Migrant workers are a special social group formed during the period of economic system transition and social transformation in China. They are new things in the process of industrialization, urbanization and building a well-off society in rural areas, and they have distinct China characteristics and stage characteristics. The emergence and formation of this group is another great creation of China farmers after the rural household contract management and the rise of township enterprises. On the surface, the problem of migrant workers is a problem of increasing farmers' income and employment of rural labor force. The deeper problem is how to smoothly promote industrialization, urbanization and modernization based on China's national conditions, not just the problem of farmers. Solving the problem of migrant workers is a big strategy. The first is to solve the problems of agriculture, countryside and farmers. If we want to be rich farmers, we must reduce farmers. Farmers go out to work and live in two households, which improves the allocation of rural resources and alleviates the contradiction between people and land. Farmers going out to work is an important channel to expand employment and increase income. Its annual part-time income is more than 500 billion yuan, which has become an important source of funds for rural construction and is incomparable and irreplaceable by any investment at present. The second is the relationship between industrialization and improving industrial competitiveness. Migrant workers have become the main body of employees in construction, manufacturing, textile and other industries. From the development trend, the reserve army of industrial workers in China is mainly migrant workers. The overall quality and creativity of migrant workers are very important to the industrial development of China. Third, it is related to the healthy development of urbanization. It is a realistic problem to let migrant workers enter the city reasonably and orderly and gradually integrate into the urban society. Fourth, the relationship between social harmony and stability. More than 100 million farmers went to cities to work and look for jobs. Doing a good job in social management and realizing social equity is an important aspect of maintaining social stability and building a harmonious society. The fifth is to deepen the reform of relations. Cross-regional migrant workers' employment contains profound factors of system reform, which is conducive to breaking the dual structure of urban-rural division, establishing a unified urban-rural labor market and a fair competition employment system, and promoting the transformation of government functions and management methods.
Generally speaking, farmers' going out to work has enhanced their competitiveness for industrial development, increased their vitality for urban prosperity and added impetus to reform and opening up. It has become an effective form for industry to drive agriculture, cities to drive rural areas and developed areas to drive backward areas. Studying and solving the problem of migrant workers is directly related to the fundamental solution of the "three rural issues", the healthy development of industrialization and urbanization, and the fairness, justice, harmony and stability of society. Therefore, the problem of migrant workers is a global and strategic issue.
At the same time, the problem of migrant workers is a long-term problem, not a short-term one. Judging from the general law of modernization development in all countries in the world, it is an inevitable trend for rural surplus labor to gradually move out and enter non-agricultural industries and towns. The basic national condition of our country is that there are many farmers and the dual structure of urban-rural division has been implemented for a long time, so the process of this transfer may be longer. Because there are still a large number of rural surplus labor, the ranks of migrant workers will continue to grow, and it will be an inevitable phenomenon that migrant workers will maintain a large scale for a long time and flow between urban and rural areas. It can be said that solving the problem of migrant workers will always be accompanied by the industrialization, urbanization and modernization of China, which is a long-term historical process and a long-term strategic task.
The transfer of rural surplus labor force to secondary and tertiary industries and towns is the only way for China's industrialization, urbanization and modernization, which will have a far-reaching impact on economic, social, cultural and even political development. Over the past 20 years, the transfer of rural labor force to non-agricultural industries has formed a certain scale and "climate", but it was accompanied by a series of problems from the beginning.
Basic rights and interests are not guaranteed, and labor disputes have increased significantly. In cities and factories, business owners let migrant workers work overtime at will, which leads to excessive labor intensity, irregular employment management and no guarantee for production and life.
The transfer mode is disorderly and has great blindness. At present, the labor market is very irregular, the intermediary organizations are not perfect, and farmers still rely mainly on traditional relationship networks such as blood relationship, geography and popularity. Only 10%-30% of the rural labor force has been transferred in an organized way, and most of them are in a spontaneous state.
The training mechanism is not perfect and the cultural and technical quality of migrant workers is generally low. At present, 80% of migrant workers have junior high school education or below, and about 70% have not received any skills training. Migrant workers are engaged in jobs with poor working environment, low professional reputation and low wages.
