application of lighting in architectural design
human life is accompanied by light every day, and buildings and cities are closely related to light. The great artistic appeal of light has inspired architects, interior designers and urban planners to create night lighting. Light is the element of human settlement environment, which creates bright, comfortable and gorgeous buildings and cities where human beings live. It is the unshirkable responsibility of architects and designers to create a beautiful light environment.
light makes the existence of architecture possible. With the change of time and seasons, the intensity of light has changed, and the image of the building has also changed. It is in this ever-changing shape and shadow that people feel the wonderful world brought by light. As Tadao Ando, a famous Japanese architect, said, "Architectural design is to intercept the ubiquitous light and show the existence of light on specific occasions. Architecture condenses light into the simplest existence, and the creation of architectural space is the purification and concentration of the power of light. " The contrast between light and shade and the change of light and shadow in a large area reflect the perfect blend of light and architecture.
I remember that the teacher talked about the example of SOHO concept in class. Apart from the function, natural light plays an extremely important role in its design, even decorated with light. The sense of sunshine is more direct in the environmental landscape of the community. As an important part of the community, the environment has attracted more and more attention. People's desire for nature and sunshine is directly reflected in the requirements for environmental landscape. The environmental landscape in the residential area is different from the natural environment. It is an artificial environment and an abstract nature. As one of the natural elements, sunlight has a relationship with people and buildings in such a specific place, and people feel its existence through the small environment in the residential area. The environmental landscape surrounded by buildings acts as the spokesman of natural elements such as sunshine, rain and wind, and becomes a part of residents' life experience. This is by no means an ordinary courtyard where trees can be seen, but there will be a place to touch deeper emotions. In such an environment where man and nature are combined, man has achieved supreme enjoyment in spirit. Through the careful selection and collocation of tree species and trees, the rational layout of greening and waterscape, the ingenious arrangement of paving and facilities, etc., the "sunshine sense" can be reflected everywhere in the environmental landscape. In addition, in this artificial nature, we should try our best to create a place where people can feel the sunshine and listen to the sound of wind and rain, so as to meet the physiological, psychological and even spiritual aspirations of modern people and free people from the fatigue of daily life. Just like the "Sunshine Club" and "Sunshine Gallery" designed in some residential areas, people can fully communicate with sunshine and nature and achieve physical, psychological and spiritual harmony.
Light is the soul of architectural art
Light creates images: the images of objects can only be visually perceived under the action of light. Setting the light correctly (referring to the amount of light, the nature and direction of light) can strengthen the three-dimensional sense of architectural modeling and enhance the artistic effect, otherwise it will lead to dull or distorted image.
light constructs space, and the difference between light and dark naturally forms psychological hints of different indoor and outdoor space division. The subtle changes in the intensity of light create a sense of hierarchy in space.
Light renders the atmosphere: it is clear in Wan Li, with continuous drizzle. Different environments bring us different moods, among which the change of light plays an important role. The atmosphere of light rendering has a decisive influence on people's psychological state and the artistic appeal of light environment.
focus only: without focus, there will be no art and people will fall into mediocrity. Strengthening the contrast between light and dark can realize the artistic image or details of expression and form an eye-catching visual center. High contrast can also produce dramatic artistic effects, which are exciting.
color rendering by light: artificial light sources with good color rendering can truly render the colorful colors of environment, people and things like natural light; The lamp with poor color rendering causes color variation and loses the struggle of environmental color. Colored lighting endows the light environment with emotional awareness, which makes some colors loud, but it also distorts some colors.
light decoration environment: the patterns woven by light and shadow, the glittering brilliance generated by the reflected light and refracted light of bright and clean materials, the rhythmic dynamic change of light, and the graceful modeling of lamps are all precious elements of the decoration environment and attractive artistic focus.
when designing lighting with natural light sources, there is a way to adopt, that is, if you want to regard the whole building as a lamp, then the light source is outside the building, which is the astigmatism of sunlight and the sky. Next, you can consider the opening parts of the building, that is, doors, windows and skylights. In fact, all the surfaces of the building are changing the light and reflecting it into the window and onto the object. Natural light has two components, one is sunlight, and the other is astigmatism in the sky. Sunlight is a beam of light directly irradiated by the sun; Astigmatism in the sky is the scattering of sunlight by particles in the air. Designers must be clearly aware of the different effects of direct and scattered natural light. The scattering effect of sky light is the background and foundation of light design, which many designers do not realize.
