"The ancestors of my family in recent generations are also Shaoxing teachers."
Zhou Enlai's ancestor was Zhou Dunyi, a scholar in the Song Dynasty. His descendants moved from the Central Plains to Zhejiang, then settled in Shaoxing, where they thrived. Zhou Enlai's great-grandfather generation is the 16th generation. This room is fifty. The founder of Room 50 lived to be 96 years old, and the plaque of "Hundred Years Hall" hung in the hall of his home. The Zhou family all say that their hometown is Shaoxing Fuqiao Centennial Hall. China people are generally * * * a grandfather, a five clothes, five clothes like passers-by. However, the Zhou Enlai family is a great grandfather, and each generation is a big family. Even if you choose the door, you should help and support each other. Why is this? Because our great-grandfather Zhou was not only knowledgeable, kind, but also far-sighted, which promoted the development of the family and was deeply respected by future generations.
Zhou (1791-1851), a 28-year-old scholar, failed to join the ranks of juren and Jinshi, so he had to go to Fujian and Zhejiang to be the master of Qian Gu. In his later years, Zhou saw his son Zhou Qiaoshui fall ill because of his poor family when he was young. Although his grandson, Zhou Ang Jun, was admitted to a scholar at the age of 13 (nominal age), he decided not to let him take the imperial examination, but to learn from Qian Gu. The career Zhou chose for his grandson decided the development and fate of several generations of Zhou family.
185 1 August of the lunar calendar, died of illness. In the same month, his eldest son Zhou Qiaoshui (Zhou Enlai's great-grandfather) died at the age of 33. Zhou Enlai's great-grandmother, Fan Shi from Shaoxing, and her five sons became orphans and widows. Of Fan Shi's five sons, the oldest is only 15 years old, and the youngest is only 5 years old. Fan He, her two younger brothers, is visiting the curtain industry in Jiangsu, and she is taking her eldest son and second son to study the curtain industry in Jiangsu. In Qian Gu, a senior university, the second child not only learned Qian Gu, but also learned the name of punishment. During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom War, the two brothers took full responsibility for supporting their families and brought their three younger brothers to Jiangsu to study drama industry.
/kloc-in the autumn of 0/869, Zhou took over the position of his second brother Zhou Angjun in Huai 'an Prefecture. 188 1 year, Zhou Ang died of illness. His youngest son Zhou (his sixth uncle) is 8 years old and is raised by his second uncle Zheng Renshou. After Zhou's promotion, his second uncle worked as a copywriter in the yamen of the Governor's Office of Grain Transportation, and was the staff of Yuan Wailang of the Postal Service and Yuan Shikai, the president of Beiyang Government. After 1890, Zhou Yiren, the fourth uncle, and Zhou Yiren, his father, went back to Shaoxing with Lu Xiaohe to study Qian Gu. Monday started his three-year teaching career, but he failed to learn anything on Monday.
Judging from the history of Zhoujia curtain industry, it basically started with father, brother and in-laws. /kloc-for more than 0/00 years, the Zhou family has survived by learning to be excellent. 1In August, 964, Zhou Enlai said when talking with relatives, "My great-grandfather had five brothers, all of whom moved to northern Jiangsu. My senior, junior, junior and senior are all county heads, but the fifth one is not. My grandfather (IV) was promoted from Shaoxing to county magistrate. "
Zhou Enlai's biological mother is the first 12 daughter elected by Huaiyin Wanqing. Wan Qingxuan's 14 daughter is Zhou Enlai's fifth aunt. Wan Qingxuan's grandfather 18 14 was appointed as Shanyang county magistrate, acting as Huai 'an magistrate. Wan Qingxuan has been an official in Huai 'an, Qinghe (now Huaiyin), Anton (now Lianshui) and Yancheng for more than 30 years, and has made great achievements. Chen, her stepmother, was born in a noble family in Qinghe. 1860, Nian Jun burned Qinghe County, and most of Chen's houses were destroyed before moving to Baoying. After the Zhou family died, in the spring of 1904, Wan returned to her mother's house with Chen, three brothers and an eight brothers with disabled legs.
