It is said that lotus root originated in India and is a perennial aquatic plant. How long has the lotus root been transplanted to central and south China? I don't know. However, two to three thousand years ago, lotus roots were planted in central Hunan, which seems to be well-founded. During the Warring States Period, Qu Yuan, a famous patriotic poet and doctor of Chu State, wrote in Lisao: "Silk and lotus are clothes, while hibiscus is clothes." This can probably be regarded as a written basis. But because of the history of lotus.

It has a long history, and there are countless common names for lotus by literati in past dynasties. We have sorted out 98 common lotus names as follows for your reference.

Lotus is lotus. Perennial aquatic herb of Nymphaeaceae, born in shallow water, with red and white flowers in summer. Er Ya: "Lotus, Lotus, alias Furong, Jiangdong Huhe." Stone: "What is the word lotus? The load says its leaves are big. "

Lotus 1, another name for lotus. Er Ya: "Lotus, Lotus, alias Furong, also known as Fu Rong." Shuowen: "Hibiscus is not a lotus flower, but a husband's face." Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica: "Lotus, the meaning of applying beauty." 2. refers to frost-resistant flowers. Jin Mu Fu of South Vietnam by Chen Jiang in the Southern Dynasties: "A thousand hibiscus plants are similar, and a hundred snuff plants are ashamed to burn again." In Song Dynasty, Su Shi's Flowers and Words in Ancient first frost: "Ten thousand plants are anti-pornography, and hibiscus is the only one." Different from lotus, it is also called hibiscus, also known as hibiscus, hibiscus and hibiscus.

Another name for lotus. Erya Cao Shi: "Lotus, Qiu Fu. ..... its flowers are actually lotus, and its roots are lotus. " Sparse: "all are the names of lotus stems, leaves, flowers and fruits." Lotus, don't be a Han. " Wang Han praised Jiuhuai Zun Jia: "Draw Pu Chenxi to sit and help Fu Fu to answer it." Wei's Ode to Luo Shen: "If you force it to be tried, it will be a green wave." Jin's "Lotus Fu": "Youchuntai is more beautiful and the lotus is more prosperous." Liu Song Fu Liang's Fu on the Lotus: "The beauty of flowers is always more beautiful than lotus." Lotus originally refers to the fruit of lotus seeds and lotus flowers. Er ya Cao Shi: "Lotus, lotus, ... actually, lotus is called a house." Shuowen says, "The truth of a husband is also true." Guo Yun "Lotus refers to the house, the house is its shell, this household is connected, and the lotus is still connected." Compendium of Materia Medica: "Lotus is connected with flowers and disasters." Ancient Yuefu Jiangnan: "Lotus can be picked in Jiangnan, and lotus leaves are sweet." "Gulefu Liancaiqu": "Lotus pickers dance gracefully." Both refer to lotus seeds and lotus leaves. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it began to refer to lotus and its whole grass. For example, Liang Wudi Xiao Yan's "Midnight Summer Song": "Lotus blooms in the south of the Yangtze River, with red light and clear water." "Broken Willow" by Xiao Yi, Emperor of Liang Yuan: "Mountains are like lotus flowers, and streams are like bright moons."

Lotus is lotus. It refers to flowers made of lotus root. Tang Zhangji's poem "Send my brother to Suzhou" says: "jathyapple citrus reticulata, autumn wind Bai Lianhua." Song Bayin and Harmony Appreciate Lotus: "Look at the lotus, the smoke is Zhu." Song Luyou's "Appreciating the Lotus with He Yuanli and Recalling the Old Tour of Jinghu Lake": "In the third watch, draw a boat through the lotus, and the flowers are four-walled boats."

Water hibiscus is a lotus flower. Qunfangpu: "Lotus is also called lotus and water hibiscus." Because woody frost-resistant flowers are as bright as lotus flowers, they are called "hibiscus" and "Manglietia". In order to clarify their differences, it is also called water hibiscus. Call this frost-resistant flower hibiscus mutabilis.

Grass, lotus, lotus. "Guangpu" "Lotus: Lotus hibiscus, a water hibiscus." Note cloud: "Du Fu's poem notes cloud: those born on land are called hibiscus mutabilis, and those born in water are called hibiscus mutabilis."

