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What books were unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb?
ancient books written on silk from the end of Qin dynasty to the beginning of Han dynasty, which were unearthed in the tomb of the Western Han Dynasty at Mawangdui No.3 in Changsha, Hunan Province in December p>1973. Silk books are written in whole or half of silk books and stored in a rectangular lacquer box in the east box of Tomb No.3, among which some silk books are rolled on a piece of wood with a width of about 2 ~ 3 cm. When unearthed, the folded edge has broken, and the silk pieces are stuck together, which is very serious. After repair and textual research, it is found that there are about 29 silk books with about 12, words.

According to the book style, taboo, date and the year when the tomb was buried (168 BC), the copying time of silk books can be roughly divided into two categories. The type with an earlier copying time, with a font close to seal script, was written around the time of Qin and Han Dynasties, without avoiding the taboo of Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang. The later type of copying, the font is official script, and the taboo "state" is "country", but it is not taboo for Hui Di, Liu Ying and Wendi Liu Heng. It was written from the early Han Dynasty to the early years of Wendi. Some silk books are painted in sand with lines, with the top and bottom left, and the blank around each article is equivalent to "redundant bamboo slips", which is basically consistent with the shape of bamboo slips unearthed in Han Dynasty. Most silk books have no titles. In order to facilitate citation, all those without titles are named by the organizer according to the content. After finishing, all the silk books are divided into six volumes. The ancient books found are:

A and B versions of Laozi, and there are two versions of Laozi in the silk books lost before and after the volume. A copy of Laozi and the four lost books after the volume are copied into a long volume, with a font close to seal script, *** 465 lines, each line is about 3 words; The second edition of Laozi and the four lost books in the first volume are copied on a whole silk, and the characters are official scripts, with 252 lines of * * *, each line ranging from 6 to 7 words, and the copying time is later than that of the first edition. The two kinds of written books are "The Classic of Virtue" in front, "The Classic of Daoism" in the back, and the order is opposite to that of the popular book, but different from that of "Everything is done wrong? The articles cited in Jie Lao are in the same order. The passage is divided into 81 chapters. The second edition of the silk book Laozi has no chapters. Some paragraphs in the first edition are marked with dots, and the chapters are different from those in the current edition, such as chapter 24 before chapter 22, chapter 41 before chapter 4, and chapters 8 and 81 before chapter 67. Looking for the meaning of the text, the order of silk books is more reasonable than that of the current version.

the book lost in the back of the first volume of Laozi has no title, and it can be divided into four parts according to its content, which are named as Five Elements, Nine Masters, Ming Jun and De Sheng respectively. The so-called five elements refer to benevolence, righteousness, virtue, wisdom and holiness; The so-called nine lords refer to the nine monarchs mentioned by Yi Yin in the article. The first four lost books in the second volume of Laozi are entitled: Classic Law, Sixteen Classics, Weighing and Daoyuan. The first two books also include several small chapters, all of which have endings. The main content is about the name of punishment and the theory of yin and yang punishment. Some people think that these four lost books are Han Shu? Yiwenzhi recorded the Four Classics of Huangdi in Taoism. Because Emperor Wen of Han advocated the learning of Huang Lao, he combined the Four Classics of Huangdi and Laozi into one volume. Some people think that the myth of the Yellow Emperor recorded in the Sixteen Classics and the deeds and mutual answers of his ministers, such as Li Hei (that is, Li Mu), Yan Ran, Guo Tong, Tai Shan Ji and Levin, may be different from those in Hanshu? There are 1 pieces of Huangdi monarch and minister recorded in Yiwenzhi or 15 pieces of Limu listed in the category of soldiers and yin and yang.

Zhouyi and the lost silk book Zhouyi include two parts. "Sixty-four hexagrams" and the lost book after the volume are copied into one volume, with 129 lines and no title. The lost book is tentatively named "Two or Three Questions"; The Cohesion and several lost books after the volume are copied into one volume, and the original titles of the lost books are marked with the number of words, namely, Yao 1648, Zhao Li and Miuhe 6.

