The ancestor of Huang was a member of Dongyi in Xia and Shang Dynasties. Because of the special geographical location, it is reasonable to be killed by Chu. On the basis of retaining the local cultural factors of Dongyi, Guo Huang culture was deeply influenced by the culture of the Central Plains, and reached a fairly high level in terms of utensils manufacturing technology, textile technology, sculpture and painting technology, and some even exceeded the cultural level of the Central Plains at that time. Its tomb system, living customs and other aspects are unique, which has a great influence on the surrounding areas. It is not only the spreading area of culture, but also the intersection and integration area of East and West, North and South cultures.
The ancient kingdom of Huang is located between the Yangtze River and Huaihe River, guarding the gateway of eastern countries to the upper reaches of Huaihe River in the west, which is the key point for southern Chu to enter the Central Plains in the north. Geographical location is very important. In the twelfth year (648 BC), the State of Huang was destroyed by the Chu people. Guo Huang belongs to Dongyi State, which lies between Chu State and Central Plains. In the course of its development, Guo Huang organically integrated the Central Plains culture, Dongyi culture and Chu culture. The study of Huang Guo is helpful for us to further understand the changes of political structure in the Jianghuai area during the Spring and Autumn Period, understand the diversity of Chinese culture, and explore the ways and processes of national cultural integration.
First of all, the origin of the Huang nationality is verified.
As for the origin of the Yellow Kingdom, according to Sima Qian's historical records, the Yellow Kingdom was after Boming (Bai Ming). Before the Qin Dynasty, the Miao grandson of Emperor Zhuan Xu was educated by a woman. Women weave, birds drop eggs, women swallow and have children. The great cause takes the son of Shaodian, and the Japanese woman is from China. Female Watson spends a lot of money, jade screen soil and water. It's done, Dixie Xuangui. Yu Shouri:? If you don't give it, you can supplement it with big expenses. ? Emperor Shun Day:? Consultation fee, praise Yu Gong, this will give you a soap trip. Then the heir came out. ? It's my wife's daughter, named Yao. Thanks a lot. Zuo Shun tamed the birds and beasts. Many birds and beasts were tamed for the sake of Baiyun. Shunci won? Later, Guo Wei was enfeoffed, including Xu, Yong, Ju, Yun Yan, Tu Qiu, Huang, Jiang, Xiu Yu, Fei Lian and Qin. However, the Qin Dynasty named Zhao Cheng as the first Zhao Fu. ? Sima Qian mentioned that Guo Xu in Jiangsu, Tan Guohe in Shandong, Li Guo in Anhui, Huang Guo and Jiang Guo in Henan, and Guo Qin in Shaanxi were governors from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period. For the ancestors who won the surname, they came from ancient eastern tribes in history and were descendants of Shao Wu. This is a tribe that worships birds as totems. Zuozhuan? In seventeen years, Tan Zi was telling the story of his ancestors to Lu and the people of Lu, which made Confucius admire Tan Zi and learn with an open mind. Tan Guoqi and Huang Tongzong have numerous surnames. It can be seen that the identification of Sheng surname in history books is reliable.
There is also a view that Huang Guo, who won the surname, is the first in Shandong after Zhu Rong, and Huang Ren is also behind Shandong. Joe's Tongzhi? Brief introduction of clan:? Won the surname Huang, and was sealed in Huang after Lu Zhong. Today, there is an ancient city of Huang in Gwangju, twelve miles west. Chu and the country are also. Twelve years, it was destroyed by Chu, and the descendants took the country as their surname. Also won a surname of fourteen. Chu Youchun Shen Jun, Huang Xie also. ? On this basis, many Huang genealogies also use this theory to trace the origin of his surname. Huang Family Genealogy in Puyang, Fujian, Huang Family Genealogy in Jiangxia, Taiwan Province, and Huang Family Genealogy in Xinghua Military City, Jiangxia, Taiwan Province also recorded that Boyi's second son, Lu Zhong, lost his country with his younger brother Taikang, and his younger brother was sealed in Huangzhou, 20 miles west of Dingchuan, Henan. As a matter of fact, there is no record of Lv Hou being sealed by Huang in the ancient books of the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties. The credibility of this statement remains to be verified.
The original activity scope of the Won surname family was in today's Shandong area. During the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, there were large-scale military operations to attack Dongyi and Huaiyi tribes. Under the military attack in Xia and Shang Dynasties, Dongyi tribe moved south to Huaihe River basin, and then moved west to Jiangsu, Anhui and even western Henan. Among them, the westernmost are Huang Guo and Jiang Guo. Huang Guo's predecessor should be one of the Jiuyi mentioned in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, right? Huang Yi? .
