The Indian Peninsula, also known as the Indian subcontinent (also known as the South Asian subcontinent or the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent), is a large peninsula-shaped land south of the Himalayas and a southern extension of the Asian continent. The great * * * is 8-37 degrees north latitude and 6 1-97 degrees east longitude. Because it is cut off by the Himalayas, it forms a relatively independent geographical unit, but its area is smaller than the mainland in the usual sense, so it is called the subcontinent. The total area is about 2.09 million square kilometers and the population is about 65.438+0.3 billion. Most countries in the Indian subcontinent are located in the Indian plate, and some are located in South Asia. Among them, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan east of the Indus River are located on the continental crust; The island country Sri Lanka is located on the continental shelf; The island country Maldives is located in the ocean crust.

It is bordered by the Bay of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west, Cape Komolin in the south, and there is no clear boundary in the north. Generally, it refers to the south of the connecting line between aravalli range and Gbur Plateau in Jordan, which is slightly triangular. It is 1.700 km long from north to south and 1.600 km wide from east to west, covering an area of 2.088 million square kilometers, with an average elevation of 600 meters.

One of the three peninsulas in southern Asia, the second largest peninsula in the world. The main body is Deccan Plateau, so it is also called Deccan Peninsula. The larger rivers include Narmada River and Godavari River. Most areas have a tropical monsoon climate. The cool season is from 10 to February of the following year, and the average temperature is above 10℃. March to June is the hot season, and the central plateau can reach about 35℃, and July to September is the rainy season. The average annual precipitation is 800 mm. The Indian Peninsula in a broad sense also includes the Indus-Ganges Plain.

Basic introduction Chinese name: Indian Peninsula alias: Deccan Peninsula area: South Asia Location: Located in the Indian Ocean, bordering the Arabian Sea in the west and the Bay of Bengal in the east. Area across the sea from Sri Lanka: 2.09 million square kilometers Population: about 65.438+0.3 billion regional rivers: Narmada River and Godavari River. Average elevation: 600 meters. Natural conditions, climate characteristics, environmental characteristics, natural resources, animal distribution, geographical structure, topography, geological structure, cultural history, history, religion, major cities, Bangalore, Sri Lanka, Patty. Maldives Natural Conditions and Climatic Features Most of South Asia is located north of the equator and south of 30 north latitude. Except Maldives and the southern part of Sri Lanka Island, which are close to the equator, the climate is tropical rain forest, while the climate in northwestern India and southern Pakistan is tropical desert, and most other areas have tropical monsoon climate. The formation of South Asian monsoon climate in Indian Peninsula is closely related to the thermal difference between sea and land in winter and summer, the seasonal displacement of planetary wind belt and the topographic effect of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. According to the advance and retreat of monsoon, a year can be divided into three seasons: cool, hot and rainy. /kloc-From October to February, the northeast monsoon blowing from the mainland to the ocean brings sunny, dry and cool weather, which is a cool season. In the cool season, the daily temperature difference is large, there is some cyclone rainfall in the northwest, and there is also more precipitation on the east coast of the peninsula. From March to May, as the direct point of the sun moves northward, the temperature rises rapidly and the climate is dry and hot, which is called hot season. The temperature in the central Deccan Plateau reaches 35℃, and the absolute maximum temperature in thar desert reaches above 50℃. Sandstorms occur from time to time. From June to September, due to the continuous high temperature in South Asia, a thermal depression was generated in northwest India, which strongly attracted the southwest monsoon deflected by the southeast trade winds to cross the equator, further strengthening the influence of the southwest monsoon. The southwest monsoon passes through the vast and warm tropical ocean and is full of water vapor, which brings abundant precipitation to most parts of South Asia and forms the rainy season. 