The custom of Naxi nationality
I. Residence
Naxi dwellings were generally dry in Ming and Qing Dynasties? Mulun room? , with logs vertical and horizontal, the level is as high as seven or eight feet, that is, add edge lines, cover boards, and press with stones. In the main room (ancestral room) of the wooden room, there is a stove above the ground called? Geguru？ There is a fireplace in the middle with a big iron tripod on it, which is used for boiling water, warming fire and cooking. Tourists, diners and old people are all on this stove. The fireplace is paved with wooden boards on both sides, with the main seat on the right and the guest seat on the left. You can't mix them.
In Lijiang dam area, especially Dayan ancient city, Naxi folk houses are generally tile houses with civil structures. What are the plane structures of buildings? Three rooms and one wall? Rich people also have it? Four of the five patios? The layout of. Naxi? Three rooms and one wall? The main room is high, mainly for the elderly, and the wings on both sides are slightly lower, which is for the next generation. In addition, there is a zhaobi opposite the main room, which seems to have clear priorities and coordinated layout. Patio is used for living, mostly paved with bricks and stones, and often beautified with flowers and plants. If there are houses facing the street, most of them are paved, and the owners operate or sublet them to others. The roof foundation is made of stone, the walls are made of adobe, some corners are decorated with bricks, and the upper section is surrounded by boards. The roof truss strengthens the function of crossing bucket, enhances the seismic capacity and makes the house have? Did the wall fall? The characteristics of. The roofs are all cylindrical tiles, with eaves at the front and back, and decorations at the junction of people and slopes? Hanging fish? .
Second, clothing.
The clothing of Naxi men is basically the same as that of Han nationality, but there are differences among women in different places. A woman from Bai Di, Zhongdian County, wore a double-breasted robe, a pleated skirt, a wool ribbon tied around her waist, black boots on her feet, a white-haired mountain on her back, and braided her hair. Ninglang county Yongning Mosuo woman, beautiful and generous, wearing a big cloth steamed stuffed bun, a big breasted coat, a pleated skirt that can reach the ground, and a ribbon tied around her waist. The Naxi women in Dayan area of Lijiang County have undergone great changes since they changed their clothes into diaphragms in the early Qing Dynasty. They are dressed in wide sleeves and sleeveless cloth, with cuffs smooth to the elbows and purple or navy shoulders. Wearing trousers, wearing an apron sewn with black, white and blue cotton cloth at the waist, with pleats on it and sky-blue wide edges on the bottom; Back wrap? There are two long white belts sewn on the upper end of the seven-star sheepskin, which are placed on the shoulders, staggered on the chest and tied behind the waist, which can not only keep warm, but also bear the weight. In recent years, a new type of young women's clothing has come out, which not only maintains the characteristics of ancient Naxi costumes, but also has the characteristics of modern costumes. Its main production feature is to change the waistline of the big skirt into a split or half waist waistline, and change the waistline into a long skirt, which is very popular in etiquette activities.
Sheepskin shawl is an important dress for Naxi women in Lijiang. Generally, it is made of a whole piece of pure black sheepskin, the top is cut off, the bottom is rounded, and there is a 6 cm wide black edge on it. Then, seven colored embroidered circular cloth discs are nailed on the bottom, and two white sheepskin streamers are hung in the center of each circle, representing the Big Dipper, commonly known as? Dai Yue? To show diligence. Another view is that the sheepskin with a round top and a round bottom is cut in imitation of the shape of a frog, and the Naxi people who decorate the back are called? Bamiao? , meaning? Frog's eyes are clear? This is the product of the fusion of Lijiang indigenous farmers who worship frogs and the ancient Qiang people who worship sheep to form Naxi nationality.
Third, diet.
Naxi people are used to eating three meals a day. The staple food is mainly wheat, corn and rice, and it is processed into steamed bread, steamed bread, Baba and rice. Mountain potato buckwheat highland barley hybrid, like to drink butter tea. They often eat all kinds of dishes, hot pot and large pieces of meat. The cooking skills in towns and dam areas are very high. When entertaining guests, homemade refreshments such as begonia, melons, fruits and preserves are often set before meals. Eight bowls? 、? Six bowls and six dishes? Varieties of different colors are very distinctive. How to entertain guests? Triple water? Generally, three bowls of different sizes are used to hold vegetables, forming three levels of height. In addition to the vegetables used at ordinary times, some delicious food is specially added to the menu.