At this time, Wan Qingxuan has been dead for six years, and Wanjia has begun to decline. It is not good to live long, so the family moved to Chenyuan. At that time, there were 14 houses in Chenjia Garden, so you can imagine the grand occasion of Chenjia. Chen's father, Chen, is knowledgeable. Under the cultivation of his father, Chen was able to write poems and lyrics when he was 14 years old. Chen's mother is the fourth young lady of Yuan Zhuangyuan in Shandong Province. Miss Yuan's third daughter married Gong Huaipu, who was originally from Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, and later worked as the owner of Qiangu in Shanyang County. Yuan Zhuangyuan's other daughter married Wan Liyu of Qinghe, who was Wan Qingxuan's eighth son and Zhou Enlai's eighth uncle.
My grandfather moved from Shaoxing to Jiangsu, while my uncles returned to Shaoxing to take the imperial examination, and my second uncle Zhou Fu, sixth uncle Zhou and third uncle Zhou were selected. The Zhou family went to Jiangsu and married Shaoxing people. Wang, a great-grandfather and fellow countryman of Shaoxing, also worked as a teacher in Huaiyin, and their children also married early. Wang Yu 1887 died and the Wangs moved back to Shaoxing. From 65438 to 0894, when I grew up, I returned to Shaoxing and married Wang's son.
Zhou Enlai said: "The ancestral grave is in Shaoxing, and my name is on Shaoxing's genealogy. I have to admit that I am from Shaoxing. But I grew up in Huai 'an with a Huai 'an accent, and I have to admit that I am from Huai 'an. So I said I'm from Huai 'an, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Zhejiang. It is said that Shaoxing people not only have ancestral graves and genealogy, but more importantly, the roots of feudal families are in Shaoxing. "
Zhou Jia has a good style and pays attention to education.
Zhou Enlai was born in a scholarly family with a long family history, profound cultural background and high cultural accomplishment. Develop the habit of learning and self-study ability from an early age, be diligent and eager to learn, be good at learning from others and have a wide range of knowledge. However, he is not the same as other people from scholarly families. He has two mothers, a biological mother and an heir mother, and is deeply loved by them. He was deeply influenced by the two mothers' different personalities. The love, kindness and comity of the two mothers influenced Zhou Enlai's character, making him less savage in front of men and more flexible in front of women. Loved people only know how to love others if they love more. From near to far, love family, classmates, friends, motherland and nation.
Before and after the Spring Festival, the Zhou family was very busy. On the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month, there is a portrait (ancestor portrait) hanging in the hall. More than a dozen portraits are carefully drawn by experts, and men are dressed in official uniforms, dignified and solemn. The woman is dressed in official clothes, with a good face and dignified manners; Everyone looks radiant and radiant. Zhou Enlai's mother pointed to the statue and told the Zhou Enlai brothers about their ancestors' ranks and achievements one by one, teaching their children not to lose face to the family and to make contributions in the future, so as to honor their ancestors. She knew that her husband was honest, honest and cowardly, and pinned her hopes on the next generation. After the New Year, the statue didn't fall until March 18th of the lunar calendar. The ceremony left a deep impression on young Zhou Enlai. Fifty years later, the comrades of Huai 'an County Committee brought more than a dozen portraits to Beijing, and Zhou Enlai could recognize them one by one and introduce them to the comrades of the county Committee.
Zhou Enlai's grandfather lived to be nearly 60 years old, which was considered a high life at that time. He has been a master all his life, so he became a magistrate of a county. Shortly after Zhou Enlai was born, his family began to decline due to the death of his grandfather. Zhou Enlai has an uncle and two uncles. Uncle has no interest in children, and Zhou Enlai is the eldest grandson. Two uncles, one died of lung disease, the other was lame, and nothing could be done. Zhou Enlai was born six months ago, and his eleventh uncle Gan Yi passed away. His parents adopted him to the eleventh uncle for a couple. He was raised by his stepmother Chen. He called his stepmother his mother and his biological parents michel platini's foster mother.