90% of the annual precipitation is concentrated in the rainy season. The rainy season in the west of the peninsula comes first, and the rainy season in the northwest of India comes last. The late arrival and early departure of southwest monsoon is one of the main reasons for the large precipitation variability in South Asia. Indian peninsula 10 ~ 1 1 is the end of the rainy season, the temperature begins to gradually decrease, the air pressure in the northern region also gradually increases, and the pressure gradient between land and sea gradually weakens, so the southwest monsoon begins to retreat, the precipitation decreases accordingly, and it soon turns into a cool season. Tropical monsoon forest covers a vast area, and its distribution is closely related to precipitation. West to Shanxi, east to the southern foothills of the Himalayas, Assam and most parts of Sri Lanka Island, with an annual precipitation of more than 2000 mm, it belongs to a tropical rainforest area; The annual precipitation in most areas of Deccan Plateau is 1, 000 ~ 2,000 mm, and the defoliation of trees in dry season reduces evaporation in hot season. The annual precipitation in Deccan Plateau and the northwest of Indian Peninsula is between 500 ~ 1 000 mm, which is mostly shrub and grassland vegetation. Thar desert and its surrounding areas, with little rainfall, are desert and semi-desert, with only sparse herbs and prickly irrigation. Environmental characteristics: The Indian Peninsula has good natural conditions, and the cultivated land accounts for more than 60% of the total land area, making it the largest natural resource. Residents in most areas can eat two crops a year, and the eastern coastal delta can reach three crops a year. The raw materials and mineral resources needed by modern industrial countries in the Indian Peninsula are also rich in the peninsula. Among them, coal reserves rank eighth in the world, iron content ranks fourth in the world, and mica production required for manufacturing various electrical appliances ranks first in the world. There are abundant plant resources here, not to mention more than 30,000 kinds of tropical, subtropical, temperate and frigid alpine plants. The forest coverage rate is even more impressive, with 74 million hectares of forest area accounting for 22% of the country's total territory. Today, people all over the world are worried about less and less green, but Indians can relax for a while. There are large coal and iron producing areas and heavy industry centers in the northeast of natural resources; There are other minerals, such as manganese, gold and mica. Agricultural products include millet, rice, cotton and sugarcane. The proportion of cash crops and plantations in the south has increased. Deccan Plateau of Indian Peninsula is located on the Indian Peninsula, with high terrain in the west and low terrain in the east, with an average elevation of 600 ~ 800 m. There are two low-altitude mountains on the east and west sides of the plateau, and the surface of the plateau between the two mountains has been eroded and broken, leaving many hills, horsts and trenches. The plateau has an ancient geological age and is a CAMBRIAN ancient land mass. During the Tertiary Himalayan Movement, it was elevated to some fault platforms, valleys and hills. After a long period of weathering and erosion, the terrain is relatively flat, which is conducive to farming. In the plateau area, due to the large-scale basalt eruption in ancient times, it weathered into fertile black soil, which is suitable for planting cotton, also known as black cotton field, and is an important cotton producing area in India. There is less precipitation in the south-central region, which is the origin of dry farming in India-peanuts and corn. The northeast plateau is the main mineral area in India, and its mineral resources include iron ore, manganese ore, coal and mica. Iron ore is exported to Japan and other countries in large quantities. The main body of the Indian peninsula. It is an undulating plateau with an average elevation of 450-900 meters. High in the west and low in the east, it originates from the main rivers on the plateau and flows eastward into the Bay of Bengal, cutting and squeezing the plateau to form hills, mountains, valley plains and basins with different sizes and east-west trends. The western plateau is covered with a large area of thick basalt layer, and the weathered layer has good water retention performance and is suitable for planting crops such as cotton and millet. The inland part of the Indian tropical rain forest in South Asia and the Indian Peninsula. Located in southern India. It belongs to the Precambrian paleoplatform. At an altitude of about 600 meters, the terrain is high in the west and low in the east, wide in the north and narrow in the south, and extends into the Indian Ocean from the Asian continent in an inverted triangle. The eastern edge of the plateau is the East Kochi Mountains, and the western edge is the West Kochi Mountains. The plateau surface between the two mountains has been eroded and broken, leaving many hills, horsts and trenches. About13 of the plateau in the northwest of China is covered by lava. It belongs to a