The names of the hexagrams in the silk script are often borrowed words, such as "key", "root", "gan", "Chen", "Chuan", "Duo", "Luo" and "Xun". Gua Ci and Yao Ci are basically the same as the popular version, but the order of arrangement is completely different. The passage book is divided into upper and lower classics, and the upper classics are thirty hexagrams, which begin with dry and finally leave; After the thirty-four hexagrams, Yu Xian began, and finally it failed, and the order was relative to each other. Explanatory texts such as Xun, Xiang and Classical Chinese are attached to the relevant hexagrams respectively, and the silk books under the rhetoric are not divided into upper and lower classics, and there are no Xun, Xiang and Classical Chinese. The order of the sixty-four hexagrams is not relative to each other, but based on the upper and lower hexagrams, that is, eight single hexagrams as the next hexagrams. The main difference between the silk book "Cohesion" and the popular book is that it is neither divided into chapters nor chapters. The chapter "Fifty of Great Yan" in the current edition is not found in the silk book "Cohesion", and other chapters are scattered in other lost books after the volume of "Cohesion". The main content of the lost book is that Ersanzi, Miao He, Lu Chang, Wu Meng, Zhang She, Li Ping, Zhao Li, etc. have a question and answer with the teacher who passed on the Book of Changes, including part of the contents of this edition of Shuo Gua. There are two kinds of lost books in Spring and Autumn Annals. A lost book similar to Zuo Zhuan was badly damaged, with 97 lines, ***16 chapters and no title. The content narrates the historical facts of the Spring and Autumn Period, and each chapter is not related to each other, and there is no country or date, such as Lu Yingong being killed by Peng Sheng, the son of Qi, killing Lu Huangong, the son of Lu celebrating his father's regicide, the battle of Song Xianggong's flood, seeing Taizai in Zi Gan, and Qin killing the doctor around the DPRK. Some historical facts are consistent with Zuo Zhuan, but the arguments are different, and some are not contained in Zuo Zhuan. Some scholars think that this lost book is a kind of book, such as "Duo Shi Wei" edited by Duo Jiao, who is "Fu for Chu Weiwang", or "Gong Sungu" with 18 chapters. This book is relatively simple to record, focusing on remembering words, and is now named "The Story of the Spring and Autumn Period".

Another kind of lost book belongs to the remarks made by strategists in the Warring States Period, with 325 lines, which are basically complete from beginning to end, and have 27 chapters, each separated by dots. Among them, 11 chapters are found in Historical Records by Sima Qian and The Warring States Policy compiled by Liu Xiang, while 16 chapters are not found in the lobbying materials of Su Qin and others in ancient books handed down from ancient times. Some people think that it may be 31 pieces of Perilla that have long been lost, while others think that this edition of the Warring States Policy is based on the National Policy, State Affairs, Shortness and Events in Liu Xiang's secretary at the end of the Western Han Dynasty. Now it's called the Warring States Letters.

Ancient medical books, silk books and ancient medical books were originally untitled. There is a special book on medical prescriptions, which is copied on a half piece of silk about 24 cm high and has 459 lines. There is a table of contents, which lists the names of 52 diseases. The main text is titled with the names of these 52 diseases, and records the causes and symptoms of the disease, as well as the prescriptions and treatments for the disease, ranging from one or two prescriptions to twenty or thirty prescriptions. The treatment methods are mainly drugs, but also moxibustion, stone cutting and surgical treatment. There are more than 24 kinds of medicines, some of which are not found in the existing materia medica literature. Now it is named "Fifty-two Prescriptions for Diseases".