Chen, her stepmother, was a quiet scholar since childhood and a widow when she was young, and pinned all her hopes on her. She abides by family rules, never goes out easily after her husband's loss, never entangles in conflicts and disputes, forbeares everywhere, and only takes care of bringing up Zhou Enlai. Chen's forbearance style was influenced by his childhood and influenced his life. At the age of four, Zhou Enlai began to read and recite Tang poems, and listened to stories told by his stepmother, such as "Yue Shaobao's Great Victory in Zhuxian Town", "Loyalty to Humen's Martyrdom", "Liang Hongyu's Drum Beating Against Gold" and "Shen Zhuangyuan's Anti-Japanese Courage" and so on. These stories left unforgettable memories for Zhou Enlai's childhood. This kind of cultural enlightenment, so that his understanding ability and acceptance ability have been well cultivated and exercised since childhood. Decades later, Zhou Enlai said with deep affection, "To this day, I still want to thank my mother for giving me inspiration. Without her love, I will not embark on the road of learning. "
Wan's position and style in the family are completely different from Chen's. Zhou Enlai's grandfather Wan Qingxuan has been an official in Huaiyin for 30 years, and Huaiyin has 99 houses, occupying a whole street. Grandfather died the day after he was born in Zhou Enlai. Grandfather had 18 sons and 14 daughters, but only 17 grew up and got married. Zhou Enlai's mother is the first 12 daughter. Wan was spoiled by his father since childhood, refused to bind his feet, went to the school library to study, and often went out with his father. She is the "Hua Dan in charge" of Wanjia. When they got married, the dowry was transported to Huai 'an by two wooden boats through the canal. Influenced by teacher Wan since childhood, she learned the ability to deal with complex disputes, and she is capable and thoughtful. It is said that when there is a dispute between Zhou and Wan governments and their relatives and friends, it can be solved as long as Wan family members come. She patiently listened to the parties to explain the situation before expressing her opinions, so it was thoughtful and reasonable, and both sides could be convinced. After that, people will be rewarded with at least one meal, and everyone will talk about disputes or other family matters at the dinner table while eating. When dealing with these things, she often takes Zhou Enlai with her. Disputes arise either because of "profit" or "name". Many sticking points and interests in complex relationships are secrets that can only be understood but not expressed. The sensible Zhou Enlai naturally understood the complexity of the world and gained a lot of knowledge. Zhou Enlai said: "My biological mother is a cheerful person, so my personality also has this part of her." In fact, Zhou Enlai not only inherited her mother's cheerful personality, but also learned her ability to deal with contradictions. Therefore, Zhou Enlai is earlier than his peers, has seen the world, and is calm, reasonable and independent.
1907 Spring, my mother Wan died of overwork in Qingjiangpu at the age of 29. My father Zhou Shaogang (formerly known as Zhou Yineng) was on a business trip in Hubei and didn't see him for the last time. Regardless of the economic situation of the Zhou family, my grandmother maintained the feudal concept of family status and strictly demanded that the funeral be held as usual. For example, coffins need not only nanmu, but also "twelve flowers"; The coffin should be wrapped in five layers of hemp and seven layers of paint, and the monk should be asked to be a Dojo; Wait a minute. Nanmu coffins are all bought by borrowing money, so there is no money to do these things again. Mrs. Wan never gives in and won't stop until she reaches her goal. Zhou Shaogang was very passive, so he finally had to put Wan's coffin in buddhist nun for the time being. Zhou Enlai is very disgusted with this. On July 28th of the following year, my stepmother died of poverty and sadness. She was also 29 years old. Not afraid of gossip, Zhou Enlai decided to keep the funeral simple, bought a thin wooden coffin and shipped it back to Huai 'an, where he was buried with his stepfather. This was a great move at that time. He is only 10 years old, and he is an aggressive person. After the founding of New China, Zhou Enlai advocated changing customs, keeping funerals simple, taking the lead in cremation and leaving no ashes. Find its root, this is the source. He hated the ostentation and hypocrisy of officialdom since he was a child.
