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Classical Chinese translation methods include literal translation and free translation.
1. What are the translation methods of classical Chinese? First, basic methods: literal translation and free translation. The basic methods of classical Chinese translation are literal translation and free translation. The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as relative as possible. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the meaning of the translated sentence is difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough. The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible. Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns. The advantage of free translation is that the meaning is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages. It is fluent, fluent and easy to understand. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text cannot be realized word for word. These two translation methods should be literal translation, supplemented by free translation. Second, the specific methods are: leave, delete, supplement, change, adjust and change. "Leaving" means retaining. All words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names of people, places, things, officials and countries. That is, delete. Delete function words that do not need to be translated in classical Chinese. For example, "Pei Gong joined Fan Kuai"-Fan Kuai, Pei Gong's bodyguard. "This is also" is an ending auxiliary word. If "complement" is not translated, it is addition. (1) Turn monosyllabic words into disyllabic words; (2) make up the omitted elements in the ellipsis sentence; (3) Make up the omitted sentences. Note: Fill in the omitted components or sentences with brackets. "Change" means replacement. Replace ancient words with modern words. For example, replace "I" with "I" and "er, such as" with "you". "Adjustment" means adjustment. Invert ancient Chinese. In order to conform to the expression habits of modern Chinese, "change" means flexibility. On the basis of being faithful to the original text, we can make relevant words vivid. For example, "no smoke without fire" can make them "calm on the lake". Understand the theme first, collect information, understand all paragraphs to sentences, clauses to words, and deal with difficult sentences coherently, so you need to be careful, take care of the previous paragraphs, connect with the following sentences, carefully consider the tone, be as reasonable as possible, and have close ties between words. If there are omissions, brackets indicate the gain. Names and place names don't need to be translated, just personal titles. There are rules. Content words, function words, definitions and sensitive language sense vary from sentence to sentence. After translation, be sure to compare carefully sentence by sentence, understand the tone and make the sentences fluent, and then stop writing.

2. What is literal translation of classical Chinese and what is free translation is not difficult!

Literal translation means directly explaining the meaning of each word without changing the order and meaning of the words!

Free translation is to understand the meaning of words in place, add easy-to-understand words to change the order of sentences, and then translate them to make people understand and understand more!

Example:

Classical Chinese: "I am dressed in cloth and cultivated Nanyang, risking my life in troubled times and not asking Wen Da to be a vassal."

I am a civilian, I cultivated land in Nanyang County myself, and I saved my life in troubled times without seeking success.

Rich in princes!

I am a civilian, and I live in Nanyang County by myself, just to save my life in troubled times.

I don't want the princes to know my existence and get dignitaries!

Is that clear?

Literal translation is a formal translation. It's straightforward and hard to understand!

Free translation means casual translation as long as the meaning is in place.