A splash is a lotus. Also known as water bloom and ancient painting Tonghua. Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica: "Lotus, Lotus, Water Blooms" Song Zhuxi's poem "Your house bought wine for Yanji on the White Lotus Marsh, Yanji has a poem, and because of its rhyme, it was presented to all the friends at the table": "Poor Bai Le" was splashed clean and covered with a cloak. "

Another name for water love. The "vegetation" in Pu Cuibao's Notes on Ancient and Modern Times: "Furong is a Iowa, a Shui Mu, a Shuizhi and a Huashui." Compendium of Materia Medica: "The classic refers to lotus seeds as the' Dan of water'." Jin Yuanhao asked "Boating on Daming Lake": "It's cool in the evening, and the water is dark and there is no way. Jiang Fei does not hesitate to smell the water, and the autumn wind and autumn dew are messy. " Qiu Jin, the heroine of Jianhu Lake, has a poem "DuiDuiQingyun": "I am so extravagant and praised, and I am so fond of reciting Ci and Fu as a bookworm. Turbid flow is in the original clean state, and the previous life is like water cheese. "

Another name for the love of Ze. Lei Ju 82 quoted Guo Pu's Er Ya Tu Zan Fu Rong Zan, saying, "Fu Yung Lai is famous for its grass, ..." Ancient and modern notes also contain the lotus alias Ze Zhi. Liu Song Bao Zhao's "Fu of Furong": "Visiting Qunying is brilliant, and the elevation is famous." Liu Song Yan Yanzhi's ode to Bi Furong: "The splendor of Ze is good at strange water." Liang Jiangyan's "Lotus Fu": "If its garden has different names, its roots and leaves are different, that is, it is called lotus, also known as Zezhi." Another name for Cao Linglian's flowers. Wei's "Fu of Furong": "I hope that the glory of Baihui will be exhausted." Wu's Preface to Lotus: "There are hibiscus, which are planted in Nakagawa." Therefore, it is called "Cao Ling".

Another name for Yuhuan Lotus. "Materia Medica" contains: "Lotus is also called Yu."

Gentleman's flower is lotus. Zhou Dunyi wrote "Love Lotus" in the Northern Song Dynasty, saying that lotus is a gentleman among flowers, so it is also called "gentleman flower". Huang Zhai's poem "Xi Liantang" reads: "In summer and June, the lotus pond is full of fragrance. I love gentleman flowers, but my flowers are like Gan Tang. " In the Qing Dynasty, Li Yiyang, the magistrate of Baoqing, Hunan Province, wrote the poem "Love the Lotus Pond": "After the robbery, the pavilion is still there, and the flowers are still lotus. This flower is called a gentleman, and it is also a person. " "Yong Lian" by Jing 'an in Qing Dynasty: "After a reward in Lianxi, a gentleman is fragrant." Qing Pu Songling's "Phnom Penh Lotus": "The shame of a gentleman in a flower is followed by a willow wave." The flower in June is lotus. The lotus blooms in June, and the people arrange the most famous flowers every month, and the lotus is the June flower. For example, Xiangtan folk song "Spend December Together" says: "... peach blossoms in March, pomegranates in April, gardenias with green leaves in May, and lotus ponds in June ..." Song Xin Qi Ji's "Don't be a lotus" says: "Red pink flowers, green cover and low wind and rain, cool in June, full of ducks in the month." Jin Zhaofeng's Lotus: "Whoever leaves jade in the open air is cool in June."

Another name for Shuigong Xianlian. Because the lotus nut is in the water, the lotus stands slim on the water like a fairy floating, hence the name. Song Zhang Lei's "Chicken's Birthday Lotus": "The ground is full of jade in autumn, and the eyes are full. Lv Yun holds a fan and shakes the handle gently. The water palace fairy fights red makeup and lightly steps on the mirror."

Netizen Lotus's nickname is also called Net Guest. Lotus is clean and spotless, so people call it a netizen. Ming Duyin's "Three Redundant Pens" contains: In the Song Dynasty, ten kinds of flowers were chosen as friends, and each flower had an elegant name, which was called a flower friend. Tea is a rhyme friend, jasmine is an elegant friend, Daphne is a special friend, lotus is a netizen, osmanthus is a fairy friend, begonia is a famous branch, chrysanthemum is a good friend, peony is a romantic friend, plum is a clear friend, and gardenia is a Zen friend. Later, some people took orchids as their friends, wintersweet as their strange friends, and Pu Tao as their Zen friends, except for jasmine, peony and gardenia. Meng Haoran, a master of Dayu Temple in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a Zen poem: "You can't know when you look at the lotus." In the Song Dynasty, Chen Liang wrote the word "New Lotus Leaf": "The gorgeous state is still quiet, who can clean up the debate?" In the Song Dynasty, Liu Guo wrote the words "He Xinlang": "Bathe in the lotus." Wang's Xiang Lian: "Lotus is pure and fragrant." Purple lotus 1 refers to the lotus whose main purpose is fruit. The uses of lotus can be divided into three categories: purple lotus, lotus root and Hualien. Purple lotus mainly bears seeds and is suitable for planting in shallow lakes and farmland. Hunan Xianglian, Fujian Jianlian and Zhejiang Xuanlian are called the three lotus seeds in China. Among them, Xiangtan Village Sanlian is the best. It has the reputation of "Xianglian is the best in the world and Tanlian Lake is the first in the south".