The core of "agriculture, countryside and farmers" is the problem of farmers, and the core of the problem of farmers is the problem of migrant workers. Migrant workers have accounted for a considerable proportion of employees in the secondary and tertiary industries. We should clarify the main position of migrant workers in the industry, cancel the title of "migrant workers" and replace it with the title of engaging in occupations, with the same status, equal treatment and equal status as urban workers. Participate in the political and social life of this city and have the right to vote and stand for election.
In the news of Xinhuanet 65438+ 10/8, study times, sponsored by the Central Party School, published the article "Investigation of Migrant Workers in China". The author went to Sichuan, Zhejiang and other places to conduct a special investigation on "the demand for economic interests and political interests of social strata in China at present". The article points out that migrant workers have become a huge, complex and expanding new group, with a population of about 200 million. However, due to various reasons, migrant workers have been working and living as marginalized special groups for many years, and their basic rights and legitimate rights and interests have not been fully and effectively guaranteed, and the living conditions of many migrant workers are worrying. This paper puts forward four suggestions to solve the problem of migrant workers. The full text is as follows:
-Take Sichuan and Zhejiang as examples.
For more than two thousand years, farmers have been the biggest vulnerable group in China. After the founding of New China, especially in the past 20 years of reform and opening up, the status of vulnerable groups of farmers has been greatly improved, and the peasant class has rapidly divided and migrated to cities. The most sociological phenomenon is that migrant workers have sprung up with township enterprises as a springboard and walked between urban and rural areas with perseverance, realizing the most thorough peasant liberation in the history of China, which is an epoch-making comprehensive renewal of industrial workers in China. It is driven by this understanding and sentiment that the problem of migrant workers has become a key research topic for me.
How many migrant workers are there in China?
In the middle and late July of 2005, as a member of the student research group of the Central Party School, I went to Sichuan, Zhejiang and other places to conduct a special survey on "the demand for economic interests and political interests of social strata in China at present". After I came back, I collected some relevant information and did further desk research. The general feeling is that migrant workers have become a huge, complex and expanding new group.
A data from Sichuan shows that in 2004,14.9 million farmers went out to work, an increase of 7.4 million over the previous year. There are 2 million farmers who go out to work with their families, accounting for10% of the farmers in the province; The income of rural laborers from going out to work was 57.6 billion yuan, an increase of 25.2% over the previous year. For these sets of data, we can do three aspects of analysis: First, the14.9 million migrant workers' army is exactly equal to the total population of Beijing, which means that more than 30% of the rural labor force in Sichuan (up to 40% in Jiangxi and Fujian) has "jumped out of the farm", which is equivalent to the total population of a medium-sized country. Secondly, 2 million farmers moved their families to towns, showing their determination and courage to bid farewell to the countryside. This is no longer a simple labor transfer, but a large-scale population migration with families as the unit. Thirdly, 57.6 billion yuan of migrant workers' labor income greatly exceeds the local fiscal revenue of the province, and its contribution rate to farmers' income has exceeded 50%, indicating that migrant workers' labor income has become the main channel for farmers to increase their income. Moreover, the situation in Sichuan in the first half of 2005 caught our attention. As of June, the number of migrant farmers in the province was 15373600, an increase of 3.3306 million over the same period of last year. Labor income reached 37.558 billion yuan, an increase of 665.438 billion yuan. This dynamic change in Sichuan, to a certain extent, reflects the strong momentum of the development of the national migrant workers' tide, and the increase in quantity and efficiency is rare in history.
It is generally believed that there are two major factors that decide migrant workers to flock to cities: first, the income gap between urban and rural areas; The second is the demand for migrant workers in cities. These two factors have obvious variable fluctuations. When the policy environment and institutional environment are relaxed, the flow of migrant workers will increase, and vice versa. So, how many migrant workers are there in China? At present, there is a lack of accurate figures and a clear definition of statistical concepts. But there are two figures to refer to. One is the employment of township enterprises, and the other is the employment of rural labor outside towns and villages. According to relevant statistics, in 2004, the former was 65.438+0.38 billion, and the latter was 65.438+0.02 billion, making a total of 240 million. However, the two data overlap. Some of the employees in township enterprises are not migrant workers, and the number of rural laborers employed outside townships does not include farmers employed in local township enterprises. In addition, some township enterprises are no longer included in the employment statistics of township enterprises after restructuring, but the front-line workers are still mainly migrant workers. In addition to the above two data, there are some related data that can explain the grandeur of migrant workers. For example, in 2004, the national passenger traffic in Spring Festival travel rush reached 65.438+0.89 billion passengers, an increase of 670 million passengers over 65.438+0 years ago. Migrant workers generally account for more than 60% of the passenger flow in Spring Festival travel rush. Based on various factors and conservative calculation, there are about 654.38+0.8 billion migrant workers in China at present. Of course, some experts estimate that the number of migrant workers in China is around 200 million.