After the death of two mothers, in June 1908 1 1, Zhou Enlai returned to Huai 'an with his two younger brothers to live with his family. After my mother died, my father went out to work and run errands, and his income was too small to support the three children who stayed at home. Zhou Enlai's fourth uncle often sends money home from the northeast on Monday. Fifth Uncle Zhou, who is an inquisitor in Huai 'an, is a fourteenth aunt and often helps several nephews. Zhou Enlai presided over the housework, and from time to time went to the pawnshop to pawn the clothes at home to make a living.
Suffering from feudal thoughts since childhood, he finally embarked on the revolutionary road.
After the death of his grandfather Zhou, the Zhou family began to decline. However, the old habits of the family have not changed, and the old rules and rituals of the government have been retained. Zhou Enlai suffered greatly from it and hated it.
Families have lost their main source of income, but they still need dignity, and the specifications of gifts remain undiminished. In order to keep up the facade, Wan had to borrow money for entertainment, and later pawned his clothes to cope. Wan's pawn clothes often take the young with him. Zhou Enlai's first deep impression in his childhood was the vanity mentality and stereotype of a ruined official who relied on pawning and borrowing money to support his facade.
1904, Zhou Enlai's father and 18 uncles bought a lottery ticket and won the first prize, which was 10000 yuan. My mother, who loved to talk about ostentation and extravagance since she was a child, was so happy that she lost her head. The lottery ticket is in Wuhan, and my mother went to Wuhan by boat to change it, and walked all the way to play. When I got it, I bought a fur coat, a phonograph, this gift and that thing. I spent part of it before I went home. As soon as I got home, my creditors came to collect debts and my relatives and friends came to congratulate me. They stayed to eat, drink and be merry. Unable to afford it, my mother and husband lived in their parents' house with their two younger brothers, aged 6 and Chen. At this time, Wan Qingxuan has passed away for 6 years, and Wanjia has begun to decline. There are many people in the family and many things. The married girl was splashed with water, so the family had to move to Room Chen Garden 14. Soon the money was spent, and my husband went to work in Hubei again. Winning the lottery is really a flash in the pan. This is the second deep impression left by Zhou Enlai's childhood. Later, he said to his relatives: The first thing I did when I became prime minister was to cancel the lottery. He cancelled the lottery just to get rid of the idea of getting something for nothing and oppose living by luck.
1907, my biological mother died, and my grandmother did not sympathize with the situation of the Zhou family, insisting on a big funeral and pestering. This is the third deep impression left by Zhou Enlai when he was a child.
Losing two mothers in two years was a great blow to Zhou Enlai. Zhou Enlai couldn't live in Huaiyin any longer, so he had to take his two younger brothers back to Ma Xu Lane in Huai 'an to live with Babel and Baba. He is 10 years old this year. Beibei is lame, can't do anything, can't go out and doesn't care. Eight mothers live with their 7-year-old son and Zhou Enlai brothers, and there are six in the family. Eight Niang is a woman, can't go out, Zhou Enlai has become an important figure in the family. Either take out the house or borrow money from relatives, just like after a few years! Sometimes Sibo, who works outside, sends back a sum of money and pays off the debt immediately. Debt is heavy, and people often go home to ask for debt and interest. Zhou Enlai often pawns everywhere and borrows money from relatives and friends. On 19 18, Zhou Enlai heard the news of Beibei's death in Japan. He wrote in his diary: "I don't think there is any urgent man in my family." How should I deal with the aftermath? " In recent years, Baba and Baba have had enough. Debt is pressing every day and there is no money. How many mouthfuls do you want to eat? After eating, it's sold out. There is no place to borrow and no place to open a credit. Don't say that they have no face, that is, they are shameless to ask others for food, and I am afraid there is no place to ask for it. Although Beibei died of old age, how did he use a sum of money to treat diseases? It is simply poor. "This passage is full of tears, showing Zhou Enlai's life in Huai 'an.