Fourthly, the marriage customs of Naxi nationality.
Naxi people are monogamous, and it is forbidden to marry their families. Men and women usually get married around the age of 20, and early marriage is rare. In the old society, marriage paid attention to the right match, parents' orders, matchmakers' words, and the custom of marriage between uncles and nephews prevailed. Marriage generally goes through betrothal, wine invitation, wedding and other procedures. Engagement, Naxi? Japanese mussels? When the boy was five or six years old, his parents asked the matchmaker to bring a pot of wine to the right woman's house to be the matchmaker for his son. With the consent of both parents, the girl will be engaged on an auspicious day when she is about ten years old. And then the man's house goes to the woman's house? Wine? 、? Big wine? Gifts, such as the annual Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, winter solstice and other festivals to give gifts to the woman's home. There is a custom of not seeing the sun at weddings. A big tent was set up in the courtyard, with loose hair on the lower floor and a memorial arch to welcome the bride. The door of the woman's house is closed, singing a cross-examination song through the door, answering that the door is opposite to welcome guests, and then withdrawing relatives? Open the door. Money? . The bride said goodbye to her parents and relatives while offering sacrifices to her ancestors, crying that she was reluctant to leave her family. When the bride enters the door of her husband's house, she must cross the saddle on the right under the threshold to show that she is a member of the man's house.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) taboo
Taboos are imaginary dangers, horrible psychology, self-restriction and passive defense.
Don't wash your feet on New Year's Eve, and don't wash dishes for the reunion dinner. Avoid strangers entering the house on the morning of the first day of the first month.
Avoid leaving married women at home on New Year's Eve. Women are forbidden to get up early on the first day of the first month.
Avoid crossing the earthen white stone standing at the door, the pot stone in the fireplace and the fire in the fireplace.
Guests are forbidden to spit when they enter the room. Don't sit on the left side of the fireplace
Avoid wearing a hat and carry a hoe into the kitchen.
Make a fire and go home at night. Don't light torches in the house. Go home at night, advance to the fire pond house, and avoid the bedroom.
When the deceased is buried in the coffin or cremated, the family members should not be on the scene. In Dai Xiao, people with untidy clothes are forbidden to enter other people's houses.
Pregnant women are forbidden to lead the way for the dead. The filial piety of men and women does not eat chickens with the souls of the dead. Dongba priests avoid eating sacrifices offered to the dead.
Don't talk about dreams at night in the morning. You can't sweep the floor after sunset.
You can't whistle at home, or you think it will attract ghosts.
Avoid drinking residual wine that others have drunk. Don't shout and swear in public places, and don't cross your legs.
When you enter Naxi's house, you can't beat the owner's dog, and you can't take the initiative to enter the bedrooms of the elderly, women and girls? Flower building? .
You can't sing love songs at home.
Avoid knocking on bowls and chopsticks, turning over vegetables, or picking up vegetables continuously when eating.
Pregnant women can't climb trees that bear fruit, can't cross reins, and avoid eating meat that can't see blood.
Women's skirts can't be dried in the courtyard dam, and women can't climb the balcony and grain rack.
It is forbidden to pollute water sources, cut down water source forests and kill small animals entering the house. To avoid injury, you should spill milk or butter. You can't hurt the bees that tease your ears.
Avoid backhand to add rice and water to people. Avoid giving away your worn clothes to others.
Naxi traditional festivals
Happy Naxi Torch Festival
It is held every year from June 25th to 27th of the lunar calendar. According to legend, it is to commemorate two heavenly generals who saved Naxi people. During the three days of Torch Festival, people will go to the streets, fight bullfights, wrestle and sing folk songs in droves during the day. At night, every household should stick a lot of fire on it and put it in front of the door, or put the torch high on the top of the grain shelf or on the tree, and the torch is decorated with flowers and fruits to compete with each other; Many small torches are lit in the middle of the yard for children to play and jump. Children gather together with torches in their hands, while young men and women like to dance lusheng.