To sum up, the distant ancestor of Sheng's surname should be a descendant of Xiao Wu from the Oriental tribe. By the time of Shun and Yu, his near ancestors, Boyi (Boming) and Yan surname, were sealed in Shandong and the middle and lower reaches of Huaihe River at the same time, so Qin, Xu, Tan, Ju, Huang, Jiang and other countries were of the same ancestry. Won tribe and other tribes in the East are regarded as barbarians in the East by Xia people, businessmen and Zhou people. Huang Guoyuan was originally a yellow-clothed man who lived in the Huaihe River valley during the Xia and Shang Dynasties. Under the military pressure of the Xia and Shang Dynasties, he moved westward to the junction of Anhui and Henan. This is the predecessor of the State of Huang in the Zhou Dynasty.
Second, the rise and fall of Huang Guo
In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Cai Shu and others cooperated with the adherents of Yin to rebel, and the tribes of Dongyi were also moved by the news. Duke Zhou was ordered to crusade eastward. After pacifying the rebellion between Guan and Cai, they moved eastward to cut. Those Dongyi or Huaiyi tribes that were considered by the Zhou Dynasty to be the most dangerous and stubbornly resisted to the end were finally completely eliminated, while those who submitted to the Zhou Dynasty and those who were not involved in the war were rewarded. At that time, Huang Guo, who had entered the upper reaches of Huaihe River, was in a sober wait-and-see state in this war, so it was preserved and was named as an alien country as the southern barrier of the country named Ji in Zhou Dynasty.
When Huang was mentioned in Chunqiu and Zuozhuan, what were their names? Yellow? Or? Yellow race? I didn't see his title, Huangchuan County Records said: After the pacification of Dongyi, it became a vassal state, and Huang was one of the vassal States at that time, making him a viscount. ? 1983, in Baoxiang Temple, Guangshan County, about 20 kilometers southwest of the old city of Huang Kingdom, the tombs of Huang couples were excavated, and the title of Huang Guojun was confirmed. Mrs. Huang? , its date:? Huang Zi is Huang Fu (husband) walker? . Mrs Huang was Huang Guojun's first wife. This jar was made by Huang Guojun for his wife. What's the date today? Huang Zi? , you can confirm its title. There is no specific time about the demise of Huang Guo in historical materials. Judging from the current situation in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, the time for the Huang State to accept the Zhou Dynasty's seal of state should be after it became a king and the Duke of Zhou's eastward expedition ended. The Zhou Dynasty enfeoffed these countries with different surnames in order to separate Dongyi from Huaiyi, so as to gather people's hearts and stabilize the situation in the Huaihe River basin. Of course, the politicians in the Western Zhou Dynasty were uneasy about these countries with different surnames, so they set up countries such as Jiang, Shen and others nearby to monitor and contain these countries. Guo Huang takes today's Huangchuan County as the center, and its area includes all of today's Huangchuan County, most of Guangshan County, luoshan county County, Xinyang County and Shangcheng County, and the northeastern edge of Hubei. In addition to the tombs of Huang and his wife excavated at 1983, the tomb of Huang Ji's father was excavated at Swan Pier, which is located at the northwest of 1988 165 meters, about 670 BC. This proves that this is Huang's royal cemetery in the early Spring and Autumn Period. Two batches of bronzes from the Spring and Autumn Period were also found in Gaodian Township, Luoshan. The first bronzes had inscriptions on their plates and chests? What about Hou? , belongs to the yellow kingdom aristocrat, Hou Jun is its title. There are five bronzes in the second batch? Hou Ji stayed in the car? The inscription also belongs to the Huang family. Also unearthed in Xinyang Yanghe? Hou Zhongzi? Copper cutting. It shows that the fief of Huang Houguo is between Luoshan and Xinyang, and the state of Shen is connected to the west. From this point of view, Huang Guo really belonged to one of the larger countries between Jianghuai at that time. Its old capital is near today's Huangchuan County. Archaeologists discovered the ancient city of Huangchuan in a township about 6 kilometers west of Huangchuan County, Henan Province. It is one of the well-preserved capitals of vassal states in China.
The record of the state of Huang first appeared in Zuo Zhuan, which began in the eighth year of Huan Gong. Zi Chu joined the princes in Lu Shen. Yellow, use no to make the seal yellow. ? Pet-name ruby This is the first time that Chu joined the northern governors as a master and conquered the northern vassal states for the first time. Zi Chu chose to date the vassal of Lu Shen (now Zhongxiangdong, Hubei), but Huang Guo and Sui did not attend the meeting. The Chu army went north along the Hanshui River valley to retaliate against Huang Guo and Sui. This time in the Northern Expedition, Chu wanted to test the strength of the vassal states in the Huaihe River basin, but also to test their combat effectiveness, so they didn't take the opportunity to attack Huang Guo eastward. After the defeat of the State of Chu and the State of Sui, they met and left, so that they escaped.
