1, a common symptom of chronic renal failure
1, nervous system class will have symptoms such as fatigue, memory loss, irritability, insomnia, etc., and the later symptoms will be aggravated, and there will be drowsiness, delirium, coma, mania, etc., which is very harmful.
2. The disorder of water, electrolyte and acid-base balance is also one of the late symptoms of chronic renal failure. When the renal concentration function decreases, nocturia increases; It can also lead to oliguria due to the decrease of glomerular filtration rate.
3, cardiovascular system: hypertension, arrhythmia, heart failure, pericarditis, some patients will have pericardial effusion.
4. Respiratory system: The symptoms that may occur are ammonia breathing, which is slightly faster and deeper. In severe cases, uremic pneumonia and pleural effusion may occur.
5, other symptoms: digestive system will also have some bad symptoms, some patients will have uremia, gastritis, colitis, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, oral urine odor.
2. How do patients with renal failure recuperate?
1. Patients with chronic renal failure should have a light diet and enter a low-protein diet. You can eat high-quality protein foods such as milk, eggs, lean meat, crucian carp, carp and bean products. , but the amount should be small, adults generally take about 100 grams a day. Because a high-protein diet will increase the excretion of kidney waste and increase the burden on the kidneys. Don't eat vegetable protein, and people with hyperlipidemia should limit foods with high cholesterol, such as egg yolk. Strictly limit the intake of protein powder.
2, limit the intake of water and salt, so as not to increase the burden on the kidneys and cause edema.
3. If the kidney continues to deteriorate, symptoms such as high potassium, high phosphorus and high uric acid will appear in the course of chronic renal failure, and attention should be paid to these conditions in diet. When blood potassium is high, you should eat less vegetables and fruits, such as bananas, dried fruits, beef, pork and bean paste. When cooking, you can boil some of the potassium salt in the food with water, and you must use the potassium-containing substitute salt with caution. Due to the accumulation of potassium ions in patients, it will affect the function of the heart in severe cases. When phosphorus is high, eat less sesame seeds, peanuts, melon seeds, fungi and seafood, and eat more foods with less phosphorus, such as sweet potato, potato, radish, wax gourd, loofah, egg white, vermicelli, apple, citrus, orange and pineapple.
Uric acid is a metabolite of purine, so patients with high uric acid should avoid foods with high purine content, such as animal viscera, geese, scallops, fish, sausages, lentils and mushrooms. Foods with low purine content include cereals and their products, vegetables, fruits, milk and its products, hard fruits, eggs, soybean milk, tofu and honey.
4. Patients with chronic renal failure should be supplemented with calcium in time. The main function of phosphorus is to strengthen bones. Almost all foods contain phosphorus. Because the kidneys of patients with renal failure can't work normally, excess phosphorus accumulates in the blood, which leads to high blood phosphorus, which can lead to skin itching and bone lesions. Because phosphorus can't be discharged normally, phosphorus will take away the calcium in the blood, and the body can only discharge calcium from the bone to replace the calcium lost in the blood, resulting in fragile bones. Patients with chronic renal failure can eat more foods containing magnesium ions, such as dark green vegetables and chocolate, and supplement magnesium-containing nutrients when necessary.
Patients with chronic renal failure will be anemic, so iron and folic acid must be supplemented, and vitamin B, vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin E can also be supplemented. These three antioxidants can improve the permeability of renal tubules and enhance immunity. But vitamin B should be used in small amounts.
3. Nursing care of renal failure
1, skin care
Patients with chronic renal failure, because the body can't detoxify normally, cause toxins to accumulate in the body, and then gradually spread to the body surface, leading to itching. Patients often scratch their skin because of itching, so we should pay attention to skin care of patients with renal failure to prevent injury and infection. Patients suffering from hydrolysis should often take a bath or rub with warm water, and the water temperature should be kept at about 40℃, which will make the body sweat slightly and help to discharge turbid pathogens.
2. Oral care
In patients with chronic renal failure, the level of toxins in the body increases because the kidneys can't excrete toxins from the body in time and effectively. Urea can enter the intestine from blood vessels through diffusion, and ammonia gas is generated under the action of urease, and some ammonia gas in the intestine is discharged from the mouth, which will smell of urine in the mouth and affect appetite. Therefore, oral care is extremely important. Rinse your mouth before and after meals and brush your teeth before going to bed after waking up. When the urine smell is obvious, you can gargle with honeysuckle and chrysanthemum.
3, diet care
Chronic renal failure does not require soy products. Wheat starch and corn starch are the best staple foods, and vegetarian food is the main menu. Because soy products are rich in high protein, it will increase the burden on the kidneys, thus aggravating the condition. When edema occurs in patients with chronic renal failure, they should eat a low-salt and low-sodium diet to avoid aggravating edema, and pay attention to the supplement of trace elements, such as eating more fruits and vegetables such as grapes and apples.
4. Psychological care
Patients with chronic renal failure often feel disappointed, depressed and pessimistic because of their serious illness and long course of disease. It is necessary to contact patients more, give psychological comfort, encourage patients to establish confidence in overcoming diseases, eliminate worries and maintain a good mental state. This will help to overcome the disease.
5. Personal care
Patients with chronic renal failure have been ill for a long time, and their physical resistance is relatively weak. Therefore, the ward should be sunny, so that it can be fully irradiated by the sun. The room should be cold and warm, and the window should be ventilated frequently. You can fumigate and disinfect with vinegar every day.
6, medication care
Patients with chronic renal failure often have symptoms such as anemia and hypertension. You can eat more iron-rich foods to improve anemia, do a good job in medication care, and use diuretics and vasodilators under the guidance of doctors.