Goddess Festival of Naxi Mosuo People
The Mosuo people of Naxi nationality in Yongning, Yunnan Province set July 25th as a festival to worship the goddess. During this period, adult men and women, especially young men and women, dressed neatly one by one and held a grand ceremony at the sacrifice site. People offer sacrifices such as honey, flowers, ghee and milk residue, and burn a fire. After offering sacrifices to the goddess, everyone sat with their families and had a sumptuous picnic. Young men and women had to walk around the mountain, singing and dancing.
Sanduojie
Also called? Beiyue God? . It is held on the eighth day of the second lunar month every year. Do Naxi people sacrifice to the patron saint and god of war of this nation? Apu Sanhua? A grand festival. There are three temples at the foot of Yulong Mountain, because Yulong Mountain was once named:? Beiyue? Therefore, the temple is also called Beiyue Temple. According to Naxi folklore, in ancient times, a hunter found a strange snow stone on Yulong Mountain, so he picked it up and walked home. When he came to the present temple ruins, he put it down to rest. When he tried to pick it up, he was too heavy to lift it again. People believe that this stone is the incarnation of God, so they built a temple on the spot to worship it. Since then, people have often seen a god wearing white armor, wearing a white helmet, holding a white spear and riding a white horse, and often come to people to show their saints to protect the Naxi people from epidemics, fires, military disasters and other disasters. Is this god considered by people? Apu Sanhua? And worship as the largest and most authoritative god in the country. Naxi toast wood also built and repaired three temples, and cast three holy places, cauldron and clock, and asked the central dynasty to seal them. Sheng Da Shi Xue Beiyue Dingguo Anbang Beijing? . From then on, every year on the eighth day of February and the sheep day of August, Naxi people from far and near will gather in three temples at the foot of Yulong Mountain to hold sacrifices with whole sheep, which is called? Sanchong? Grand worship ceremony. A sea of people, cigarettes, solemn atmosphere. At that time, families will also cook at home and burn incense to worship. During the festival, teenagers can also invite each other to have picnics and outings in the wild or meeting places. 1In August, 986, the People's Congress of Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County officially made a decision to designate more than three festivals as Naxi traditional national festivals, and this decision was quickly responded by Naxi compatriots everywhere.
July mule-horse exchange meeting
The mule-horse exchange meeting in mid-July is another important festival of Naxi nationality, which is usually held on the west slope of Lion Mountain in the center of Lijiang Dam. During 7- 10 days, farmers from all over Yunnan Province and other provinces and regions came to trade agricultural and sideline products and buy famous Lijiang horses and bronzes. During the session, the listing and trading of large livestock often reaches about 10 thousand heads, which is the leading market in southwest provinces. A fixed exchange meeting place has been established in the east of Lijiang. According to the folklore of Naxi nationality, Chongren Lian, the ancestor of Naxi nationality, moved to the world after marriage, and sent Ma Hui in the sky back to his hometown. This is the origin of mule-horse exchange meeting. According to historical records, Lijiang has been famous for raising horses since ancient times? Huamaguo? Long ago, mules and horses exchanged salt and iron with merchants in Bashu and other places. In Dongba Sutra, there are also many wonderful descriptions of the life of herding horses. The book Mu Zhengshi also records that during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, Mu, the local magistrate of Lijiang, took mules and horses to pay tribute, and mules and horses were essential in the tributes since then. It can be seen that the breeding and trade of Lijiang mules and horses developed earlier. After the mule-horse exchange meeting was held, raising large livestock for sale became a very important source of income for Naxi farmers, and people who came to the meeting with mules and horses came in an endless stream, gradually becoming a major folk activity. During the meeting, activities such as horse racing and folk song duet were also organized, and there was a lively scene everywhere. Young men and women danced all night, which was intoxicating.