3. How to read and understand the meaning of classical Chinese and solve problems? Master some commonly used function words, and content words are the foundation; In addition, you can find skills in the topic, such as the first one, the explanation of substantive words, the explanation of some uncommon words is generally correct, but those commonly used words are changeable, nouns are verbs, or the business of expecting words, speaking modern Chinese. These are all places that confuse us. In short, don't panic then, and you can't escape the method of classical Chinese translation: classical Chinese translation is a comprehensive exercise. It can not only examine the application of the basic knowledge of classical Chinese, but also improve the reading ability of classical Chinese and students' written expression ability. Classical Chinese translation requires that every word should be implemented, with literal translation as the main and free translation as the supplement. We should try our best to keep the language style of the original text. For the steps of classical Chinese translation, we should first read the full text, grasp the main idea of the article, and be aware of it, so as not to be in a hurry to translate from the beginning. When we encounter difficult words in translation, we can temporarily put them down until the context is finished. After the full text is translated, read it again and check the corrections to prevent mistranslation, omission and mistranslation of songs. The basic methods of classical Chinese translation are literal translation and free translation. The specific methods of classical Chinese translation include: retaining, deleting, supplementing, changing, adjusting and changing the requirements of classical Chinese translation. "Faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance" means that the translation should be "faithful" and true, and the original text should be properly translated in modern Chinese. "Vivid" means that the translation should be fluent, that is, it should conform to the grammar and usage of modern Chinese, and the words and sentences should be fluent without language defects. "Elegance" means that the translation should be beautiful and natural, that is, it should make the translation vivid and vividly express the writing style of the original text perfectly. In the process of translating classical Chinese, the principle of translating classical Chinese must follow the principle of "every word should be grounded and straight" and the principle of "literal translation is the mainstay". This requires us to implement every word in a sentence as long as it has a certain real meaning, and to occupy the right position. In translation, according to the meaning and word order of the original text, the corresponding modern Chinese should be used directly to replace the classical Chinese, so that the words can not be separated from the sentence. If the meaning of literal translation is not smooth, we should also use free translation as an auxiliary means. Perfect the meaning of the sentence as much as possible. Classical Chinese translation is a comprehensive exercise, which can not only examine the application of basic knowledge of classical Chinese, but also improve students' reading ability and written expression ability. Classical Chinese translation requires that every word should be implemented, with literal translation as the main and free translation as the supplement. We should try our best to keep the language style of the original text. The steps of classical Chinese translation should first read the full text, grasp the main idea of the article, and be aware of it. Don't rush to translate from the beginning. When you encounter difficult words in translation, you can put them down for the time being and weigh them again when the context is translated. After you have translated the text completely, read it again and check the changes to prevent mistranslation, omission and mistranslation of songs. The basic methods of classical Chinese translation are literal translation and free translation. Literal translation refers to the translation of the original text with modern Chinese vocabulary. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the meaning of the translated sentence is difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough. The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible. Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns. The advantage of free translation is that the meaning is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages. It is fluent, fluent and easy to understand. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text can't be realized literally. These two translation methods should be literal translation, supplemented by free translation. Second, the specific methods of classical Chinese translation: leaving, deleting, supplementing, changing, adjusting and changing. "Leaving" means retaining. Words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names of people, places and things, can be translated. That is, delete. Delete function words that do not need to be translated in classical Chinese. For example, "Pei Gong joined Fan Kuai"-Fan Kuai, Pei Gong's bodyguard. "Zheye" is an ending auxiliary word, and "complement" is addition. (1) Turn monosyllabic words into disyllabic words; (2) make up the omitted elements in the ellipsis sentence; (3) Make up the omitted sentences. Note: Fill in the omitted components or sentences with brackets. "Change" means replacement. Replace ancient words with modern words. For example, replace "I" with "I" and "er, such as" with "you". "Adjustment" means adjustment. Invert ancient Chinese. In order to conform to the expression habits of modern Chinese, "change" means flexibility. On the basis of being faithful to the original text, related words can be enlivened, such as "calm waves" and "calm on the lake". Classical Chinese Translation Quartet In the past two years, the investigation on classical Chinese translation in college entrance examination has changed from choosing right and wrong to translation, which has increased the difficulty of answering questions, and all the questions have been given, as if there is no trace to be found. Play a wonderful Classical Chinese Translation Quartet from the following four aspects: 1. Attention should be paid to supplementing omitted sentence elements in translation. Ellipsis exists in classical Chinese, such as omitting the subject, omitting the predicate verb, omitting the preposition and omitting the object. When doing translation questions, we must pay attention to supplement the omitted sentence elements in the original text first. Otherwise, the meaning of translation is unclear and unreasonable. 2. Pay attention to adjusting the word order when translating. Variant sentences often appear in classical Chinese, including subject-predicate postposition, attribute postposition, preposition postposition and preposition object. Only by adjusting the word order in translation can translation be convenient, otherwise it will be easily disrupted. It gives the impression that "the monks in Zhang Er are at a loss". 3. Pay attention to flexible use in translation. Some notional words in classical Chinese can temporarily change their parts of speech and usage in a certain language environment, which is flexible use. There are mainly verbs, adjectives and nouns, nouns as verbs and nouns as adverbials. We should grasp the temporary meaning of words in translation. Key breakthrough. In classical Chinese reading, some sentences often affect the understanding of the whole sentence because of individual words. This word is the key word. We should understand and comprehend it in the context. To sum up, as long as you work hard at ordinary times and pay attention to the above four points, you can master it flexibly and translate it correctly.

