionghua Island. Qionghua Island building complex Ripple Hall, Pu'an Hall, Zhengjue Hall, Dharma Wheel Hall, Yongan Temple in an axial symmetrical relationship.
This shows that the Royal Garden seems to be natural and casual, in fact, there is the same solemn and serious; both to achieve the enjoyment of the mountains and forests of the role of recreation and entertainment, but also shows the supremacy of the status of imperial power.
3 Conclusion
The royal garden in the overall planning is very carefully designed. In the above analysis, it can be seen that the Royal Garden exists in the relationship of the axis echo or transfer, this axis relationship not only does not destroy nature, but also strengthens the nature. The central axis and vertical arrangement strengthened the authority of the emperor.
Chinese garden techniques of maturity is worth studying, the author for the Chinese garden axis of knowledge to publish some not very mature insights, I hope that we can *** with the efforts to make our country's garden construction technology to develop more rapidly.
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