King Wen of Chu and his reign accelerated the pace of the Northern Expedition, and began to conquer and annex the vassal States between the Jiang, Han and Huaihe River basins, successively seeking to follow, publicizing, requisitioning Cai, dying and destroying Deng. After conquering the small country between Jiang and Han, the strength of the Chu people greatly extended to the north, and with Jiang and Han as the main front, they marched eastward along the Huaihe River. Cut the yellow, defeat Huang in Beiling? . This time, the Yellow River was cut down in order to repay the anger that Huang refused to listen to the call of the Chu people 30 years ago. In fact, the main reason is that the Chu people intend to get through the channel from the Yellow Kingdom to the middle reaches of the Huaihe River, so that they can smoothly enter the small country in the middle reaches of the Huaihe River eastward, or they can go north to the Central Plains to directly confront the big countries in the Central Plains. It may have been strongly resisted by the yellow race. Although it was defeated by the yellow race, it had to retreat. After this attack, the Huang people had to seek protection from the northern powers in order to protect themselves. In the second year, the great powers of the Central Plains, such as Qi and Song, joined forces in Guan (now south of Shandong County) and mainly discussed how to deal with Chu, which was advancing northward. When Huang heard about it, he also joined the alliance. ? Through the alliance, it turned out to be Jiang ren and Huang ren. ? (4) Jiangren and Ren Huang didn't have much contact with the Central Plains, but at this time, Qi Huangong, the northern feudal overlord, intended to bring the small country between the Central Plains and Chu into his own protection in order to isolate Chu. The two sides hit it off and naturally joined the Northern Group. In 656 AD, the allied forces of Qi, Lu, Song, Chen, Wei, Zheng, Xu and Cao attacked Chu and its ally Cai Guo. Under the pressure of central plains governors, Chu people and central plains governors formed an alliance in Zhaoling, which is a famous alliance in history. After the armistice of the former governors, the following year King Chu Cheng took Wen Zi as the general and led his troops to destroy the strings. Black boy ran to the Yellow River. So Jiang, Huang, Dao and Bai Fang lived in harmony and got married. Black boy relied on it but ignored Chu, didn't equip it, and died like this? After the death of Xian, the land was owned by Chu people, so at this time, the territory of Chu has been bordered by Huang. Five years later, the Chu people took it? Yellow people don't belong to Gong Chu? Then cut it off. In the second year, the Chu people finally destroyed the state of Huang. The state of Huang was founded in the early Zhou Dynasty and existed for more than 400 years.
Explore the reasons for the demise of Huang Guo, Zuo Zhuan? Twelve years of public saying:? The Yellow Man relies on the sum of governors and the harmony of qi, and does not * * * the post of Chu. What day? If you are 900 miles away from me, how can you hurt me? ? So it was destroyed by Chu. Between the lines of Zuo Zhuan, it is revealed that the death is due to the fact that the Huang people rely on an alliance with Qi instead of paying tribute to the Chu people. Gu Liang Biography holds that the State of Qi pulled Huang into the Central Plains Alliance, which led to his early death. So the legend of Gu Liang says:? Guan, Guanzhong Day:? Ginger and yellow are close to Chu, and Chu is a unique country. If it is cut down and cannot be saved, there will be no princes. ? Huan Gong refused to listen and made an alliance with him. Guan Zhong died, and Chu cut down the river to destroy the Yellow River. Huan Gong couldn't save it, and the gentleman was innocent. ? Attending to the death, of course, is related to Huang's reliance on the Qi League instead of being close to the Chu people and neglecting to guard against the Chu people, but the more direct reason comes from the Chu people's ambition to monopolize Jianghuai and dominate the Central Plains. When Chu people broke through Jianghan area and occupied southwest Henan, the small country here was unable to confront the powerful Chu people, and the central plains governors could not rescue them in time. It is also reasonable for these countries to be eaten by Chu one by one. No matter whether the Yellow Kingdom allied with the Central Plains, whether the Yellow People paid tribute to Chu, and whether the Yellow People stepped up their guard, they could not escape the fate of being destroyed. Judging from the situation at that time, even the more powerful northern countries such as Chen Guo, Cai Guo and Guo Xu, Chu was destroyed several times, and the situation was as small as Huang Guo. We say that it is imperative for the kingdom of Huang to be destroyed by Chu, mainly because of its important geographical position. If occupied, the Chu people opened the doors of countries in the middle reaches of the Huaihe River and cleared the biggest obstacle south of the Huaihe River, thus providing great convenience for entering the Central Plains in the future.