4. Principles of classical Chinese translation: The translation of classical Chinese must be faithful, vivid and elegant. "Letter" is accurate, and its literal meaning cannot be wrong; "Reach" means fluency and can't be awkward; "Ya" refers to the standard language, and slang dialects should not be abused. On the basis of following the above principles, we should also master the necessary translation skills, so that we can be handy in translating classical Chinese. Let's talk about the basic skills of classical Chinese translation with examples. And many of them are obtained by adding a word to classical Chinese words. This is the basis for us to explain many classical Chinese words with conjunctions. Example 1: Political harmony with people ... (Fan Zhongyan's "The Story of Yueyang Tower") Translation: The political affairs are smooth and the people are happy ... Second, record or replace special terms such as ancient names, place names, official names and year numbers. When translating, it is best to record the poems quoted in the original text directly when translating sentences; Some basic words have the same meaning in ancient and modern times and do not need translation. Example 2: In the spring of Li Qing's fourth year, Fujitsu swore to defend Baling County. (Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower") Translation: (Song Renzong) In the spring of the fourth year of Li Qing, Teng Zijing was demoted to Baling County Order. Example 3: Therefore, the fisherman sang "The Wuxia Gorge of the Three Gorges in Badong is long, and the ape sang it three times with tears in his eyes." (Li Daoyuan's "Three Gorges") Translation: Therefore, the fisherman sang: "The Wuxia of the Three Gorges in Badong is long, and the ape sings three tears and touches the clothes!" However, some classical Chinese words are no longer used or their meanings have changed. Or although it is still used occasionally, it is already rough. This requires us to replace them with corresponding words in modern Chinese when translating. Ex. 4: Two wars, I want to fight first. (Lin Sihuan's ventriloquism) My legs were shaking, and I almost ran away first. Third, there are many ellipsis sentences in classical Chinese, and the omitted contents are often flexible. When translating, add as appropriate according to the context. Once again (drum) and (gas) drop, once again (drum) and (gas) run out. The first drum beating can boost morale, the second drum beating (morale) will drop, and the third drum beating (morale) will disappear. Some function words used in classical Chinese are often deleted in translation. Example 6: Love Lotus grows out of the mud but is not stained ... (Zhou Dunyi's Love Lotus) Translation: I only like lotus that grows out of the mud but is not stained ... Fourth, the co-translation and sub-translation of intertextual sentences in classical Chinese are often translated into one sentence. Ex. 7: A general who has suffered many battles dies, and a strong man returns in ten years. ("Mulan Poetry") Some returned home in triumph. The word "parallel" in classical Chinese should be expressed separately in translation. Example 8: The wind and frost are noble and pure ... (Ouyang Xiu's Zuiweng Pavilion) Translation: The weather is white in Gao Shuang and first frost ... V. Changing the order There are some inverted sentences in classical Chinese, so we should pay attention to changing the order when translating. Example 9: Confucius said, "What's so ugly?" Translation: Confucius said, "What is Jane?" In addition, prepositions and object phrases are often used as complements in classical Chinese, but now they are mostly used as adverbials, and the order of translation needs to be changed as appropriate. Example 10: The traveler is resting in the tree. (Ouyang Xiu's "Drunken Pavilion") Translation: The walker rests under the tree. Sixth, literal translation and free translation strive to translate word by word, and every word is implemented; Free translation focuses on grasping the meaning of the text as a whole. Literal translation is accurate and concise, and free translation is flexible and smooth. Literal translation should be given priority to, supplemented by free translation. Example 1 1: So the ice skin began to melt, and the waves began to glow ... (Travel Notes of Yuan Hongdao Man Jing) Translation: At this time, the thin ice began to melt, and the waves began to shine ... with a horizontal line. How can a short-sighted person know the ambition of an ambitious person?

5. Skills and methods of classical Chinese translation 1. Basic methods: literal translation and free translation There are two basic methods for classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation.

The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as opposed as possible. The advantage of literal translation is the implementation of every word; Its disadvantage is that sometimes the translated sentences are difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough.

The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible. Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns.

The advantage of free translation is that the text is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages and is fluent, fluent and easy to understand. Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text cannot be realized word by word.

These two translation methods should be mainly literal translation, supplemented by free translation. Second, specific methods: leave, delete, supplement, change, adjust and change.

"Stay": that is, keep. All words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names of people, places, things, officials, countries, years and units of measurement. , can remain unchanged when translating.