What class do migrant workers belong to?
For many years, the class orientation of migrant workers has not been paid due attention by society. People are used to comparing migrant workers with farmers. It seems that there is no difference between migrant workers and farmers. Yes, although the migrant workers in China have a bumpy history for many years, due to the dual-track system and the dual society, migrant workers are always a part of farmers, and they are inextricably linked with farmers and rural areas. However, it must be noted that migrant workers are no longer farmers in the original sense, and they are rapidly separating from the peasant class.
In Zhejiang, we learned that some migrant workers who have been in the city for more than 0/0 years have now become middle-level cadres and veritable senior "white-collar workers". They have made achievements in the city, married and had children, but they are still farmers, and there is still 1 mu at home. These "white-collar" migrant workers said, "We will never go back to the countryside again. We don't know who is farming in our hometown. My generation can't change the identity of farmers, and the next generation must change! " In the investigation, I deeply feel that some migrant workers are no longer farmers, even migrant workers in the traditional sense, regardless of their careers or concepts. They are not only modern industrial workers, but also managers and senior technicians of modern enterprises. A sample survey in Zhejiang shows that among migrant workers, technicians account for 14.8%, and middle managers account for 10. 1%. This ratio shows that apart from birth and birthright, it is far from the concept of "farmer".
In 2004, the Central Committee 1 clearly pointed out that "migrant workers who have entered cities for employment have become an important part of industrial workers." This judgment is very correct and significant. At present, migrant workers account for 57.6% of employees in the secondary industry in China, of which processing and manufacturing industries account for 68% and construction industries account for 80%. Among the employees in the tertiary industry in China, migrant workers account for 52%; 90% of urban construction, environmental protection, housekeeping and catering service personnel are migrant workers. In other words, migrant workers quickly separated from farmers and stubbornly integrated into the industrial workers' class, becoming the main part of industrial workers. Of course, this separation and integration is still in a difficult and long transition period. Because it is impossible to break the urban-rural divide overnight, the peasant "bloodline" of migrant workers will continue for a long time. Nevertheless, as a new social stratum, the unique economic needs and political demands of migrant workers should be fully respected. Although the "roots" of migrant workers are still in the countryside, they have been thoroughly remoulded and grown into a new class in urgent need of social recognition.
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What kind of living conditions are migrant workers in?
Frankly speaking, for various reasons, migrant workers have been working and living as a marginalized special group for many years. Their basic rights and legitimate rights and interests have not been fully and effectively guaranteed, and the living conditions of many migrant workers are worrying. In a sense, migrant workers are both beneficiaries of reform and opening up and victims of identity society. The main problems of their living conditions are:
(A) As a "cheap labor force", the wage level is low, and arrears occur from time to time. In the concept of employment enterprises, migrant workers and cheap labor are equated. It is a common employment phenomenon that migrant workers have low wages and different pay for equal work. According to the statistics of relevant departments, in 2004, the average annual income of migrant workers in China was about 8,000 yuan, while the average annual income of urban workers was about 1.5 million yuan, a difference of nearly 1 times. According to a survey in Zhejiang, 7.5% of migrant workers' monthly salary is below that of 600 yuan, which is not up to the minimum wage. In the fierce market competition, many enterprises have long regarded reducing the wages of migrant workers as the main means to reduce enterprise costs and maximize profits. This is an open secret. Some business owners complained bluntly that "if the wages of migrant workers are raised, the competitive advantage of China's cheap labor will no longer exist". Even if it is a very low level of wages, enterprises still try their best to default. This is very common in the construction industry, and it has been repeatedly banned in other industries. Since last year, although gratifying achievements have been made in clearing debts, the problem of wage arrears for migrant workers has not been fundamentally solved because a long-term mechanism for safeguarding the rights and interests of migrant workers has not been established. The questionnaire survey of relevant departments in Sichuan shows that 35. 15% of migrant workers think it is a bit difficult to get a monthly salary, and 18.87% of migrant workers think it is difficult. In some places, it seems that about 50% of migrant workers are still unable to get their due wages on a monthly basis.