2, refers to Xiao He. In Xu Yuan Qiu Hua Zi Zi Lian written by Wu Yi in the Qing Dynasty, Zi Lian refers to a kind of lotus with lotus seeds and small flowers on its stems and leaves, which are now called jar lotus, pot hualien and bowl lotus.

Lotus is a kind of lotus with the main purpose of producing lotus root. Lotus roots include fruit lotus roots famous for their crispness, flour lotus roots with large amount of flour, and vegetable lotus roots with moderate crispness and flour. Lotus is widely distributed in Guo Qian, and each place has its own traditional varieties cultivated for a long time. The more famous ones are: Mao Jie and Jade-arm Lotus from Hanshou, Hunan; White lotus root (also known as Sancun) vegetable lotus root is produced in the suburbs of Hangzhou; Bubbles produced in Xiaogan, Hubei; Qingmao Festival produced by Husha Lake in Wuhan; Snow lake lotus root produced by Snow Lake in Qingcheng County, Anhui Province; Suzhou pond lotus root is produced in the suburbs of Suzhou; Hainan lotus root is produced in Guangdong.

One of the classifications of lotus in Hualien. The colors are rich and varied, including pink, pink, purple, white, light green, light yellow, golden yellow, yellow green and other colors. There are many kinds of flowers, including single petals, double petals, parallel pedicels, three pedicels and four sides. There are miniature potted flowers, potted flowers and bowl flowers. There are few or no seeds, the quality of lotus seeds is low, and the quality of lotus roots is also poor. Flowers are mainly used for viewing, so they are called Hualien. At present, there are more than 160 varieties of Hualien in China. Traditional varieties include Chiba, Chongtai, Bingdi, Pinzi, Sifang Guanyin, Lian Bi, Phnom Penh and Jinlian. Among the cultivated varieties, there are about 16 "Huangfei" from Wuhan, China Academy of Sciences.

Potted flowers, potted flowers can be planted in flowerpots or in flowerpots with smaller plants. This variety was cultivated in Jin Dynasty in China. Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty wrote in the Book of Cambodia: "... I planted several pots of (lotus) Chiba this year, and then the flowers came out one after another, and now there are more than ten." This is the earliest record of potted lotus in China. Because potted lotus can move and is suitable for landscaping, it has become the main variety of lotus in the national exhibition. At present, there are more than 60 varieties of 160 in China, with flower diameter 12- 14 cm and petals ranging from tens to hundreds to two or three thousand. Among them, the most prominent ones are beauty in the west, wave flame, spring scenery, fast-flying red, red chiba and beauty. A lotus flower with small flowers can be planted in a small pot or bowl. Under the cultivation of modern science and technology, there are more and more varieties of bowl lilies, such as Jin Wan, Hong Wan Lian, Ju Hong, Crimson Lotus, Xiao Ye Ju, Guifei, Fei Wan, Jiao Rong, Qing Fu Jiu, Little Angel, Waltz, Bright, Flower God Ruyi, Jade Bowl, Xia Wan Lian, Little Dance Princess and so on. The flower diameter is generally 8- 12 cm, and the petals are mostly compound petals, from 15- 17 petals (Little Dancing Princess) or10 petals (Red Bowl Lotus) or 125 petals (Jade

Double petal lotus is a strange species in ancient times. Bao's "Notes on Ancient and Modern Times" contains: "Hibiscus, a branch of China, is also the most beautiful. Big people have blinds. " At present, there are dozens of petals that exceed shutters in China. Such as "beautiful", red, about 126 petals; "Yan Dan holding beads," red, about 135 petals; "Hong Tailian", 200 petals of safflower; "Yangzhou Bowl Lotus", with pink flowers and petals about143; "Snow White", with white flowers and petals about 145.