For example, there is no need to translate the words "King of Chu", "Yan Ying" and "Yan Zi" in Yan Zi's Envoy to Chu. "Delete" means delete.

Delete function words that do not need to be translated in classical Chinese. For example, the word "Yan" in I'm going to be sick is a modal particle and cannot be translated. This sentence means "I am boring myself instead."

Another example is: "Yuzi and Amethyst were seriously ill, but Amethyst died first". The word "He" is a conjunction, which means "Yuzi and Amethyst are both seriously ill, and Amethyst died first." "Supplement" means supplement.

(1) Change monosyllabic words into disyllabic words, such as "lead a wife to this desperate situation" in The Story of Peach Blossom Garden, and the word "wife" means "wife and children"; (2) Make up the omitted elements in the ellipsis sentence, such as "When you speak, you are not sad at all" in "Qin is dead", which translates as: (Ziyi) When you speak, you are not sad at all. "Change" means replacement.

Replace ancient words with modern words. For example, replace "I, Yu, Yu" with "I" and "II, Ru" with "You".

"Adjustment" means adjustment. Adjust ancient Chinese inverted sentences to modern Chinese sentence patterns.

For example, "Why don't you hear the news" in Everyone dies, and "Why" is the inversion of "Why". The sentence of prepositional object means "why". "Change" means flexibility.

On the basis of being faithful to the original text, translate related words on the spot. The word "left and right" in Ziyou Asking Left and Right (all the players died) refers to his people, and the word "left and right" in Yan Zi's envoy to Chu refers to a recent minister.

Ancient Chinese translation formula ancient Chinese translation has its own order, first browse the whole article and grasp the main idea; Understand the theme first, collect information, understand all paragraphs to sentences, clauses to words, and deal with difficult sentences coherently, so you need to be careful, take care of the previous paragraphs, contact the following sentences, think carefully, try to figure out the tone, and strive to be reasonably close between words. If omitted, fill in the original intention and put brackets to indicate the gain.

Names and place names need not be translated. Names, according to the convention, are mine, and Er and Ru are yours. Omitting inversion is regular.

Content words and function words, with the interpretation of the text, sensitize the sense of language, and vary from sentence to sentence. After the translation, you must carefully compare the sentences, understand the tone, make the sentences fluent, and then stop writing.

Third, the cross formula analysis of the translation method of classical Chinese in the senior high school entrance examination With the full implementation of the new Chinese curriculum standard, the translation of classical Chinese in the senior high school entrance examination has also undergone fundamental reforms, and most papers have added literal translation questions. In this way, students' mastery and understanding of content words, function words, different sentence patterns, common sense of ancient culture and semantic relations between sentences can be examined, as well as their written expression ability.

This is much more difficult than the previous multiple-choice questions. Therefore, to do a good job in classical Chinese translation, we must master the necessary methods (1).

That is, supplement, which supplements the ellipsis elements in the ellipsis sentences in classical Chinese when translating. Note: Fill in the omitted components or sentences with brackets.

1. Completes the subject, predicate or object omitted from the original text. Example 1: "I was shocked to see the fisherman and asked what I had not done."

Translation sentence: "(Taoyuan people) were surprised when they saw the fisherman and asked him where he came from." Exodus 2: "One spit, then descend, and three spit."

The predicate "drum" is omitted after "zai" and "San" and should be added in translation. Example 3: "Jun and Ju Lai."

The object "Zhi" is omitted after "He". 2. Add related words that can make the meaning clear.

Example: "Without treatment, it will benefit the deep" is a hypothetical sentence, and the translation sentence: "(If) without treatment, it will be deeper". (2) Delete.

That is, deletion refers to all function words, auxiliary words that play a symbolic role in sentence structure and auxiliary words that fill syllables in ancient Chinese, but they are deleted in modern Chinese because there are no words to replace them. Example 1: "It takes courage to fight."

Translation: "Fighting depends on courage". "Fu" is a phrase. If it is deleted, it will not be translated.

Example 2: "Confucius: What's wrong?" Translate the sentence: "Confucius said: What is simplicity?" "Zhi" is the symbol of prepositional object, so it will not be translated if it is deleted. Exodus 3: "The teacher's teaching has been handed down for a long time."