typical continental monsoon climate with abundant rainfall. Among them, mica reserves rank first in the world. Regarding the distribution of animals, the most noteworthy thing is that the Indian Peninsula is called the "Animal Kingdom". The animals here are numerous, widely distributed and varied, with more than 70,000 species. Lions and tigers are India's national treasures. In ancient times, they were symbols of power and power, and some emperors were named after them. Elephants, cows and monkeys are sacred animals in India and are revered by people. In India, cattle are the most sacred animals, and killing is absolutely not allowed. Hanuman the monkey is a symbol of wisdom. Although the elephant is huge, Indians think it is a lovely animal. In ancient times, elephants were still an arms, called "elephant soldiers" to participate in the battle! In addition, snakes are also one of the animals worshipped by Indians, and many artists specialize in playing snakes for a living. Peacock is the national bird of India, which is protected by people and forbidden to kill, perhaps because of the famous peacock dynasty. India has become an animal kingdom because it has taken many measures to protect animal resources. These measures have achieved considerable results, and the number of endangered tigers has increased from less than 2,000 to more than 3,000 today. Geographical structure and topography average elevation of 600 meters. The East Kochi Mountains and the West Mountains are located on the east coast and the west coast respectively. The Deccan Plateau between the two mountains is about 600 meters above sea level. There is a narrow piedmont coastal plain at the outer foothills, and there are many valley basins, hills and mountains cut by rivers inside. It is high in the west and low in the east, and all rivers except Nabada River flow eastward into the Bay of Bengal. The geological structure is an ancient land composed of ancient granite, gneiss and schist, and the western part is covered with basalt, covering an area of 520,000 square kilometers, which is suitable for planting cotton after weathering. There is a very obvious relationship between geological structure and topography. Deccan Plateau in the south occupies most of the Indian Peninsula, which is a huge Precambrian ancient land mass, the core of the subcontinent and a part of Gondwana ancient land. At the end of Cretaceous, a large-scale basalt overflow occurred in the northwest of Deccan Plateau, covering an area of 400,000 square kilometers, forming the largest lava platform in the world. The topography of Deccan Plateau in the Indian Peninsula is a large and ancient block that slowly erodes to the northeast. The western part of the plateau is formed by the high mountains in the west, with a height of about 1, 000 ~ 1, 500 meters, and its western slope is a cliff. The eastern high mountain constitutes the eastern edge of the plateau, with a height of about 500 ~ 600 meters, low hilly landform and a vast coastal plain along the coast; There are many horsts and trenches in Deccan Plateau. In a word, Deccan Plateau is an ancient, eroded, inclined quasi-plain mound block cut by many rivers. As for Sri Lanka Island, it was originally integrated with India in geological structure, but it was separated from India after settling in Park Strait and Manar Bay. The northern part is a part of the southern Himalayas, which is the product of Himalayan movement. The Himalayan mountains can be divided into three zones in structure: the northern zone, also known as the Tibet zone or the Tibetan Himalayan zone, is composed of rock layers from early Paleozoic to Tertiary; The central belt, also known as Xuefeng Himalayan belt or Himalayan belt, is mainly exposed by granite and gneiss, and there are many modern glaciers and Xuefeng; The southern belt, also known as the outer belt or the foothills Himalayan belt, is located between the Great Plains of India and the Himalayas, mainly in the lower foothills. The stratum is mainly tertiary sedimentary rocks, with a height of about 1 000m. India's great plains belong to the foreland of New Fall Mountain. Its predecessor is the Bay of Bengal and a part of the Arabian Sea. It is about 3000 kilometers long from east to west and 250-300 kilometers wide from north to south. It is one of the world-famous great plains. Cultural history is about 2000 BC ~ BC 1500 years. The militant Aryan clique has conquered most of India's territory north of the Avandia Mountains, which serve as a barrier to separate the Deccan Plateau in southern India and the peninsula from the Ganges and Indus basins in the north. Aryan has never been popular in the south. Southerners mainly speak four non-Indo-European languages, collectively called Dravidian, and each language has its own large number of ancient literary works. The South also tried to resist the oppression or influence of the Aryans, but in fact, the two-way