Huang Daopo was a cotton weaver in Yuan Dynasty. Also known as Huang Po. Songjiang Wunijing Town (now Huajing Town, Shanghai County) people. Born in poverty, he was forced to flow to Yazhou (now Hainan Island) under the pressure of his family. He took Taoism as his home, worked and lived among Li sisters, and learned to use cotton-making tools and weave cliff quilts. During the Yuan Dynasty (1295- 1296), he returned to his hometown and taught people to make cotton in Wunijing Town, east of Songjiang Prefecture, and taught and popularized "keeping (stirring the car, that is, cotton gin), bowing cotton, spinning (spinning wheel) and weaving (loom). The quilt towel she knitted is like a phoenix chessboard with branches stacked on it, which looks like writing. " People in Wunijing and Songjiang areas quickly mastered advanced weaving technology, and for a time, "Wunijing spread like wildfire, spreading all over the country". At that time, Taicang, Shanghai and other counties followed suit. Cotton textiles are brightly colored, showing the prosperity before the air. After Huang Daopo's death, Songjiang Prefecture became the largest cotton textile center in China. Songjiang cloth has the reputation of "clothes under the sky". Thanks to her kindness, Songjiang people set up a shrine for her in the second year of Zhiyuan in Shun Di (1336) and enjoyed the sacrifice 18 years old. Later, due to the war, the temple was destroyed. In the 22nd year of Zheng Zheng (1362), villager Zhang Shouzhong rebuilt it and asked Wang Feng to write poems. In the sixth year of the Ming Dynasty (1626), ning guo si had a sculpture. During Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty, there was a small temple in the northwest lane of Duhelou in Shanghai. Huang Daopo's Tomb is located in Dongwan Village, north of Huajing Town, Shanghai County. 1957 reconstruction, with stone tablets. In downtown Shanghai, there used to be Xianmian Temple and Huangdaopo Temple. In Shanghai Yuyuan Hospital, there is a Houwen Weaving Pavilion which was used as a cloth place in Xianfeng period of Qing Dynasty, and was the founder of Huang Daopo. In Wunijing, Huang Daopo's hometown, the ballad "Huang Daopo, Huang Daopo, teach me yarn, teach me cloth, two tubes and two pieces of cloth" is still sung.

brief introduction

Huang Daopo, also known as huangpo, was born at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, about 1245, in Wunijing Town, Songjiang Prefecture (now Dongwan Village, Xuhui District, Shanghai). Huang Daopo was born in a poor peasant family. Under the pressure of life, she was sold to others as a child bride at the age of twelve or thirteen. During the day, she worked in the fields, and at night, she knitted and knitted until late at night, and was inhumanely abused by her in-laws and husbands. Heavy suffering destroyed her and tempered her. On one occasion, Huang Daopo was beaten by her in-laws and her husband, and was locked in a woodshed, where she was not allowed to eat or sleep. She couldn't stand this inhuman torture any longer and decided to run away and find another way of life. In the middle of the night, she dug a hole in the roof and escaped, hiding in a seagoing ship moored by the Huangpu River. Later, I went with the boat to Yazhou, Hainan Island, which is now Yaxian County, Hainan. In feudal society, a young woman who had never been far away was alone in a foreign land, living in a remote place, helpless and facing difficulties. However, the simple and enthusiastic Li compatriots sympathized with Huang Daopo's misfortune, accepted her, gave her a place to live, and taught her their textile technology without reservation in her working life. At that time, Dan Li, Li ornaments and saddle towers produced by Li people were famous at home and abroad, and the cotton textile technology was advanced. Huang Daopo is smart and diligent, learning textile technology from Li compatriots with an open mind, integrating the textile technology advantages of Li and Han nationalities, becoming an outstanding textile expert in Zhejiang, being very popular in the local area, and forming a profound friendship with the Li people. I have lived in the Li nationality area for nearly thirty years. However, Huang Daopo always misses his hometown. During the Yuan Dynasty, about 1295, she returned to her hometown from Yazhou and returned to Wunijing. When Huang Daopo returned to his hometown, cotton planting had been widely spread in the Yangtze River valley, but the textile technology was still very backward. After returning, she devoted herself to reforming the backward cotton textile production tools in her hometown. With decades of rich textile experience, she passed on her exquisite knitting technology to the people in her hometown without reservation. While teaching the women in their hometown to learn the cotton spinning technology of Li nationality, they also started to reform a set of tools for grasping, bouncing, spinning and weaving: removing seeds, stirring cars, bouncing cotton stalks and pedaling three-spindle spinning wheels. Although she died a few years after returning to her hometown, her efforts promoted the rapid development of the local cotton textile industry. Huang Daopo created a new spinning wheel in spinning technology. At that time, Songjiang used an old-fashioned single spindle spinning wheel, which was very inefficient. It takes three or four people to spin to meet the needs of a loom. Huang Daopo and carpenter Bo, after repeated experiments, changed the pedal spinning wheel used for spinning hemp into a three-spindle cotton spinning wheel, which improved the spinning efficiency by two or three times at once, and the operation was also very labor-saving. Therefore, this new type of spinning wheel is easily accepted by everyone and quickly popularized in Songjiang area. Huang Daopo not only made an important contribution to the reform of cotton spinning tools, but also combined his practical experience with the weaving technology learned from the Li people, summed up a set of advanced weaving technologies such as "wrong yarn, color matching, heald and bursting" and enthusiastically taught them to people. Therefore, at that time, the cotton fabrics produced by Wunijing, such as quilts, mattresses, belts, quilts, etc., all had various exquisite patterns such as broken branches, flocks of phoenix, chess games and characters, which were lifelike and picturesque. For a time, the "black mud well quilt" spread like wildfire, and nearby Shanghai, Taicang and other places competed to follow suit. These textiles are exported to all parts of the country and are very popular. Soon, Songjiang area became the center of the national cotton textile industry, which lasted for hundreds of years. /kloc-At the beginning of the 6th century, local farmers knitted tens of thousands of pieces of cloth a day. From18th century to19th century, Songjiang cloth was exported to Europe and America and gained a high reputation. At that time, Songjiang Buyi was known as "clothes all over the world", which of course condensed Huang Daopo's painstaking efforts.