The fashion of learning from teachers has long since disappeared. "Ye" is a modal particle in the sentence, which plays a role in calming emotions and has no practical significance.

In translation, it can be completely removed. (3) tune.

That is to say, when translating inverted sentences in classical Chinese, we should adjust the inverted sentences in ancient Chinese into sentences in modern Chinese to conform to the expression habits of modern Chinese, so as to make the translated sentences smooth. So we need to adjust the word order of sentences. Generally, there are four situations: 1, and the preposition moves backward.

Example: "What a pity! You are not good. " It can be adjusted to "You don't like it very much."

2. Postposition attributive moves forward. For example, "a group of officials who can stab me in the face will be rewarded."

It can be adjusted to "there are too many officials and people who can stab me in the face." 3. The prepositional object moves backward.

Example: "Why do you want to fight?" Can be adjusted to "how to fight". 4. Preposition phrases move forward.

"It's also from Yangzhou." It can be adjusted to "Return from Yangzhou".

(4) check in. That is to say, all characters, proper nouns, country names, year numbers, names of people, things, names of people, official positions, place names, etc. Synonymy between ancient and modern times can remain unchanged in translation.

Example: In the spring of four years, Teng was appointed to guard Li Qing in Baling County. In the spring of four years, Teng was demoted as the prefect of Baling.

"Four Years in Li Qing" is the year number, and "Baling County" is a place name, which can be kept directly. (。

6. Classical Chinese translation tips 1. Basic methods: literal translation and free translation.

There are two basic methods of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation. The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as opposed as possible.

The advantage of literal translation is the implementation of every word; Its disadvantage is that sometimes the translated sentences are difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough. The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible.

Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns. The advantage of free translation is that the text is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages and is fluent, fluent and easy to understand.

Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text cannot be realized word by word. These two translation methods should be mainly literal translation, supplemented by free translation.

Second, specific methods: leave, delete, supplement, change, adjust and change. "Stay" means to keep.

All words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names of people, places, things, officials, countries, years and units of measurement. , can remain unchanged when translating. "Delete" means delete.

Delete function words that do not need to be translated in classical Chinese. For example, "Pei Gong joined Fan Kuai"-Pei Gong's bodyguard Fan Kuai.

"This is also" is an auxiliary word at the end, which is not translated. "Supplement" means supplement.

(1) Turn monosyllabic words into disyllabic words; (2) make up the omitted elements in the ellipsis sentence; (3) Fill in the omitted sentences. Note: Fill in the omitted components or sentences with brackets.

"Change" means replacement. Replace ancient words with modern words.

For example, replace "I, Yu, Yu" with "I" and "II, Ru" with "You". "Adjustment" means adjustment.

Adjust ancient Chinese inverted sentences to modern Chinese sentence patterns. When translating subject-predicate inversion sentences, prepositional object sentences, prepositional object postposition sentences and attributive postposition sentences, the word order should generally be adjusted to conform to modern Chinese expression habits.

"Change" means flexibility. On the basis of being faithful to the original text, translate related words on the spot.

If "the waves are calm", it can be translated as "(the lake) is calm". Ancient Chinese translation formula ancient Chinese translation has its own order, first browse the whole article and grasp the main idea; Understand the theme first, collect information, understand all paragraphs to sentences, clauses to words, and deal with difficult sentences coherently, so you need to be careful, take care of the previous paragraphs, contact the following sentences, think carefully, try to figure out the tone, and strive to be reasonably close between words.

If omitted, fill in the original intention and put brackets to indicate the gain. Names and place names need not be translated. Names, according to the convention, are mine, and Er and Ru are yours.

Omitting inversion is regular. Content words and function words, with the interpretation of the text, sensitize the sense of language, and vary from sentence to sentence.

After the translation, you must carefully compare the sentences, understand the tone, make the sentences fluent, and then stop writing. I hope I can help you! If it is good, please give me the best.

7. The principle of literal translation or free translation of classical Chinese in senior high school entrance examination can be summarized in eight words: literal translation is the main and free translation is the auxiliary.

The so-called literal translation is to strictly translate the words of the original text one by one, try to keep the characteristics of the original words and sentences, and try to keep the style consistent with the original text. Free translation, on the other hand, is based on the general idea of the original text, and can be expressed in a different way from the original text.

