The Roman Empire (27-476 BC) was an ancient Roman country, officially known as the Senate and the Roman people, which occupied the whole Mediterranean at that time. Roman Empire is usually divided into pre-imperial period (the first 27 years-192) and post-imperial period (193-476), and some people divide it into the crisis period of the 3rd century (193-284). Latin was originally used in Rome, but as the territory expanded to Greece and the Middle East, Greek became the main language. Even the New Testament, then a book, was written in Greek. Due to language differences, the Roman Empire was divided into two empires, East and West, in the 5th century. Since its establishment, the Roman Empire has been expanding to the outside world and is an aggressive ancient superpower. After the establishment of the Roman Empire and the disintegration of the Triumphal League, Octavian and Anthony were in charge of the eastern and western parts of Rome respectively, and the contradictions between the two sides became increasingly fierce. In September of 3 1 year, Octavian fought Antony and Queen Cleopatra VII in Aksin, Greece. At the height of the war, the Queen of Egypt thought that Anthony had no chance of winning, so she withdrew her troops to Egypt, and Anthony also went to Egypt together. Octavian then invaded Egypt, the Queen of Egypt and Anthony committed suicide, and Egypt was also occupied by Rome. In the first 27 years, Octavian said that he would abolish all powers and restore the Republic; At the same time, he pretended to be forced by the demands of the Senate and citizens, accepted the absolute power completely opposite to the Republican system, and became the head of state (Imperator, or can be translated as "victory general"), marshal, supreme acting consul, lifelong consul, lifelong tribune, high priest, first elder, etc. , and won the title of "Augustus" and "father of the motherland". Octavian's wonderful performance declared the establishment of the Roman Empire. In the early days of the empire, Octavian established the head of state system in the first 27 years, and the Roman Empire entered the early days of the empire. During Octavian's reign, he fought against foreign countries and expanded his empire to the south of the Danube. Octavian's rule brought long-term stability for the next 100 years, which was called the Roman peacetime. Augustus died in 14, and his adopted son Tiberius succeeded to the throne and founded the Jorio-Claudius dynasty. When he arrived in Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus (from 4 1 rule to 54), he waged war against foreign countries and occupied southern England, Germania, Syria and North Africa. When Nero succeeded to the throne (from 54 to 68), because of his brutal rule, people rose up and rebelled, which led to the Jewish War. After the civil war in which some provincial governors competed for the throne, Wei Pa Mi finally established the Flavi dynasty in 69. The Flavian dynasty was ruled by Titus and Titus Flavius Domitianus, and Marcus Cocceius nerva succeeded to the throne in 1996, which created the Antoniou dynasty, also known as the era of five wise emperors. These five emperors were all modest and loved their subjects, and this period was also the most powerful period of the Roman Empire since Augustus. The Roman Empire's infrastructure such as laws, road traffic, weights and measures, and monetary system were unified in this era and spread all over the country. Some scholars praised this era as "the happiest time for mankind". The method of power alternation in the era of five wise emperors is very safe. Every emperor chooses his heir and then adopts him as his adopted son, thus avoiding political turmoil before and after the power alternation. Since these emperors were not related by blood, the Five Emperors era could not be regarded as a dynasty. The following are the five emperors of the Five Emperors era. 1Marcus Cocceius nerva in 1996-98,1Trajan in 1998-17: During his reign, he expanded his territory, and when he died, his empire reached its maximum. East to Mesopotamia, south to the Sahara desert in North Africa, west to Britain, north to the Carpathian Mountains and the northern shore of the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea has become an imperial inland sea. 117-138 The brave emperor Hadrian perfected the imperial bureaucracy. 138 ——161year Antoninus Pius: At this time, the Roman Empire reached its peak. 16 1 year-180 philosopher emperor Marcus hollier: at this time, the Parthian empire invaded the frontier many times, and the northern barbarians also took advantage of it. The power of the empire began to decline. /kloc-in 0/80, Marcus O'Leary was killed and succeeded by his son Commodus. 192, Commodus was killed and the Antoniou dynasty ended. 193-284 in the later period of the empire, with the increase of rebellion, the military strength was constantly strengthened, threatening the emperor's administration. In the past 50 years, there have been 26 military usurpers. History calls these usurpers "military emperors" and "thirty tyrants". This period is also called the crisis period of the 3rd century. After the demise of Severus Dynasty (193-235), the political situation was chaotic, and the Gaul Empire (259-273) including Gaul, Spain and Britain was formed in the west, and the palmira Empire (262-272) between Syria and Mesopotamia was formed in the east. Slave and peasant uprisings spread all over Italy and provinces. In 284 AD, Diocletian (reigned from 284 to 305) gained the imperial power, and finally cleaned up this chaotic situation. He divided the emperor's power and the whole empire into four