evaluate

Huang Daopo, a great textile innovator and his outstanding contribution, is not recorded in the official history of feudalism, which is a pity for the universality of China history. But people just say, "yellow, yellow, teach me yarn, teach me cloth, two bobbins and two pieces of cloth." This is a ballad handed down from generation to generation by the working people in Shanghai. This ballad praises people's gratitude for Huang Daopo's outstanding contribution to China's cotton textile technology. Huang Daopo's great contribution to cotton textile technology has won the deep love and permanent memory of the local working people. After Huang Daopo's death, a grand public burial was held, and an ancestral temple named Xianmian Temple was built for her in Wunijing Town. Later, ancestral temples were built for her in many other places (the Queen Mother Temple was built in the port town of Shanghai County), which expressed the gratitude and nostalgia of the working people for this pioneer in the cotton textile industry. After liberation, in order to commemorate this outstanding working woman, the Shanghai people renovated Huang Daopo's tomb in April 1957, and set up a new tombstone to engrave her brilliant achievements. Huang Daopo is an outstanding example of hardworking, intelligent, friendly and selfless working women in ancient China, and her name and achievements will be remembered forever.

Lu Rongting (1859- 1928) was born in Wuming County, Guangxi, nicknamed Yalai, Zhuang, and the leader of the old Guangxi Youth League. When I was a teenager, I went begging in other places because my family was poor. During the Sino-French War, he joined the army to enforce the law. After the Sino-French War, he drifted to the border and became a famous ranger leader. Later, he joined the Qing army and changed his name to Rongting. Successive band leader, band manager, conductor and company commander. 1907 suppressed the uprising in Zhennanguan (now Friendship Pass) led by Sun Yat-sen and Huang Xing, and was later promoted to the prefect of Guangxi. 19 1 1 year 1 1 month After Guangxi declared its independence, it served as the deputy governor and governor of Guangxi. 19 13 suppressed the Liuzhou Uprising, killed Liu Zhanxiang, the leader of the Guangxi Department of the League, and was promoted to General Wu Yao by Yuan Shikai. 19 16 because of the conflict with Yuan Shikai, he called on the whole country to protect the country and beg Yuan, sent Yuan Shikai to attack Yunnan, disarmed through the Long Jianguang Department in Guangxi, and took the opportunity to capture Guangdong. 19 17 took refuge in president Li and was appointed as the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi to manipulate the military and political power of Guangdong and Guangxi. In the summer of the same year, Sun Yat-sen established a military government to protect the law in Guangzhou, with Sun Yat-sen as the marshal and Lu Rongting and Tang as the marshals. Lu Rongting colluded with the Department of Political Science, reorganized the General Political Department into a presidential system, and elected Sun Yat-sen and Lu Rongting as presidents and Cen Chunxuan as presidents, in an attempt to crowd out Sun Yat-sen and steal real power. 1920 was defeated by the Guangdong army and took refuge in Beiyang warlords. 1921June, the Guangdong-Guangxi war broke out, Gui Jun was defeated, and Lu Rongting was forced into exile in Shanghai. 1922, Chen Jiongming defected to Sun Yat-sen, and Lu Rongting returned to Guangxi, stationed in Guilin, and served as Guangxi frontier supervisor. 1924 was expelled from Guangxi by Li Zongren and others in September, and 1928+0 1 died in Shanghai. At the age of 69.