Chiba lotus, also known as thousand petals lotus, refers to the lotus with many petals. Buddhism regards this as a lotus flower. "Shurangama Sutra": "Light gives birth to Chiba Baolian." Tang Li Qunyu's poem "Stone Pond of Jinshan Temple" says: "How many dragon girls offer pearls at Chiba Red Lotus High Meeting?" The variety of Chiba lotus has existed in China since the Jin Dynasty. Wang Xizhi, a great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, wrote in the Book of Cambodia: "... if we plant several pots (lotus flowers) in Chiba this year, they will bloom one after another." In summer in China, the so-called Chiba lotus refers to a double lotus with many petals, not a lotus with full petals. For example, the lotus named "Red Chiba" has about 132 petals; There are about 1 16 petals of "pink Senhime"; "White Chiba" has about 1 18 petals. Only the "Thousand Petals Lotus" cultivated in Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, with red and cup-shaped flowers, with 2,000 to 3,000 petals and a flower diameter of 18 to 2 1cm.

Five kinds of Tianhua Buddhism refer to various lotus flowers. Lotus has a wide range of meanings in Buddhism, including different genera of water lilies. The colors of lotus in Buddhist scriptures are divided into five colors: white, blue, red, purple and yellow, which are called "five kinds of flowers", of which white and blue are the most noble. He also said that five kinds of lotus flowers were transformed by five empty Tibetan bodhisattvas, and the Buddhist scriptures said:

Oriental wisdom is hidden in the void, sitting in Yudu, riding a silver cow;

The south can hide in the void, sit on the red lotus and ride the golden elephant;

In the west, I care about hiding in the void, sitting in the Bai Lianhua and riding a glazed horse;

In the north, empty and clean, sitting on purple lotus flowers and riding lions;

Get rid of the emptiness in the center, sit in the golden lotus and hold the crystal turtle.

Seven kinds of lotus in the Chinese translation of Buddhist scriptures by Qibaolian. The meaning of lotus in Indian Sanskrit and Pali Buddhist scriptures is broad, and today there are different scientific classifications, including different genera of water lilies. In fact, there are only two kinds of lotus in the "Seven Treasures Lotus", namely red lotus and white lotus, and the other five kinds refer to water lilies. The obvious difference between lotus and water lily is that the flowers and leaves of lotus are higher than the water surface, while the flowers and leaves of water lily float on the water surface.

In Buddhism in China, the varieties of lotus are divided by the number of petals, which refers to the lotus with more than ten petals.

Tianhua Buddhism refers to lotus flowers with hundreds of petals.

Bodhisattva refers to a lotus with ten million petals. This is the most revered thousand-petal lotus in Buddhism, the so-called Buddha lotus, and it is also a symbol of Buddha.

Ubbelo Sanskrit transliterates the Buddha's name of Lotus, referred to as Ubbelo for short, and is called Wubailo, Lingbailo and Ubbelo. Yu Dou, Dai Hua, Honglian, one of the Dragon Kings.

Chiba White Lotus is a multi-petal Bai Lianhua, transliterated in Sanskrit as Fantoli. It is the largest flower with hundreds of petals, also known as "Lily". Buddhist scripture says: This peanut is rare in the world in Dachi, A Xin, a Buddhist country, so it is also called "exotic flower". Buddha Sakyamuni called it "China on earth". According to Buddhist scriptures, the root of Sakyamuni's tongue emits thousands of golden lights, each golden light turns into a Bai Lianhua in Chiba, and a little bodhisattva sits cross-legged on each Bai Lianhua. Therefore, the white lotus in Chiba is a symbol of Buddha. Zhe wrote in his poem "Chiba Bai Lianhua": "Lotus peanut paste is purer than Goddess. Seeing Chiba in Linchi, I asked why. There is no horse in the sky, and a silver bottle is sent to the Buddhist temple. Qingquan raised Fang Jie and lived for me for three days. You have to go back to Brahma when you suddenly fall from the treasure bed. " At present, there are many kinds of flowers in Bai Lianhua, such as "White Chiba", "Snow White", "Lei Yun" and "Jade Bowl".

One of the lotus varieties of utpala, named for its blue color. The Sanskrit transliteration is' Youtiro', with long and narrow leaves, small round near the bottom, blue and white at the tip, and shaped like eyes. Buddhism symbolizes Buddha's eyes, so it is called "Lotus Eye". Emperor Liang Jianwen's inscription to the Buddha: "The full moon is the face and the violet is the eye." That is to say, violets are used to compare Buddha's eyes. Buddhism is also called monks and temples. Chen Ziang's poem "Appreciating Xia Ruofo" in the Tang Dynasty said: "I know there are white clouds, and I am graceful and green." That is, violets are used to compare Buddhist temples. Tang Juyuan Yang's poem "It's bitter and hot in midsummer, and my eldest grandson and I enjoy the cool in Ningju Temple": "I asked the violet guest because I voted in Qiankulin Temple." Is to compare violets to monks. Utsunomiya appeared in China in the Tang Dynasty. Liu Tang Zongyuan's "The Gift of He Bailong and Albizia Albizia, Lotus Seeds and Cucumber" said: "The lotus blooms every day this month ... and the lotus in Xilichi."