Sacrifice to heaven during the Spring Festival
What is Naxi called? By Benji? , meaning the first month of the lunar calendar, also known as? Library style? . The Spring Festival begins with killing pigs in winter and buying new year's goods in December of the lunar calendar, and ends on the 14th of the first month. What's on New Year's Eve? The custom of stewing pig's head and killing chickens, and all kinds of dishes and fruits should be prepared for worship? Kitchen god? , to meet ancestors? Go home? During the Chinese New Year dinner, if someone in the family goes out and doesn't come home, they should also put chopsticks on the table and leave fried candy to symbolize family reunion. At the same time, we should feed the dog rice and meat, and observe what the dog eats first, so as to predict the richness of meat and food in the coming year. After dinner, the old man told his children and grandchildren about the history of the nation by the fire pit, and then had supper. Some places have the habit of vigil. As usual, a man gets up first on the morning of the first day of the lunar new year. After washing, the first thing to do is to make a fire. A little fire means that the New Year is red and auspicious. Then, light three sticks of incense, carry a bucket and a ladle and go to the river? Buy water? Draw water downstream three times and recite it? Good luck and good weather in the new year? . After buying water, others get up and prepare offerings to worship the heavens and ancestors respectively. Women fry glutinous rice cakes, shredded milk powder and vermicelli, while men set tables and offer sacrifices in the yard. So parents presided over the ceremony to remove filth, burn incense and set off firecrackers, first facing east and then north to worship heaven and earth and pray for prosperity. However, after that, the sacrifice was withdrawn from the house to worship the ancestors. The traditional festivals and customs of Naxi people must end at dawn, otherwise they will be laughed at by the neighbors in the village as diligent. Eat vegetarian food such as fried cakes, rice wine and glutinous rice balls in the morning instead of meat. After dinner, a young man visited each other at his uncle's house or a nearby neighbor's house with a pot of wine. After that, you can hold incense sticks and wait in a nearby temple to burn incense and worship Buddha and pray for all the peace. On New Year's Day, most people don't visit, and some places pay New Year greetings to relatives with the same surname. The custom of greeting each other from the second day of the lunar new year to the non-clan relatives and friends and taking turns to treat them to dinner.
All the articles offering sacrifices to heaven are required to be dedicated and clean. For example, a chestnut tree was planted on the altar (representing God or heaven and earth), a cypress tree was planted in the middle (representing Ren Huang), and two small chestnut trees were planted in the front row (representing Chongren and his wife), all of which were sent to Gaoshan Rock Head to be cut down and put in a fixed place; What's the name of the meal to worship heaven? Shenmi? If you want to clean the white particles, you need to wash them many times; Small litres of rice and bamboo baskets full of rice should be hung in high places at ordinary times and washed before and after use; To worship heaven? God pig? Usually two pigs are fed by two families in turn. It is necessary to ensure that the big pig 120 kg and the small pig are 80 kg and 90 kg. Another example is a big incense as thick as a teacup and as long as a foot. Be sure to prepare it in autumn, wipe it before use, stick colored paper flowers in sections and let it burn day and night. Other utensils, such as retort, pot, scale, knife, hook, fork, basin, chopping board, etc. , belonging to the sacrificial group, is usually kept by the relevant residents and is not allowed to be used casually.
The Naxi people greatly enhanced the cohesion of the group and adjusted the interpersonal relationship by offering sacrifices to heaven during the Spring Festival, thus achieving the important goal of seeking peace of mind.
Baisha agricultural tools exchange meeting
The 20th day of the first month is a traditional festival of Naxi nationality in Lijiang. Is the white sand beautiful? , meaning? Open the door of Dabaoji Palace in Baisha. ? Is this the white sand handed down from the Ming Dynasty? Dabaoji Palace? (also known as Fatang)? Liuli Concert Hall? And then what? Dadingge? The annual temple fair, where people burn incense and worship Buddha. Later, it evolved into a festival mainly for exchanging farm tools, so it was renamed? Baisha farm tools exchange meeting? . It marks the end of Spring Festival activities and the beginning of spring ploughing production. At that time, farmers and urban residents of all ethnic groups, Naxi traditional festivals and Naxi customs will gather in Baisha Street, and people from neighboring villages will almost dress up to attend. Baisha street, the square in front of the temple and the road are filled with all kinds of iron, wood and bamboo farm tools. In particular, the handles of various farm tools of Huanglimu, as well as various children's toys that blow, hit, shake and play, together with countless snacks and daily necessities, are bustling and extremely crowded. There are not only various farm tools, children's toys and daily groceries at the exchange meeting, but also only once a year, so people often say that everything can be bought at this meeting except chicken toes.