Bai Chongxi (1893- 1966) was born in Lingui County, Guangxi, a Hui nationality. The Kuomintang has newly contacted the main generals of the warlords. 19 16 After graduating from Baoding Military Academy, he joined the Lu Rongting Army as the company commander. 1924 was incorporated into the yellow department as a battalion commander. Later, he took refuge in Li Zongren, participated in the melee between warlords of Guangdong and Guangxi, and unified Guangxi with Li Zongren and other countries in 1925, becoming one of the main leaders of Jia warlords. 1926 Participated in the Northern Expedition of the National Revolutionary Army, served as Deputy Chief of Staff of the Northern Expeditionary Army General Command and Commander-in-Chief of the former enemy of the Eastern Route Army, and moved to Hunan, Jiangxi and other provinces, making repeated military exploits. 1927 followed Chiang Kai-shek to rebel against the revolution, brutally suppressed the revolutionary movement and massacred party member. 1929, Li and Huang Xu united against Chiang Kai-shek, and the Chiang Kai-shek War broke out. After the defeat of Guangxi, Bai Chongxi, Li Zongren and Huang Xu hid in Guangxi for a long time, organized "protecting the party and saving the country" and continued to oppose Chiang Kai-shek. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression served as Deputy Chief of Staff and Minister of Military Training of the Kuomintang Military Commission. During the War of Liberation, he served as Minister of National Defense of Kuomintang government and Chief Military Officer of Central China. 1950 defeated Taiwan Province province with remnants of the Kuomintang. 1966 died in Taipei at the age of 73.

Wei Baqun (1894- 1932) was originally named Wei Binggan. Guangxi Donglan, Zhuang nationality, leader of peasant movement. 19 16 1 month, with a rate of 100, more than one person went to Guiyang to join Shi Kai, the representative of the National Defence Force, as deputy commander and staff officer. 1920 1 1 served as the deputy head of the political group of Guangxi gay association in Guangzhou. 192 1 in September, he returned to Donglan, set up a peasant self-defense force, and led agricultural forces such as Donglan and Fengshan to attack Donglan County for three times. 1925 entered the third workshop of peasant movement founded by China * * * Production Party in Guangzhou, and returned to Donglan to lead the peasant movement in the same year, and established the "Donglan Workshop of Peasant Movement" to spread Marxism-Leninism and cultivate the backbone of the peasant movement. /kloc-in the winter of 0/926, he joined the producers' party in China. 1In August, 927, he led the peasant riots in four counties of Dongfeng Bailing (referring to Donglan, Fengshan, Lingyun and Baise). 1929 served as deputy director of Guangxi Agricultural Association Office, member of Donglan County Committee and director of County Revolutionary Committee, and 12 took part in leading the baise uprising. He has served as a member of the front committee of He Jun, a leader of a column in the third column, a member of the Standing Committee of Youjiang Special Committee, a division commander of the Independent Third Division, and an executive member of the First Soviet Union and the Provisional Central Government of People's Republic of China (PRC). 1930 10 the main force of the seventh army was ordered to leave for Jiangxi, and Wei Baqun stayed in Donglan to carry out arduous rural guerrilla warfare and lead the first, second and third counter-campaigns against encirclement and suppression in Youjiang Soviet area. 1932 10 June 19 was killed by traitors in Donglan at the age of 38.