Study the relationship between light and architecture, including
1. The nature of light itself (direct light, diffuse light, color of light, artificial light and natural light);
2. The shape of light and the hole of the building; The influence of the height of the hole on the wall on the indoor lighting;
3. The range of light field after the light enters the building;
4. Light-transmitting materials (fully transparent and semi-transparent, and the influence of material color on light color);
5. The influence of different forms and positions of indoor shadow surfaces (walls, floors and roofs) on indoor light space;
6. The change of light in the room, and the difference of indoor atmosphere created by small area light and large area light can be contrasted to create spatial change.
By studying the relationship between the above six points of light and the architectural environment, and using some basic characteristics of light and architecture, we finally analyze and think about how to create a specific light atmosphere in the building.
the design of architectural light environment is also promising in building energy saving. Natural light is an inexhaustible source of energy, so we should use it effectively. If natural light energy enters a certain space, the electric light source can only be regarded as a supplementary light source, which can be used for fixed-point lighting and balance some brightness.
First of all, in terms of natural lighting, the area and orientation of windows should be carefully considered, and reflective sunlight plates can be set; Light colors can be used in the interior decoration of the building to increase the secondary reflected light. By these means, sufficient indoor light can be obtained and a certain uniformity can be achieved, thus reducing artificial lighting during the day and saving lighting energy consumption. As an element of architecture, lighting window should be in harmony with architectural style in art, comfortable in vision and without glare, and the problems of light, heat and sound insulation should be considered in function. Architects design lighting windows according to different architectural requirements. At present, in addition to the common side windows and skylight windows, there are also many skylight windows, such as skylight windows, daylighting windows with reflective light shields, daylighting windows with sun-tracking mirror grids and total reflection daylighting windows, showing a diversified development trend of daylighting windows.
In the past, architectural lighting design assumed that the sky was cloudy, and direct sunlight was not considered. This kind of lighting design is simple in calculation, and it avoids the problems of unstable lighting, overheating and glare caused by changeable sunshine. With the development of technology, especially the influence of energy saving, the International Lighting Committee has compiled the International Lighting Guide, which provides the design basis and standards for the design. Using the calculation method of sunny daylighting to design daylighting can reduce the window opening area by about 1.5%, which has important energy saving and economic significance. In addition, direct sunlight can not only provide people with time information, changeable sunshine and indoor plant decoration, but also increase the interest of indoor visual environment, endow people with the feeling of nature and produce a unique artistic effect.
"Natural light is always changing, which can make buildings full of various features. Under the interaction of space and light and shadow, we can create drama" ... Norman, British architect. Foster's words perfectly express the position of "light" in the designer's mind.
That's true. If we think back a little, we can count many design masters who regard "light" as an indispensable and important element in design: Corbusier and Louis. Kang, Meyer, Bei Lvming, Tadao Ando ..., Meyer used light as a pen to outline the "exquisite ink and wash" with appropriate shades, Bei Lvming's generous and delicate light shaping, Tadao Ando's "touching expression" painted on the inorganic wall with light, simple and pure breath, and showed the infinite potential of light in architectural design again and again with their shocking artistic charm.
If the amazing strokes of masters who use natural light to express space and texture give people infinite enlightenment, then the great progress in the application of artificial light technology in the living room environment shows us another world that can be done.
To express the excellent design scheme of space design by light, we should first consider the space carefully, because all architectural spaces, no matter how many advantages they have, will inevitably have some regrets. First, we should readjust their strengths and avoid weaknesses, that is, consider the secondary creation of space, in which light plays a great role in expressing this secondary creation design, such as emphasizing space, highlighting levels, blurring background boundaries and far-reaching space.
background lighting: humanize the space
the light of background lighting fills the room with soft and charming light, which humanizes the space. In order to get the ideal background light, modern lighting design uses the light reflected from the wall and ceiling, so as to avoid bright spots and avoid shadows on people's faces, thus achieving satisfactory lighting effects. Background lighting can come from wall lamps, chandeliers or high light sources such as cabinets and beams.
accent lighting: Strengthening the Prominent Light
accent lighting uses carefully arranged concentrated light beams to illuminate an object, artwork, bonsai or some architectural details. The main purpose is to achieve artistic effects. Accent lighting's design often makes viewers feel that the light is provided by a less bright light source, such as a candle or a chandelier on the wall. Embedded adjustable lighting devices, tracking lighting devices or movable lighting devices can provide accent lighting light.