After the demise of the Yellow Kingdom, the State of Chu did not exterminate the yellow race, but left its people on the yellow land. According to the existing "Shu Ming" cloud: But grandson Huang made the tripod by your uncle? Mr. yang bojun textual research said: after the cover was destroyed, the descendants continued to seal it, so it was called? Huang Sunzi? Also, the Ministry, the following, and the continuation. Uncle Dan is the king who began to renew the seal, so when is it? Jun? . ? After Chu, the descendant of @ Ren Huang, there were also officials in Chu, the most famous of whom was Huang Xie, one of the four sons of the Warring States Period.
Third, the cultural characteristics of Huang Guo
Due to the special geographical location of the Huang State, its culture has both the cultural factors of the East or the West, the obvious cultural characteristics of the Central Plains, and the influence of Chu culture to a certain extent. Through the integration of multi-cultural factors, Huang Wenhua has formed his own unique cultural tradition and demonstrated extraordinary cultural achievements.
With the continuous discovery of archaeological relics, there are a large number of high-tech bronzes handed down from generation to generation in Huang State. Compared with other small and medium-sized countries in the same period, Huang's bronze casting technology is much more sophisticated and its economy is quite developed. The bronzes handed down from ancient times include Huang, Huang Ding, Huang Hu, Huang Dou, Mrs. Huang Yi, Mrs. Huang Meng Jiwei, Huang Taizi Bai, Shan Pan, Shan Guai and Hou Ji Su Che Hu. From the archaeological point of view, at present, the two tombs with the greatest influence and the most unearthed cultural relics can best reflect the cultural characteristics and status of the State of Huang, namely, the burial tomb of Huang Junmeng's daughter in Baoxiang Temple in Guangshan County and the adjacent burial tomb of Huang Ji's father. Judging from the tomb system and unearthed cultural relics, Huang culture has the following characteristics:
1. Compared with other contemporary cultures, Huang Wenhua is unique.
The jade 185 pieces unearthed from Mr. and Mrs. Huang's tomb are of good quality, good transparency and small and thin shape. Because of the structure of materials, their shapes are beautiful. Jade carving head, jade carving animal head, jade Yuanyang and other individual three-dimensional round carvings are rare jade carving crafts. There are more than 100 metal springs in Huang Ji's father's tomb, which is the earliest specimen of metal springs in the world. ? Mr. and Mrs. Huang's tomb A batch of bronzes unearthed are all copper, which is quite different from other turquoise bronzes in the early Spring and Autumn Period. Moreover, the production is exquisite and the wall is thin, which creates a practical style of bronze casting after the mid-Spring and Autumn Period. It is particularly worth mentioning that the bronze seal box found in Mrs. Ji's tomb is the first time in China. Mrs Huang's painted coffin is also the earliest physical object in China. The jade carving of human head and the jade ring of Fuxi Nuwa snake head are precious materials for studying the costumes, races and mythological worship at that time. Ji Meng's complete hairstyle and real hair are special cases of archaeology in the Spring and Autumn Period. Six pieces of purple embroidered silk woven from silk provide valuable information for the history of silk textile in China. Bamboo flute is the earliest bamboo wind instrument found in China so far. The age of the tomb was shortly before 648 BC, and the funerary objects in the tomb became the standard objects of China archaeology in the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period. ?
2. Inheriting the cultural characteristics of the Central Plains
The wooden tombs with vertical holes in earthen pits were popular among the nobles of the Yellow Kingdom, which obviously adopted the funeral customs in the Central Plains culture. Judging from the combination of tripod, bean, pot, dish and wheel, the bronze wares of the State of Huang are similar to those of the cemetery of the State of Guo. The tripod unearthed from Huang Xun's tomb is also Zhou-style, and it is a cultural custom to fill the tomb with green paste and mud in Jianghan area in the south. The objects in the tombs of Mr. and Mrs. Huang Jun are mostly similar to those in the tombs of the Central Plains in shape and decoration. On the whole, the style of the artifacts is close to the Central Plains, which inherits the simplicity and massiness of Zhou Culture. Huang culture is dominated by Central Plains cultural factors, which is related to the long-term close relationship between Huang people and Central Plains. 1966, Jingshan Sujialong, 1972 Chinese artifacts were found in Zeng's wares in Xiongjialaowan, Suixian County, among which Ding unearthed in Xiongjialaowan, Suixian County has? Huang Ji wins Baoding, and his long-lived descendants will always enjoy it. ? What else was unearthed? Uncle Ji? , inscription cloud:? Ji Shu needs a yellow list, and Zeng Hou is Ji Shu and Joan Pu. Its descendants will use it forever. ? @ Prove that Huang married Zeng.