Chen Hongtao (1904- 1932) was originally named Chen Suhua. Guangxi Donglan, Zhuang, one of the leaders of Guangxi peasant movement. 1923 joined the donglan citizens association, 1924 joined the peasant revolutionary movement led by Wei Baqun. 1925 10, entered Wuzhou publicity and training college, 1926 joined China * * * production party. 1928 was elected as a member of Guangxi Farmers Association. 1929 65438+participated in the baise uprising in February, and served as a member of Youjiang Special Committee, a member of Youjiang Workers' Democratic Government to eliminate counter-revolutionaries, a military member, secretary and chairman of Youjiang Special Committee. 1930, He Qijun's main force went to Jiangxi, and was ordered to stay behind and fight Wei Baqun, and he was appointed as the political commissar of the division of Hong 2/kloc-0. 1932 65438+On February 9th, he was captured by traitors and died in Baise on 22nd at the age of 28.

Mo (1897- 1985), a Zhuang native of Nandan County, Guangxi. 19 15 after graduating from Guilin army primary school, he embarked on a military career. He used to be the platoon leader of the Jiangwu Hall of Guangxi Army, the deputy commander of the old Guangxi Autonomous Army 1 1 detachment, the battalion commander of the 7th Brigade of the National Revolutionary Army, the head of the 19 Corps, the deputy brigade commander of the new division, and the major general brigade commander of the new division. 175 division commander and commander of Qinlian Garrison, commander of 84th Army, commander of Nandan Militia Command and Garrison Command, commander of Liuzhou Garrison Command, Commissioner and Commander of Guangxi Second Administrative Region, deputy commander of Guangxi Security Command, deputy director of Guilin appeasement Office and commander of Guangxi Military Region. 1950 led the uprising under the strong pressure of China People's Liberation Army and Guangxi revolutionary situation. After liberation, he was elected as the first, second, third and fourth members and standing committee members of Guangxi CPPCC, and vice chairman of the fourth CPPCC.

Lu Shaowu (1906- 1978) was originally named Lu Huanguang. A native of Wuming County, Guangxi, Zhuang nationality. /kloc-participated in the northern expedition in 0/926. 1929165438+10 joined the China * * * production party. In February, 65438, he joined the baise uprising and served as the chief of staff of the Red Third Army Corps and the Red 75th Division successively. 1930 went north with the Red Army to participate in the third, fourth and fifth counter-campaigns against "encirclement and suppression" in the Central Soviet Area and the Red Army's 25,000-mile Long March. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, he served as the Chief of Staff of the Eighth Route Army 1 15 Division, the Chief of Staff of the Hebei-Shandong-Henan Military Region, and the Deputy Division Commander of the Third Team of the Eighth Route Army. During the War of Liberation, he served as the first chief of staff of the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Military Region and the deputy commander of the 38th Army in the Four Fields. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), he served as secretary and commissioner of Wuming prefectural party committee. Commander and political commissar of the military division, chief of staff, deputy commander and commander of Guangxi Military Region, member of the Standing Committee of Guangxi Party Committee, vice chairman of the autonomous region, and vice chairman of CPPCC. 1955 was awarded the rank of major general. 1978 died in Nanning.

Xie (1908- 1988) is a Zhuang native of Fusui County, Guangxi. 1928 joined China * * * Production Party, 1930 participated in Longzhou Uprising. From 65438 to 0937, he was engaged in revolutionary work in Guangdong and Hong Kong. He served as secretary of Hong Kong District Committee, deputy secretary and secretary of Huiyang County Committee, secretary of Zengcheng County Committee, organization minister of Jiangbei District Committee of China, and secretary of Pearl River Delta District Committee. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), he served as secretary and second secretary of Yulin District Committee, political commissar of Yulin Army Division, first secretary of Wuzhou Municipal Committee, member of Guangxi Provincial Party Committee and Government, deputy secretary of Guangxi Provincial Party Committee and vice chairman of government, deputy director of Guangxi Provincial Ethnic Affairs Commission, director of Political and Legal Department of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, and deputy director of State Ethnic Affairs Commission. He is a member of the Ethnic Affairs Committee and the Legal Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress, and a member of the State Sports Commission. 1988 died in Beijing.

Editor: Guo Editor:

Genghis Khan loves Nuerhachi, both of whom are the most recognized heroes of ethnic minorities in the world.