(2) As an "overtime labor force", the working hours are extremely long and the workload is heavy. When it comes to wages and working hours, migrant workers have to jump into the "trap" of piece-rate wages and overtime. For example, the average monthly salary of 79.7% of migrant workers in Zhejiang is above that of 800 yuan, which doesn't sound low. However, this is by no means a reward for working five days a week and eight hours a day. Our survey in a large private enterprise with more than 5,000 migrant workers in Zhejiang found that migrant workers only have one day off every month and work 10 hour every day. Because of the piecework wage, migrant workers must extend their working hours if they want to earn more money. If you work according to the working hours stipulated in the labor law, the piece-rate salary you get will definitely not reach the minimum wage, and it will not even be enough to eat. It was in the canteen of this enterprise that I saw a very young migrant worker eating a bowl of porridge and a plate of potato chips. I asked him, "How much is it?" He said, "one dollar". I then asked, "What's the salary in January?" He said, "620 yuan, but overtime can't reach the quota.". In large enterprises, the problem of high working hours and overload of migrant workers in small and medium-sized enterprises is more serious. For example, migrant workers from a clothing company in Haiyan, Zhejiang Province complained to the petition department that they had to work 12 hours a day, with no sundays and holidays and no overtime pay. The average monthly working hours are 322 hours, which is 155 hours more than the relevant regulations. In order to cope with the inspection of the labor department, the company also specially produced two payrolls. According to the survey of Sichuan Federation of Trade Unions, the working hours of migrant workers in a clothing company are as high as 13- 17 hours per day, and they work overtime every day, five days a week, which exceeds the physiological limit. It is particularly noteworthy that migrant workers in some places organize collective strikes because of labor intensity, wage arrears and other labor disputes. There are dozens of collective strikes of migrant workers in a prefecture-level city in the south a year.
(C) As a "high-risk labor force", social security is lacking and various safety accidents occur frequently. Sichuan is the main exporter of migrant workers, and Zhejiang is the main importer of migrant workers. In the survey, we feel that the social security of migrant workers is seriously lagging behind in both export and import places. Most migrant workers are engaged in very hard and even highly dangerous jobs without security, and the coverage of work-related injuries, medical care, unemployment and old-age insurance is very low. According to the investigation of relevant departments in Sichuan, only 3.4 1% of migrant workers employed in enterprises above the county level participate in industrial injury insurance, 0.84% in medical insurance, 0.83% in unemployment insurance and 2.99% in endowment insurance. Only 39 private enterprises in Nanping District, Nanchong City, this province participate in endowment insurance, among which there are very few migrant workers. There are many reasons for the low participation rate of migrant workers, mainly because a considerable number of enterprises try to avoid participation in order to reduce the cost of enterprises; The "threshold" for migrant workers to participate in insurance is too high, and most migrant workers want to participate in insurance but are unable to participate; The current social insurance system is not perfect, the mobility of migrant workers is large, and the transfer of personal accounts cannot be connected. What is particularly serious is that migrant workers are the high-risk group of work-related deaths. In some places, the production and living conditions of migrant workers are very bad. Some enterprises have outdated equipment and extensive management, do not invest in basic safety equipment, and migrant workers are overworked, resulting in frequent safety accidents. A questionnaire survey in Sichuan shows that 62.2% of migrant workers have no labor protection articles, 57.75% of migrant workers have not received safety training, 9.3% of migrant workers have had an industrial accident, and 4.23% of migrant workers have had two industrial accidents. In Zhejiang, we heard a saying that at least 1000 migrant workers in the province have their fingers broken by machines every year. The management of chemical products in some small enterprises and workshops is chaotic, and production, life and warehouse are "three in one". Migrant workers are directly exposed to toxic and harmful substances and gases, and the incidence of occupational diseases is high. On the one hand, migrant workers are prone to occupational diseases and serious industrial accidents; On the other hand, it is difficult for migrant workers to get reasonable compensation after encountering occupational diseases and industrial accidents. Migrant workers return home with injuries, disabilities and illness, and social contradictions shift from cities to rural areas. This is a tragic aspect of the living conditions of some migrant workers.