What Zhou Enlai doesn't like most is that family life is too difficult, and he has to pay attention to etiquette. Stick a piece of paper on the wall with the birthdays and anniversaries of loved ones written on it. Go there every day and bring gifts. Even if you borrow money, you should give gifts, not only giving gifts but also kowtowing. Because Zhou Enlai is a junior and the only important person in his family, he must do all these things. It's a 30-mile walk to grandma's house and a boat ride across the river. The sun is shining in summer, and there is no car to sit in winter, no animals to ride, so we can only walk on two legs. It's even difficult to eat, so we have to talk about all this ostentation and extravagance. He hates vanity and showing off. But when he is in trouble, he can only borrow money from his relatives. In order to survive, Zhou Enlai had to deal with feudal families. The heavy burden makes the teenager Zhou Enlai often sigh: "This family is really difficult!"
In just a few years, great changes have taken place at home. It is conceivable that this is a great stimulus to Zhou Enlai, who is young and weak. He wants to leave this home and this suffocating environment. He kept writing to his fourth uncle Zhou, who works in the northeast, for help. Here comes the opportunity. 19 10 In the spring, his third uncle Zhou Yiqian returned to Huai 'an from the northeast to do business. He took him to Yin Gang College in Tieling, Liaoning Province to study and work there. Six months later, Zhou Enlai went to Shenyang to live and study with his fourth uncle. Since then, Zhou Enlai has started a new life. In Shenyang, Zhou Enlai entered the newly-built Fengtian Class 6 Primary School (later renamed as Dongguan Model School). After the Revolution of 1911 (19 1 1), Zhou Enlai, who was only 13 years old, took the lead in cutting off his pigtails, responding to and supporting the bourgeois revolution led by Sun Yat-sen.
Zhou Enlai's revolutionary move was not accidental. This is based on his understanding of family and society. Family is the cell of society. We can know the ocean from a drop of water and the society from a family. He hated the feudal family, and then the social system. Although his understanding was not clear at that time, he hoped to change the status quo. So when he heard the news of the Revolution of 1911, he immediately saw hope, responded immediately, and cut off the braid on his head.
Zhou Enlai suffered deeply from the feudal system and had a deep understanding of the harm of Confucius and Mencius. It is because of this experience that he took it as his responsibility to transform society when he was studying at school. He said that students should be "fully educated, become great people, and take on the arduous responsibilities of the country in the future." When the May 4th Movement broke out, he shouted the slogan "Down with Kongjiadian". He took an active part and became a leader. With his firm belief in productism, he devoted himself to the proletarian revolutionary cause and gained a deeper understanding of the old family, feudal thought and feudal system. He knew that feudalism was deeply rooted in China and could not be eliminated in one day. He knew that feudalism had a wide influence in China, which could not be eliminated in one generation, so he was highly vigilant against feudal things. Zhou Enlai is well aware of the difficulty of transforming society, always on guard against the erosion of old habits, and has maintained his true nature as a hardworking and honest producer and revolutionary all his life.
Prevent the influence of master culture and advocate "five customs"
Zhou Enlai never hides his origins. He put himself in the position of educating cadres and said, "Take me for example. Someone asked me where I came from, and I said I was originally from Shaoxing, Huai 'an, Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Why are you making such a fuss? Because my brothers and cousins are both from Shaoxing, I have to say that I am originally from Shaoxing, otherwise I will be suspected of getting rid of this relationship. I was born in Huai 'an. My grandfather is the magistrate of Huai 'an County, and my grandfather is the magistrate of Huaiyin County. Now I have a family in Huai 'an. If I don't say that I was born in Huai 'an, my historical relationship with them can't be explained clearly. There is no harm in explaining a person's historical relationship clearly. No matter what the present situation is, the past history cannot be erased. After revolutionary training, of course, I am no longer a bourgeois intellectual, but I should say that I am a revolutionary intellectual, but writing history cannot erase the past. "
Zhou Enlai is not only strict with himself, but also always educates cadres and future generations in this way. He advocated the "five customs". These "five customs" are ideological customs, political customs, social customs, relatives customs and life customs. 1963 made a report at the meeting of responsible cadres in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council, directly under the authority, and specifically talked about this issue. When talking about social customs, he said: "Generally speaking, we always talk about ideological and political customs, and I especially mention the latter three customs, because China is an extremely complicated society, and we still have the task of transforming it. In this society, the customary forces of the old feudal capitalism can easily influence you, pollute you and corrode you. If you lose your guard, these things will take advantage of it. Therefore, the task of transforming society is very arduous, and the burden of comrades in leadership positions is even heavier. "