parts, which were jointly ruled by two emperors (Augustus and Caesar), so that the Roman empire was temporarily stabilized, which was called Domininat (also called Tetrarchy). At that time, besides him, he gave Maxim another position as emperor, letting him rule the western part of the empire, and he became the emperor in the east. The supreme ruler was Diocletian. This is also considered to be the origin of the division of the Roman Empire. On the other hand, although he succeeded alone, his persecution of Christianity failed, which led to chaos again after his death. In 306, his son Constantine I proclaimed himself emperor, unified the empire and abolished the system of four emperors ruling together. Although it also strongly promoted autocracy, it chose to compromise with Christian forces, and in 3 13 AD, Milan decree was issued, making Christianity the state religion. At the same time, the capital moved to Byzantium in the east and was renamed Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). In 337, after the death of Constantine I, the battle for the throne resumed. His three sons and two nephews carved up the empire. Theodosius I (reigned from 379 to 395) was once unified, but after his death, the empire was divided into two parts: the western Roman Empire (capital Rome) and the eastern Roman Empire (capital Constantinople). People's uprisings and foreign invasions occurred one after another in the Western Roman Empire. The pagoda movement in Gaul and the excitant movement in North Africa shook the imperial regime. In 378, the visigoths defeated the Roman army, captured Rome in 4 10, and established the visigoth kingdom in the southwest of Gaul in 4 18. The Vandals established the Kingdom of Vandal-Alain in North Africa in 439. The Huns invaded Italy in 452, and in the southeast of Gaul, the Kingdom of Burgundy appeared in 457. In September 476, Odyak, a German mercenary officer, deposed romulo Augustus, the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, and the Western Roman Empire was destroyed. Theodoric, the leader of ostrogoths, led ostrogoths to defeat Odyak and become the ruler of Italy. Thus, the Italian peninsula, as the center of the Western Roman Empire, became the land of the Eastern Gothic Kingdom. The Eastern Roman Empire was destroyed by the Ottoman Empire in 1453. Strictly speaking, there is no direct legal relationship between the Holy Roman Empire and the Roman Empire. On the contrary, it appeared on the historical stage as one of the invaders of the Roman Empire. But in 962, the Vatican recognized the Holy Roman Empire as the legal successor of the Western Roman Empire, and later the Byzantine Empire in Constantinople also recognized its status. Until 1806, the Holy Roman Empire was overthrown by Napoleon I and declared to be disintegrated. Byzantine Empire (Greek: β υζνν? 0? 6 αυτοκρατορ? 0? 7α Latin: Imperium Romanum Orientale) or the Eastern Roman Empire is the eastern half of the Roman Empire that still exists after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. Generally speaking, the Byzantine Empire began in 395 AD and lasted until 1453. During its 1000 years of existence, it was generally referred to as the "Roman Empire". Although the culture and language of Byzantium are mostly Greek, Byzantium regards itself as a Roman, which is not contradictory to the Romans in East Rome. Their language is Greek, and their culture has been Greek for many centuries, but by the 7th century, their official language was Latin. The countries around them (Persian Empire and Arab Empire in the East, European countries in the West and Russia in the North) all call them Romans. If someone calls them "Greeks", it is an insult to them, because "Greeks" means "primitive people". This empire was not called Byzantine Empire until17th century. Since17th century, western historians have introduced the name Byzantine Empire in order to distinguish (actually quite different) the ancient Roman Empire from the medieval Roman Empire. This title comes from the predecessor of its capital Constantinople: the ancient Greek colony Byzantium. In the late 3rd century, the Roman emperor Diocletian introduced the four-headed system in order to manage the huge Roman empire more effectively. He divided the whole empire into two parts, an emperor in Italy and a deputy emperor in Greece. This division lasted until the 4th century. In 324, Constantine the Great re-established his position as the sole emperor of the whole empire. Constantine decided to build a new capital, and he chose Byzantium (today's Istanbul). The capital was built in 330, and Constantine called it New Rome. But most people call it Constantinople (Constantinople, meaning Constantinople). The new capital became his administrative center. Constantine was also the first emperor to believe in Christianity. Although this empire was not Byzantine during Constantine's reign, Christianity was a characteristic of Byzantine Empire and the dividing line between it and Roman Empire which believed in polytheism. Another dividing line is the Battle of Fort Hadrian in 378. This defeat and the death of Emperor Varan can be regarded as the time when the ancient empire and the medieval empire separated. Vallance's successor, Diodo Sius I (sometimes called the Great) carved up the whole empire again. In 395, he gave these two parts to his two sons, Arcadius and Honorius. Arcadius became the ruler of the East, Honorius became the ruler of the West, and his capital was Milan. From then on, this empire in the East was generally called the Eastern Roman Empire or the Byzantine Empire.

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