There are four other lost books before the volume of Fifty-two Diseases Prescription, which are copied into one volume. Now they are named Moxibustion Classics of Eleven Veins in Foot and Arm, Moxibustion Classics of Eleven Veins in Yin and Yang, Pulse Method and Death of Yin and Yang Veins, all of which are books about ancient medical theory. The contents of the first two books discuss the circulation, main diseases and moxibustion of 11 human veins, and are different from the existing Huangdi Neijing? Lingshu? Some styles of the 12 meridians in Meridians are similar, even many sentences are the same. However, these two kinds of silk books only talk about 11 veins, but there is no one hand-jue-yin vein. All the veins in Foot-arm Eleven-pulse Moxibustion Classic run from the extremities to the center of the body, while those in Yin-Yang Eleven-pulse Moxibustion Classic run in the opposite direction, that is, from the center of the body to the extremities.

Line 12 of Pulse Method discusses how to judge the symptoms of diseases according to pulse method, especially the problems of moxibustion and stone-picking treatment. "Yin and Yang pulse death" 4 lines, and "Lingshu? The passage about "Five Deaths" in Meridians is similar, but there are some important differences, and it doesn't have the color of five elements theory like Meridians.

Together with the medical bamboo slips pressed on the silk book, there is a "Guide Map" painted in color on the whole silk with a height of about 5 cm, which was badly damaged when unearthed. Now, according to the immersion marks, folding relationship and the warp and weft texture of the silk itself, it is spliced and restored as much as possible. On the screen, the characters are arranged in a single position, making various postures such as sitting, stretching their arms, squatting, etc., and there are captions such as "spleen pain" and "knee pain" beside the picture. There are two kinds of lost books in front of "Guide Map", with 26 lines. The former one is named "Que Gu Shi Qi", which is one of the earliest existing literature materials about Qi-moving or Qigong. Starting from the ninth line, the content is basically the same as the above-mentioned Yin-Yang Eleven-pulse Moxibustion Classic, which is now called A and B respectively.

Three kinds of lost books named Miscellaneous Therapy Prescription, Health-preserving Prescription and Fetal Birth Book are copied into one volume, and Fetal Birth Book is devoted to the taboo of fetal birth, which is similar to SanJing, an ancient medical book. The nature of Health-preserving Prescription and Miscellaneous Therapy Prescription belongs to Hanshu? A kind of room recorded in Yi Wen Zhi is also related to this kind of ancient books handed down from generation to generation.

There are 144 lines and no title in one volume of ancient lost books, such as astronomical astrology, ancient maps and Xiang Ma Jing. The content is mainly the five-star occupation of wood, gold, water, fire and earth, so it is named "Five-Star Occupation". The book records the position of the five stars in the sky for 7 years from the first year of Qin Shihuang to the third year of Emperor Wendi (246 ~ 177 BC), and calculates the period of their revolution, such as filling the stars (Saturn), period of revolution, Historical Records? TianGuanShu ","HuaiNanZi? Astronomical training is calculated as 28 years, and the silk book is calculated as "thirty years old and one week in the sky", which is closer to the figure calculated by modern astronomical science (that is, one revolution in 29.46 years).

There is a book in the lost book, with pictures and texts, which is divided into four aspects: clouds, gas, stars and comets. It is arranged in six columns from top to bottom, each of which is drawn in ink and ink, and the following are the names, explanations and texts. At the end of the second half, there is a passage without a picture, and there are more than 35 articles in * * *. The book contains rich astronomical and meteorological contents. For example, "Comet", * * * has 29 different forms of comet pictures, except for the head and tail, some of them also draw the nucleus that is not easy to see with the naked eye.

ancient map (see).

The lost book of Xiang Ma Jing, originally untitled, has 77 lines, and its style is similar to that of Fu, which is different from that of modern series Xiang Ma Jing in content and style.

The lost books of Yin-Yang, Five Elements and Criminal Morality have not been compiled and published. Bibliography Hunan Provincial Museum: A Study of Mawangdui Han Tomb, Hunan People's Publishing House, Changsha, 1981. Collating Group of Silk Books of Mawangdui Han Tomb: The Silk Books of Mawangdui Han Tomb, Volume I, III and IV, Cultural Relics Publishing House, Beijing, 1981, 1983 and 1985 (to be continued.