The lighting can create the mood and atmosphere you expect, and achieve the most touching and dramatic effect. Because of the charm of lighting, lighting planning can be carried out according to the special situation of each room and space. Because of the different intentions and goals to be achieved, the design schemes are naturally quite different. For example, if there is no need to highlight the furnishings of furniture items in a room, it is better to use diffuse lighting to let soft light spread all over every corner, and in those areas full of art collections, the most effective way is to project the lights accurately and directly to highlight the theme.
Some public places (such as living rooms and restaurants) need a friendly and cordial atmosphere, and the best way to produce this effect is to choose traditional overhead lights or branch lights. If it can be supplemented by large French windows to absorb natural light, the effect will be better.
sometimes, lighting has some unusual uses. For example, embedding the light source inside the steps of marble stairs can produce beautiful translucent light effects. Even household lighting appliances such as table lamps, if carefully selected, will have many changes in projection effect and emotional appeal. For example, hand-made parchment lampshades and Japanese paper lamp lampshades are relatively light and transparent, and the light effect shines around through them, which is soft and ethereal; And those lampshades that are not very transparent will gather the light down, and the effect is quite different from the former. If these ornaments are missing from the lampstand or lampshade, such a rich and interesting combination of light and shadow is really hard to ask for.
The lighting design of the bathroom should be romantic or simple. The retro wall and floor tiles bring classical beauty under the radiant illumination of multi-level lights, while the local projected light introduces us to profundity.
decorative function of light in modern room design, light is no longer just a lighting function. With people's higher and higher requirements for the environment and atmosphere, the decorative effect of light is more and more used by designers. Light can be divided into cold and warm, with colors, and it has a shape after "cutting". When light is combined with other materials, it can perform moving scene effects.
the most basic light color is cold and warm. In an indoor environment, only one color light source can achieve a very harmonious effect, just like monochrome rendering, but if you want to have multi-level changes, you can consider using cold and warm light at the same time. There are countless examples of how to create a warm atmosphere by using colorful lights in modern rooms. For example, in rooms with light yellow walls and floors, warm light sources are used to highlight the warm atmosphere, while the white ceiling uses cold light sources for indirect lighting, which achieves the role of setting off the warm light sources, which is a contrast and a kind of richness. Different colors of decorative lighting have different visual effects. Illuminating white or nearly white walls with neutral white light with appropriate illumination will have a clean, spacious, bright and eye-catching effect. Under normal circumstances, bright, saturated and well-lit colored light will bring healthy, bright, luxurious and magnificent effects, while colored light with impure color or insufficient illumination will cause negative effects to varying degrees. For example, the faint yellow light will give off a dim and ambiguous atmosphere, the dim red light will render an atmosphere of depression and terror, and the dark blue-green light will cause a dark and secretive effect.
in addition, the lighting effect is directly affected by the material of the building facade. Different colors of walls with lighting give people different feelings. When painting walls, latex paint with appropriate color should be selected according to the needs and conditions. Generally, most of the walls are painted in white. Because of the strong white reflection, the room looks clean, spacious and bright, which is more suitable for small or dark rooms. Pale orange gives people a warm, pleasant, exciting and warm feeling, which is suitable for winter. If it is lighter, it will be suitable for all seasons. Red is irritating, so it is generally not suitable for painting rooms. However, if the walls are painted with extremely light pink paste and matched with various light bulbs, the whole room will create a warm and warm atmosphere; Decorating the wedding bridal chamber with red interior latex paint is even more festive and lively. Light blue or light green, the former gives people a refreshing and open feeling, while the latter has a quiet and quiet effect. Light colors can be used for rooms facing south, and warm colors should be used for rooms facing north. Roof, wall and ground should be gradually colored, just like the transition of natural environment: the sky is light blue, the field is dark green, and the land is yellow and brown.
light can also be "cut" into various shapes, or points, or velvet, or surfaces, and the edges of light can be virtual or hard, mainly depending on the shape of the light-receiving surface or the "through surface". For example, the entrance hall of a living room is relatively long and narrow, so as not to make the connection between the door or the living room look low, narrow, lengthy and dark, the designer designed it into a "light environment" by using a lot of light.
In addition, light can enhance the decorative effect of materials with texture and texture through shadow, and sometimes it will have unexpected gains. For example, the combination of light and colored glass can make almost any color and pattern show its colorful decorative effect.
In fact, the most decorative item that can affect the indoor environment is light (lighting), because it affects our life, work and leisure to varying degrees. Different forms of lighting will influence the image, tone and impression of objects or spaces. Lighting can both create and destroy the atmosphere of indoor environment.
But the actual situation is often: the architectural style and structure have been designed and put into practice, and then people