close communication between the South and the Aryans in many cultural fields, such as religion, art, literature and philosophy, has lasted for thousands of years. There is no doubt that there are differences between North and South in Indian culture, but Indian civilization is the general name of North and South. We can only speculate on what the south was like in Vedic times. Great narrative poems "Mahabharata" and "Ramayana" say that beasts and demons who fought against the Vedic heroes lived in the south and Ceylon, so as to maintain a contemptuous description of the northerners who were conquered by them. However, although there may have been battles and attacks, the far south, which was forbidden by the mountains, was not controlled by Aryans except the coastal plains at the east and west ends of the Wendia Mountains, which were easily disturbed. However, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) was invaded and settled by a group of Aryan speakers from the sea in the 6th century BC, and was invaded by the Dravidians in southern India soon or possibly earlier. The long history and brilliant achievements of Indian civilization show that the Indian nation is a great nation full of creativity. Paleolithic India's pre-democracy depended on hunting and gathering. They migrate by food sources and generally have no fixed residence. Later, they learned to barbecue food with fire and cover their bodies with animal fur and leaves. They also began to tame wild dogs. About 12000 ~ 8000 years ago, Indian ancestors began to grow grains, domesticate livestock, make clay pots and learn to sew clothes. Archaeologists have discovered a large number of finely polished stone tools in the Neolithic Age in various parts of India, especially in the northwest of India and Deccan Plateau. This fact shows that the distribution of Indian ancestors is quite extensive. India, with its vast territory and rich products, is obviously a paradise for ancient humans. Apart from the hot summer, India's natural environment is very superior. Because it has been very suitable for human survival since ancient times, India has great attraction to human beings in different regions. From Africa, Oceania and Eurasia, different races invaded or migrated to India. Modern Indians are basically the mixed-race descendants of these races. Even today, the races in India are still quite complicated. So India has always been known as a paradise for museums and anthropology. Structural anthropology in some western universities regards India as the base for students' practice and research. Religious Hindus believe that everything has a soul, and after death, its soul will move to a new body. Now this concept is basically understood as follows: people can regenerate many kinds of insects or animals. Therefore, cattle, goats, insects and insects must be respected. In India, why cows are unique among animals that supply meat is still a mystery. Hinduism does not need a large number of believers to gather in temples. Its wooden temples are not gathering places, but statements of faith. The doctrine is full of the rules of daily life and eternal life, and gradually emphasizes the cycle of life. This concept not only prays for the misery of the present situation, but also instills some hope in believers. For believers living in poverty and humble status, it provides a kind of comfort, that is, if a person does good, he will be rewarded after death, and his soul can enter a respectable person's body; On the other hand, the souls of dead people may enter smaller animals on their way back to earth. Bangalore, the main city, is a city in southern India and the capital of Karnataka. The population of suburbs is 291.4000 (1.98 1). At an altitude of 922 meters, it has developed from a castle to one of the economic and cultural centers in southern India. It is divided into the old city and the new city: the old city is a commercial area and the new city is an industrial area. Cotton, rice, oil crops and tobacco are abundant nearby. India is an important center of heavy industry, including machinery, electrical appliances, chemicals, airplanes, clocks and watches, metalworking and other industries, as well as traditional carpet weaving, cotton textile, silk textile and modern leather industry. Many railways and highways meet here. There is an air station. 