A variety of lotus in Lian Bi. Note 7: "Lian Bi-Bilianhua, one of the lotus varieties, has a white-green perianth." "Flower Mirror": "A thousand petals of blue lotus flowers are fragrant." This variety appeared in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Liu Song Yan Yanzhi's ode to Bi Furong: "The splendor of Ze is good at strange water." Among the varieties in Lian Bi, "Sage Bi Gong" has double petals, white and bowl-shaped, with about 65,438+003 petals, the tip of the inner petal is green, and the flower diameter is 65,438+06 to 20 cm, which can bear fruit, but the seed setting rate is low.

Red lotus, red lotus. China has the earliest written records, the most varieties and the most poets chanting. "Xizhou Song": "If you don't open the door, you can go out and pick red-violet flowers."

The flower names of Trollius chinensis, also known as Jin Furong and Eclipta prostrata. First seen in Liao. "Liao Yingshi Wei Zhizhong": "Every year, Daozong makes a fortune for Montenegro, worships the holy Sect, the tomb of Xingzong, and rewards the lotus flower, which is the summer resort of Xing Zi River." In the Qing Dynasty, "Ji Sheng at the Age of Emperor Jingdi" contained: "On June 6th, the golden lotus in the mountain villa was reflected on the sun, and there were several acres of golden lotus in the courtyard, and there were ten thousand copies in the world." "Guangqun Room Spectrum" contains: Wutai Mountain in Shanxi, especially outside the Great Wall, is golden in color, with seven petals and two floors. The flower heart is yellow, the pistil is broken, flat and sharp, small and long, and there are yellow petals around the flower heart. If there are several flowers on a stem, it will bloom in June and look around. It will rot golden until autumn, its seeds will be as black as millet, and its leaves will be green. Wutai Mountain records: "There are trollius in the mountain, such as real gold, which is quite terrestrial. According to legend, it is a manjusri tablet. " Check "A sea of people": "Lotus is Wutai Mountain, with smaller petals like pool lotus and real gold color, which can be dried for a long time. Those who divide the bones must order tea, one flower and one ou. Blooming in the middle is boiling, fresh and lovely, and then they will follow Gubeikou, and there will be many outside the Great Wall. They will bloom in May and June, and in autumn, the stems and plants will wither. "

Phnom Penh is the lotus of Phnom Penh. A variety of lotus. Note 8 of "Lotus" in Historical Records: "Phnom Penh is connected with Phnom Penh. Kam is a kind of lotus. The edge of the perianth is purple and the other parts are white. " Qunfangpu: "The line around the lotus in Phnom Penh is yellow." "Flower Mirror": "The brocade edge is white, and there is a line of blush or yellow halo on each side." Qing Pu Songling's poem "Jin Zan Bian Lian" says: "Elegant and light makeup can make your eyes look brand-new, so you can stay in early spring. Fill a red raw meat line and draw a green effect. "

One of the flower varieties with low light load. Jia's Notes Volume 6 Pre-Han Xia contains: "In the first year of Emperor Zhao, the lotus pond was worn, with a width of 1,000 steps. He planted branches and lotus leaves in the middle, shaped like a parallel cover. When the sun shines, the leaves are shaded and the roots are low. If the sunflower is the guardian's foot, it is called "low-light lotus". As real as Zhu Xuan. You can decorate it. The flowers and leaves are difficult to wither and fragrant for more than ten miles. The taste of food is always fragrant, and the pulse is also decorated. Imperial secretary is expensive, and you must chew at every banquet. Or cut it into clothes, or fold it to cover the sun, thinking it is funny. " Lotus flowers that unfold from leaves every month. Jia's "Collection Notes" contains: Anti-Han Emperor West Garden, "Lotus is as big as a cover, ten feet long, and it is offered to the south. Its leaves are curled at night, and there are four lotus clusters on one stem, which is called' Night Shuhe'. " It also includes Sima Yan, Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty. "Thailand (Thailand) in the first ten years, there was a floating country offering Wangshu grass, whose color was red and its leaves were lotus. It looks like a roll of lotus at close range, a comfortable lotus at a distance, and a cover. The moon will be comfortable when it comes out, and it will roll when it is not there. Planted in the palace, it is named' Wangshu Lotus Pond' because it runs through the pond with a hundred paces. In the end (Sima Ye, Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty) moved into the lake, and the Hu people returned the seeds to Hu. So far, it is absolutely gone and the pool is full. "