The standard of literal translation is three words: faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. "Faithfulness" means that the translation can accurately express the meaning of the original text, without distorting, omitting or adding or subtracting the meaning at will. "Da" means that the translation is clear and fluent, in line with Chinese expression habits, and there is no language disease. "Elegance" is a higher requirement, that is, the translation should use appropriate words and write beautifully. For students, it is very good to meet the first two standards of "faithfulness" (accuracy) and "expressiveness" (fluency).

Literal translation pays attention to the implementation of every word, especially the understanding of key words. If you can't grasp the key words correctly, it will be difficult to translate the whole sentence accurately. Therefore, keywords should be implemented word by word. To determine the meaning of a word, we should contact the specific language environment and think about which disyllabic compound words in modern Chinese have the same or similar meaning and can be replaced (preferably replaced and replaced with the same morpheme). At the same time, we should pay special attention to the personality characteristics of the translated sentence: is it a special sentence pattern or a fixed structure? Whether it includes flexible use of parts of speech (including causative, intentional, etc.). ), or do ancient and modern times have different meanings? If there is, we must treat it according to syndrome differentiation.

Free translation refers to a translation method that expresses the general idea of the original text without sticking to the words used in the original text. As we said before, the basic principle of classical Chinese translation is "literal translation is the main principle, supplemented by free translation". In general, literal translation is used as much as possible. When literal translation is difficult, we use free translation as an auxiliary means.

Specifically, in classical Chinese, free translation can be used for sentences with metaphor, intertextuality, metonymy and euphemism.

(Reprinted)

8. Translation method of classical Chinese 1. Basic methods: literal translation and free translation.

There are two basic methods of classical Chinese translation: literal translation and free translation. The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as opposed as possible.

The advantage of literal translation is the implementation of every word; Its disadvantage is that sometimes the translated sentences are difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough. The so-called free translation means translating according to the meaning of the sentence, conforming to the original intention as much as possible, and taking care of the original intention as much as possible.

Free translation has certain flexibility, which can add or subtract words, change the position of words and change sentence patterns. The advantage of free translation is that the text is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages and is fluent, fluent and easy to understand.

Its disadvantage is that sometimes the original text cannot be realized word by word. These two translation methods should be mainly literal translation, supplemented by free translation.

Second, specific methods: leave, delete, supplement, change, adjust and change. "Stay" means to keep.

All words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names of people, places, things, officials, countries, years and units of measurement. , can remain unchanged when translating. "Delete" means delete.

Delete function words that do not need to be translated in classical Chinese. For example, "Pei Gong joined Fan Kuai"-Pei Gong's bodyguard Fan Kuai.

"This is also" is an auxiliary word at the end, which is not translated. "Supplement" means supplement.

(1) Turn monosyllabic words into disyllabic words; (2) make up the omitted elements in the ellipsis sentence; (3) Fill in the omitted sentences. Note: Fill in the omitted components or sentences with brackets.

"Change" means replacement. Replace ancient words with modern words.

For example, replace "I, Yu, Yu" with "I" and "II, Ru" with "You". "Adjustment" means adjustment.

Adjust ancient Chinese inverted sentences to modern Chinese sentence patterns. When translating subject-predicate inversion sentences, prepositional object sentences, prepositional object postposition sentences and attributive postposition sentences, the word order should generally be adjusted to conform to modern Chinese expression habits.

"Change" means flexibility. On the basis of being faithful to the original text, translate related words on the spot.

If "the waves are calm", it can be translated as "(the lake) is calm". Ancient Chinese translation formula ancient Chinese translation has its own order, first browse the whole article and grasp the main idea; Understand the theme first, collect information, understand all paragraphs to sentences, clauses to words, and deal with difficult sentences coherently, so you need to be careful, take care of the previous paragraphs, contact the following sentences, think carefully, try to figure out the tone, and strive to be reasonably close between words.

If omitted, fill in the original intention and put brackets to indicate the gain. Names and place names need not be translated. Names, according to the convention, are mine, and Er and Ru are yours.

Omitting inversion is regular. Content words and function words, with the interpretation of the text, sensitize the sense of language, and vary from sentence to sentence.

After the translation, you must carefully compare the sentences, understand the tone, make the sentences fluent, and then stop writing.