Zhou Enlai said: "The fourth level is the relative level. Not only immediate family members, but also family members and relatives. For relatives, do you influence him or does he influence you? A leading cadre must first answer and solve this problem. " Zhou Enlai has no children of her own. As he came from a big family, he became the Prime Minister after the founding of New China, and more than 65,438+000 relatives came to visit him or asked to solve difficulties or came to visit him. Zhou Enlai has always regarded family affairs as a part of social problems, and never pushed the responsibility of family to society. In order to do the work of relatives who want him to solve a better job, he specially held a family meeting. He said to these relatives at the meeting: "We * * * Production Party are materialists, and we should recognize the relationship between families. The problem is that it is unreliable. However, we can't engage in nepotism like the Kuomintang. Want to rely on me to find you a good thing, this I can't do. You can only rely on yourself and be self-reliant. " Around 1950, many relatives in Zhou Enlai lost their jobs and livelihoods, so they wrote to him for help. Zhou Enlai suggested that they should register with the local government and be employed by the local government according to their abilities, so as to serve the people. "Self-reliance and serving the people" is his goal of transforming the old family.
Zhou Enlai was very strict with his relatives, and made ten house rules: 1. The younger generation can't leave their jobs and come to see me. All newcomers will stay in the State Council Guest House. Everyone goes to the canteen to queue up to buy food. Those who have jobs pay for meals, and those who have no jobs pay for meals. 4. Go to the cinema and theater as a family member to buy tickets, and don't use hospitality vouchers. 5. Don't treat people and give gifts. 6. You are not allowed to use the bus. 7. In your personal life, don't ask others to do anything you can. 8. Life should be hard and simple. 9. Don't talk about your relationship with me on any occasion, and don't show off yourself. 10. No selfish interests, no specialization.
When everyone is competing to enter the university, support my niece to enter the normal school after graduating from junior high school and encourage my nephew Zhou to join the army. After the outbreak of the "Cultural Revolution", a large number of students went to the countryside to jump the queue. At this time, being a soldier has become a good thing. He encouraged his nephew Zhou and niece to go to the countryside to be educated youth. His nephews and nieces have been recruited by the army according to the normal procedures in rural areas, but he mobilized them to return to the countryside after learning about it. He said: Give good things to the masses. He mobilized his younger brother Zhou Enshou to take the lead in retirement. My brother has six children, and life is difficult. Every month, he takes out 200 yuan from his limited salary to support his younger brother, so as not to let him reach out to the unit or increase the burden on the country.
When talking about life, Zhou Enlai said: "In terms of material life, our leading cadres should be content and feel that their material benefits are enough, even too much, and the less the better. If people give us more, they should feel uneasy. We should regard hard work and simplicity as our virtue. In this way, we will feel comfortable, save money on individuals, increase welfare for the collective, increase accumulation for the country, and build China into a powerful socialist country more quickly. In terms of spiritual life, we should devote ourselves to the cause of production, care about people's sufferings and think about the future of the world. In this way, our sense of political responsibility will be enhanced and our spiritual realm will be noble. "
Zhou Enlai said so and did the same. He took the lead in changing customs, resolutely opposed the reconstruction of ancestral graves, and always advocated the burial of flat graves. 1964, Zhou Enlai sent people to level the graves of his father and mother-in-law in Chongqing and the ancestral graves in Huai 'an, buried the coffin deeply, and reclaimed the original cemetery for local farmers. After his death, according to his last wish, Deng sent relatives to the Pingzu grave in Shaoxing to bury the coffin. Zhou Enlai did not keep the ashes, and their ashes were scattered all over the country. After Deng died, his ashes were scattered to the sea.
Zhou Enlai was a proletarian revolutionary all his life and a model for the whole party. He broke with the old family and system completely, and abandoned the backward and decadent things in the old family and system. What he shows is party member's style and demeanor.
Text/Li