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How important is the problem of migrant workers?
Since China entered the new century, the "three rural issues" have evolved into "three rural issues", namely, agriculture, farmers, rural areas and migrant workers. Why is the problem of migrant workers listed separately? Its importance can be illustrated from three angles.
(A) the problem of migrant workers is related to agricultural efficiency, farmers' income and rural prosperity. Rural areas in China are now contracted for land management by one household, with 654.38+83.7 million mu of cultivated land nationwide, 654.38+0.465.438+0 mu per capita, and 249 million farmers with an average of 7.3 mu and 5.8 pieces of cultivated land. Hundreds of millions of farmers' land is operated on a small scale, so it is difficult for the traditional small-scale peasant economy in Wang Yang to improve agricultural efficiency, increase farmers' income and prosper the countryside. The phenomenon of migrant workers is closely related to this situation. They have to go out to work, which is a "breakthrough" for traditional agriculture, small-scale peasant economy and backward rural areas. In this sense, the problem of migrant workers is actually a key bottleneck of the "three rural issues". Because to solve the problems of agriculture, countryside and farmers, in the final analysis, it is necessary to reduce farmers. Only by reducing farmers can we enrich farmers, improve the overall efficiency of agriculture and prosper the countryside. How to reduce farmers? What channels are used to reduce farmers? It is undoubtedly the most important channel to encourage farmers to go out to work, effectively protect the rights and interests of migrant workers and change their identity in time. At present, there are 490 million rural laborers in China, and at least 654.38+0.5 billion laborers need to be transferred. Under the new historical conditions, to solve the "three rural issues", we must seize the key of migrant workers, speed up the transfer of rural surplus labor and achieve new breakthroughs in new fields.
(2) The problem of migrant workers is related to industrialization, urbanization and "supplementing agriculture with industry and bringing rural areas with cities". In the process of industrialization and urbanization, migrant workers are an irreplaceable new force to realize "supplementing agriculture with industry and bringing rural areas with cities" and narrow the gap between urban and rural areas. When the problem of migrant workers is solved, the pace of industrialization and urbanization will be greatly accelerated, and some problems will be solved. To put it another way, the industrialization and urbanization of China cannot be separated from the "hurdle" of migrant workers. At present and in the future, how can industry feed back agriculture? How does the city support the countryside? In fact, there is another shortcut, that is, taking nearly 200 million migrant workers as the bridge and link of "feedback" and "support", so as to bring the relationship between workers and peasants closer and dredge the blood of urban and rural areas. For example, in the first half of this year, the labor income of migrant workers in Sichuan Province was remitted back to the countryside through banks and post offices, with a net increase of 654.38+034 billion yuan, an increase of 88%. These labor incomes are the "feedback" and "support" created by migrant workers with diligence and wisdom. It does not need any intermediate links, government investment and corporate sponsorship, with the lowest cost, the highest efficiency and the strongest effect. In the past few years, migrant workers have made extraordinary contributions to industrialization and urbanization; In the next few years, migrant workers will also become an important carrier for industry to feed back agriculture and cities to support rural areas.
(3) The problem of migrant workers is related to the construction of a harmonious socialist society. Among the many contradictions that restrict the construction of a harmonious society, the problem of migrant workers is the most complicated. In particular, the unequal treatment of migrant workers in some places and enterprises makes the labor-capital relationship between migrant workers and business owners tense, the relationship with urban residents disharmony and social management disharmony. In some places, migrant workers have become one of the factors of social instability. Although the vast number of migrant workers have created a lot of social wealth, they are still in a marginal position in the city and it is difficult to integrate into urban life. Especially in places with poor employment environment and enterprises with sharp contradictions between labor and capital, the rebellious psychology and depressive mood of migrant workers are very strong, and social problems such as high casualty rate and high crime rate of migrant workers are prominent. For example, in a prefecture-level city in the south, 1 10,000 migrant workers are disabled on business every year, and nearly 5,000 migrant workers are injured or killed by traffic accidents; The crime rate of floating population accounts for 97% of all crimes, and criminal security cases such as robbery and theft are mainly carried out by migrant workers. Therefore, without the harmonious coexistence of migrant workers and cities, a harmonious society will be impossible.