35% of IT talents in India are working hard in Bangalore, and their income accounts for a large proportion of India's GDP. World-renowned companies such as Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard, 3M and Infosys have set up offices here. In addition, biotechnology is also its fist product. Bangalore is located at the top of the ridge at an altitude of 92 1 m, with a mild and pleasant climate. The average temperature in the hottest month (May) is 27℃, and that in Leng Yue (65438+February) is 2 1℃. After the annual precipitation of 924 mm, 168 1 year, it is the main city of Mysore Kingdom and an important military stronghold in colonial times. After India's independence, industrialization developed rapidly. It is a commercial city, the economic center of southern India, and the railway and highway transportation hub leading to Madras, Mumbai and Hyderabad. It has developed modern industries, such as steel, machinery, electronics, chemistry, textiles, leather and food. Located at the intersection of Kannada, Drugu and Tamil cultures, Bangalore has become an active cultural center with educational and research facilities such as Bangalore University, Indian Academy of Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Agricultural University and National Electric Power Research Institute. There are also stone towns and ancient temples built by 176 1. Next to the center of the castle, there are vast gardens and magnificent modern buildings. The seventh largest city in India, with an area of 174.7 square kilometers and a population of 5.2 million, is the capital of Karnataka, an industrial city and commercial center in southern India, where there are many military factories. This bustling modern commercial center has the reputation of "Silicon Valley" and "Garden City" in India. Bangalore, meaning "boiled beans", was built in16th century. It was occupied by British colonialists from 183 1 until 1947. 1958, Texas company established a design center in Bangalore, which opened the way for other multinational information technology companies to set up here. In the 1960s, the central government set up key national defense and communication research institutions in this city, such as scientific research institute, national aviation research institute and radar electronics development company, which made the information technology industry of this city develop rapidly and made it the science and technology center of India. Bangalore is also one of the key areas for Indian industrial investment. India mainly has aircraft factories, electrical appliances, communication equipment, machine tools, automobile manufacturing, pharmaceutical and other factories. Sri Lanka is an island country in the Indian Ocean at the southern tip of the South Asian subcontinent, facing the Indian Peninsula across the Pakistan Strait in the northwest. Close to the equator, it is like summer all year round, with an average annual temperature of 28℃. The average annual precipitation varies from 1283-332 1 mm. Beautiful scenery, known as the "Pearl of the Indian Ocean". From 2000 BC to 1500 BC, Indo-European Aryans from the grasslands of Central Asia and South Russia immigrated to Ceylon and established the Sinhalese Dynasty. In 247 BC, King Ashoka of the peacock dynasty in India sent his son to the island to promote Buddhism, which was welcomed by the local king. Since then, Sinhalese people have abandoned Brahmanism and converted to Buddhism. Around the 2nd century BC, Tamils in South India also began to migrate and settled in Ceylon. From the 5th century to16th century, there was constant war between Sinhalese Kingdom and Tamil Kingdom on the island. Since16th century, it has been ruled by Portugal and Holland successively. /kloc-became a British colony at the end of 0/8. 1948 gained independence in February and was named Ceylon. 1972 was renamed the Republic of Sri Lanka on May 22nd. 1978 August 16 was renamed as the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. Pattaya in Sri Lanka is famous for its sunshine, beaches and seafood. Known as "Oriental Hawaii", it is a world-famous emerging seaside tourist resort. Pattaya is located in Siam Bay between Indo-China Peninsula and Malay Peninsula, 0/54 km southeast of Bangkok, with an urban area of more than 20 square kilometers, beautiful scenery and pleasant climate. There are 200 to 300 international conferences attended by hundreds of people every year. It receives more than 65.438 million tourists every year, and its foreign exchange income is equivalent to more than 7 billion baht. It is one of the important pillars of Thailand's tourism industry. Pattaya Maldives Maldives is located in the Indian Ocean in the southwest of Indian Peninsula, close to Sri Lanka, with an area of 298 square kilometers and a population of more than 220,000. Maldives is a reef around the island composed of 1 196 beautiful coral islands, such as garland, so it is also called "garland". Maldivian islanders call their country an "island country". In ancient times, sailors sailing in the Indian Ocean and Indian business travelers called it "the island of garlands"-"Maldives", which was named after its topography. Coconut groves, seawater, sunshine, beaches and colorful corals on the island are paradise in many people's minds. Most local residents believe in Islam, Divali is spoken, and English is spoken by officials and elites. Male (or Mali), its capital, is the smallest national capital in the world with a population of about 46,000. Maldives