Mid-Autumn Festival? Sesame cake? offer sacrifices to ancestors
Mid-Autumn Festival in July of the lunar calendar? Sesame cake? Ancestor worship, this is called Naxi? Three beauty festivals? Generally held on July 13 and 14. On the first day, I welcomed my ancestors to my home at home. I prepared several white paper bags with the frame of the scripture symbols printed on them, which contained toilet paper and folded gold and silver foil, wrote down the names of ancestors and put them on the tray, and then took incense, tea, wine and other sacrifices to welcome ancestors home by name. Then, put the above items on the altar in the main hall, add some dried and fresh fruits, cakes and flowers, and worship before dinner. When it got dark the next day, they took those white paper bags to the river and burned them. They threw the ashes and some offerings into the river, which meant sending their ancestors back to the underworld where they now live. These two days, just before dusk, everyone closed the door and it was difficult to see pedestrians on the road. It is creepy to imagine the ghosts of ancestors walking around.
Dongbahui
On the fifth day of the third lunar month, Dongba, where Naxi people live together, gathers in Yushui Village, Lijiang, the Dongba Holy Land in central China, and holds the annual Dongba Fair. On this day, Dongba people came to Dongshiluo Temple in Yushui Village early. Light incense burners, burn incense, worship God and ancestors, worship Dong Ba Zu Dong Ba Shiluo, recite scriptures and do things. Dongba Club is also an opportunity for Dongba to "compete" and show its talents. Dongba from all over the country read Dongba Sutra and danced Dongba dance according to their own style. Then, exchange experiences and learn from each other. They all love their own nation and their own culture. National cohesion and sense of national responsibility unite them and work together to inherit and carry forward the ancient Naxi culture.
Will insist
On the fifteenth day of the first lunar month every year, it is the "big society" of Naxi nationality in Lijiang. By then, Lijiang will be crowded with people, and the streets will be full of bamboo and wood farm tools, fruit trees and flowers. Bangbang Club marks the end of Spring Festival activities and the beginning of spring ploughing production. The conference evolved from the "YMCA" and was originally held in a temple. After the early Qing Dynasty, the venue was moved to Old Town of Lijiang and gradually developed into a bamboo and wood farm tool market for spring ploughing. In recent years, the trading content of fruit seedlings and flower bonsai has been increased, and the meeting place has also been moved from the ancient city to the new city. In addition to the club meeting in the county town on the fifteenth day of the first month, there is also the Baisha agricultural tools exchange meeting on the twentieth day of the first month. In Naxi language, it is called Baisha Dangmeikongpu, which means Baisha Dabaoji Palace is open. This is the annual opening of temples such as Baisha Dabaoji Palace, Liulidian and Dadingge, which have continued since the Ming Dynasty, allowing people to burn incense and worship Buddha. Later, it evolved into a traditional festival focusing on farm tools trading. There are not only various farm tools, but also children's toys and daily groceries at the exchange meeting, so as the saying goes, "you can buy anything except the head of a chicken."
Little new year
Off-year is a festival of Naxi nationality in Yongning, Ninghuo Yi Autonomous County, Yunnan Province, also known as the Year of the Ox and the Year of the Horse. It is held every year on Lunar New Year 1 1 month 12 to reward the hard work of the shepherd boy in the past year. By then. Children can get new clothes and some food sewn by their parents. Food includes. One pig's front foot, two pork ribs, eggs, flour cakes, cakes, ghee, fruit candy, etc. Children who graze for others can get the same courtesy in their host's house. During the festival, singing, dancing and horse racing bring joy to everyone. In a horse race, also known as "running cans", the rider who arrives at the destination first can have the privilege of drinking the first can of wine. At present, children are organized to watch movies, and various entertainment and sports activities are carried out, adding new content to ancient festivals.