The phenomenon of migrant workers has been going on for many years in China, with distinctive China characteristics. Migrant workers have penetrated into all fields of economic life and social life, which is not only a major social reality problem, but also a major political theory problem. In practice, our understanding of the problem of migrant workers has been deepened, and some achievements have been made in theoretical discussion. Now, it seems necessary to elevate the problem of migrant workers to the height of the great practice and theory of building Socialism with Chinese characteristics, and make in-depth analysis and research.
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What should be done to solve the problem of migrant workers?
Since the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China has adopted a series of major policies and measures in coordinating urban and rural development, especially the important judgment of "two trends" and the establishment of the overall plan of "supplementing agriculture with industry and bringing rural areas with cities", which has greatly improved the employment and living conditions of migrant workers, paid more attention to migrant workers in society and created some very effective experiences in local areas. At present, the conditions for solving the problem of migrant workers as a whole have been basically met, whether it is the macro policy orientation or the micro enterprise environment. Here are some suggestions:
(A) the construction of urban and rural integration of the employment system. The essence of the problem of migrant workers is employment. It is necessary to establish the principle of giving priority to employment, completely change the employment concept and related policies that emphasize cities and towns over rural areas and citizens over farmers, and incorporate agriculture, rural areas and farmers' employment in cities into the national employment plan and implement them in different categories. In the near future, we should focus on solving the employment problem of migrant workers as a breakthrough in building an integrated employment system in urban and rural areas, formulate policies and regulations, clarify work measures, and incorporate them into the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" for national economic and social development.
(2) Improve the protection system of migrant workers' rights and interests. The lack of rights protection is the crux of the problem of migrant workers. We should establish the concepts of equality before rights, equality before opportunities and equality between urban and rural areas in the whole society. Further clean up and cancel all discriminatory and restrictive policies against migrant workers, and resolutely stop charging migrant workers and charging them in disguised form. Introduce policies to protect the rights and interests of migrant workers as soon as possible, focusing on solving the four major insurance problems of migrant workers' work-related injuries, medical care, unemployment and pension. At the same time, we began to organize the drafting of laws and regulations on the rights and interests of migrant workers. Protecting the rights and interests of migrant workers according to law is the fundamental solution.
(3) Strengthen the training of migrant workers in import and export areas. Training migrant workers is actually to bring up a new generation of industrial workers. Migrant workers export areas should pay attention to the basic skills training before the transfer of rural surplus labor. The main measures are to expand the implementation scale of "Sunshine Project", raise the subsidy standard, and try out "training vouchers" for migrant workers, so that more rural surplus labor force can get certain knowledge and skills training before transfer. Migrant workers should do a good job in vocational skills training for migrant workers after transfer, especially give full play to the enthusiasm of employment enterprises to train migrant workers, and give some support in policies and funds.
(4) Steadily solve the household registration problem of migrant workers. The long-term household registration system since the founding of the People's Republic of China has objectively played a role in dividing urban and rural areas. It is imperative to reform the current household registration system. However, if we simply change the identity of migrant workers from farmers to citizens, the disadvantages outweigh the advantages and may lead to new social problems. To solve the household registration problem of migrant workers, we should make new institutional arrangements from the perspective of coordinating urban and rural development. First, we should reduce the "gold content" of urban household registration, second, we should weaken the "rent-seeking" motivation of rural population migration, and third, we should improve the rural land contract system. We should pay attention to the rhythm and cooperation in these aspects of work, and we should not rush into it or fight alone.
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(5) Strengthen the management and service of migrant workers. The "threshold" for farmers to enter the city is low, and the task of management and service for migrant workers is heavier. At present, there is no department in China to co-ordinate the management and services of migrant workers. There are both problems of "each managing a section" and unclear responsibilities of "* * * managing a section". It is necessary to straighten out the relationship between migrant workers' work from top to bottom, and formulate national employment plans and policies and measures for migrant workers' work. Large and medium-sized cities with a large number of migrant workers should also set up corresponding migrant workers' management service institutions to effectively safeguard the rights and interests of migrant workers, specifically guide employment, coordinate management affairs, and provide social services.