3. Retain the original Dongyi cultural factors.
It's a common phenomenon that Huang Xun's tomb has two ding's coming out at the same time. Strange, strange bean doll? The etiquette of governors is different from that of Jiuding or Ding Qi. Two pieces of folk art buried with Lady Huang's tomb are more common in Shu Qun's hometown in western Anhui and Jianghuai area. This kind of Huaiyi-style pot mostly has a curved waist, which has local characteristics. The bronze inscription in front of the tomb of Mr. and Mrs. Huang Jun reveals the cultural psychology of foreigners. Huang Jun, people who make their own goods call themselves? Huang Jun? It shows that his status as the monarch of the Yellow Kingdom is different from that of the self-proclaimed "Bo, Gong and Hou" in the Central Plains countries. Because his wife is a woman surnamed Ji with the same surname as Zhou, and Huang Jun is a wife, but they are all called? Huang Zi? Because Zhou named Huang a viscount. This kind of behavior, on the one hand, is out of consideration for the relationship with the Northern Zhou Dynasty, but on the other hand, Huang is marginalized and independent, but he does not think that his angelica belongs to the rule of the Zhou Emperor, which reflects the cultural psychology of Dongyi people since Xia and Shang Dynasties.
4. The unique culture of the Yellow Kingdom shows the process of cultural blending between the North and the South, and has a far-reaching impact on neighboring countries.
There are sealed mounds of earth several meters above the ground on the tombs of Huang couple and Huang Ji's father, which are the earliest underground excavations and above-ground tombs in China. On the land of ancient Chu, the mound tomb system was adopted. And China's ancient Central Plains generally followed? A grave instead of a grave? Cultural tradition. These two cultures exchanged in the Huaihe River basin, thus blending into the Yellow Culture. This burial system eventually became the most typical burial method in China. Mr. Li Xueqin compared the burial tomb of Mr. and Mrs. Huang Xun discovered in Guangshan with that of Mr. and Mrs. Fan discovered in Pingqiao. What do you think? These two tombs are located at the southern tip of today's Henan Province, on the horizontal line of 320 north latitude. They * * * are similar in that they are buried together in a pit lined up by two people. Since Fan Jun is Chu, why is his tomb system similar to that of Huangling? Guess this is because of Mrs. Fan. Mrs. Fan is the winner of the Dragon, and only Jiang and Huang are the winners in the local area. She is probably the daughter of Jiang, Huang and even Huang Guogong, so she brought her family's customs there? The tomb of Baoxiang Temple represents the customs of Huang State and has a far-reaching influence on the surrounding areas. ?
To sum up, on the basis of retaining the local cultural factors of Dongyi, the Huang culture was deeply influenced by the Central Plains culture, and reached a quite high level in the aspects of utensils manufacturing technology, textile technology, sculpture and painting technology, and some even exceeded the cultural level at that time. Its tomb system, living customs and other aspects are unique, which has a great influence on the surrounding areas. It is not only the spreading area of culture, but also the intersection and integration area of East and West, North and South cultures.
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① Sima Qian: Historical Records, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1997, l 17-l 15. (2) Zheng Qiao and Wang Shumin proofread Tongzhi, Zhonghua Book Company, 1995, p. 64. ③ Editorial Committee of Huangchuan County Records: Huangchuan County Records, Press, 1992, p. 7. ④ Pondering: Henan Provincial Records, Henan People's Publishing House, 1993, p. 56 1. ⑧ ⑨ Hong: Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhonghua Book Company, 1987, pp. 222, 249, 278 and 290. ⑦ ① Biography of Spring and Autumn Valley (Thirteen Classics), Beijing Yanshan Publishing House, 199 1 year, pp. 1889, 1896. ⑨ Yang Bojun: Notes on Zuo Zhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhonghua Book Company, 198 1, pp. 34o-34l. Participated in Xinyang Local Records Compilation Committee: Xinyang Local Records, Publishing House, 1992, p. 793. Attending Guo Moruo: Textual Research on Two-week Bibliography of Jinwen Ci, Science Press, 1957, p. 165. Attending: Li Xueqin: Some Issues on the Huangguo Tomb in Guangshan, Archaeology and Cultural Relics, No.2, 1985.