Chaoshanhui
Worship to God in Lion Mountain on July 25th is the biggest festival of Naxi nationality in Yongning. Legend has it that Lion Mountain is the incarnation of the Yongning goddess "Mother Lidigan". She not only dominates the rise and fall of Yongning population, the rise and fall of agriculture, the increase and decrease of livestock, marriage and childbirth, but also is the first of all mountain gods, and the surrounding male mountain gods are under her jurisdiction. On July 25th every year, mountain gods from all over the world will go to Tibet for entertainment, and the goddess Ganmu will also attend. In order to make the goddess happy, pray for the prosperity of people and animals and crops, on this day, men and women in Yongning dam area, especially young people, all dressed up and gathered at the foot of Lion Mountain. Several or dozens of families burned a pile of pine branches and sprinkled sacrifices such as honey, milk and ghee to worship Lion Mountain. Bye, have fun and have a picnic. It is said that at the peak, 1000 or 2000 people took part in the pilgrimage. Some young men and women visited Lion Mountain together and slept in my apartment, taking this opportunity to socialize.
Longwangmiao club
The Dragon King Temple Fair around March 15 of the lunar calendar is not only a festival for Naxi people to sacrifice to the Dragon King, but also a grand gathering for people of all ethnic groups to exchange needed goods, which lasts for about one week. The location of this temple fair is generally set in Black Dragon Pool in Lijiang County (that is, today? Yuquan Park? In addition to farmers of all ethnic groups in Lijiang and surrounding counties, there are also some merchants from Dali, Baoshan, Kunming and even other provinces. At that time, there will be many commercial greenhouses, dazzling goods and bustling crowds. Local people rushed to buy daily loans from the mainland, while foreign businessmen mainly bought some local products, which promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between people of all ethnic groups. During the temple fair, various cultural and recreational activities such as singing Naxi folk songs, playing Naxi ancient music and horse racing were also held.
The Dragon Boat Festival of Naxi nationality has a long history. According to folklore and Dongba classics, dragons and humans were originally half-brothers, and later they were in charge of everything in the universe. Humans only have farming and livestock, and other natural things are dominated by dragons. At the beginning, people and dragons performed their duties and lived in harmony; Later, human beings continued to hurt the dragon, and the dragon retaliated against human beings, and the contradiction between the two sides intensified day by day. Through the mediation of the founder of Dongba religion and its founder Ding Bashiro, the two sides concluded a non-aggression treaty. In addition to the dragon's assistance to farming and livestock, there are many things that human beings want from dragons, and sometimes it is inevitable to violate the dragon's ban. In order to pray for blessings and eliminate disasters, human beings must hold the Dragon Boat Festival ceremony, apologize to the dragon, and pray for blessings to avoid disasters. According to legend, the Dragon King lived in the Black Dragon Pool at the foot of Xiangshan Mountain in Lijiang, so Naxi people built the Dragon Shrines here in the second year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty (1737), and often offered sacrifices and held Dragon King Temple meetings regularly, which attracted many people to attend.
Worship Lion Mountain? Dry wood? goddess
On July 25th of the lunar calendar, Mosuo people on Lugu Lake on the Yunnan-Sichuan border worship Lion Mountain? Dry wood? Grand Goddess Day, also known as? Zhuanshan Festival? . According to the myths and legends of Mosuo people, Lion Mountain stands between Lugu Lake and Yongning Dam. Dry wood? The incarnation of the goddess, who is in charge of the rise and fall of the population, the abundance of crops and the increase and decrease of livestock in this area, also affects women's bodybuilding, marriage and fertility. ? Dry wood? The goddess is very beautiful and lives in a cave at the top of Lion Mountain. All the male mountain gods around her are under her jurisdiction. Is she still alive? Asha? Married life, there are many long-term and temporary male xia, every year on July 25th, mountain gods from all over the world come here for entertainment. From the Mosuo people? Dry wood? The goddess entertained and prayed for her blessing. On this day, she will wear festive costumes and gather in front of the goddess temple at the foot of Lion Mountain for worship. Generally, there are more than 2,000 believers, in groups of a few or a dozen, burning piles of pine branches, offering sacrifices such as honey, Ciba, ghee, wine, tea and flowers, and sincerely kowtowing to worship. After the pilgrimage, they sang and danced to celebrate and had a picnic on the spot. On their way home, they often organize horse races and other activities. Some young men and women travel together around Lion Mountain or Lugu Lake, making love and singing folk songs, which is very enjoyable.