Tuberculosis is a chronic wasting disease. The most common symptoms are low fever, night sweats, loss of appetite, emaciation and weakness. The appetite of tuberculosis patients is generally very bad, so it is of great significance to make up for the consumption caused by the disease, enhance resistance and strengthen nutrition in diet.

High protein and heat energy should be given. Any symptom of tuberculosis will seriously consume tissue protein and heat energy, so the supply of food protein and heat energy is higher than that of normal people The daily supply of protein is 1.5 ~ 2.0g/kg, and the main sources of protein are milk, eggs, animal offal, fish and shrimp, lean meat and bean products. Milk is rich in casein and calcium, which is an ideal nutritious food for tuberculosis patients. Based on the principle of maintaining the normal weight of patients, the heat energy supply can be 40 ~ 50 kilocalories per kilogram of body weight, and the carbohydrate staple food can meet the supply according to the food intake, without restriction, but it is not advisable to eat more fat to avoid indigestion and obesity.

Vitamins and inorganic salts can greatly promote the rehabilitation of pulmonary tuberculosis. Among them, vitamin a has the function of enhancing the body's disease resistance; Vitamins B and C can improve various metabolic processes in the body, stimulate appetite, and improve the functions of lungs and blood vessels. If there are patients with recurrent hemoptysis, iron supply should be increased. Advocate eating more green leafy vegetables, fruits and miscellaneous grains.

Nursing:

1. Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease with long treatment time and slow recovery. It will have a negative impact on the work and life of patients and even the whole family. Family members should treat these problems correctly, do not abandon patients, give them psychological support, create a good environment, make them establish confidence in overcoming diseases, rest with peace of mind, actively cooperate with treatment, and finally achieve a real cure.

2. Tuberculosis is mainly transmitted through respiratory tract, followed by intestinal infection caused by food or tableware contaminated by tuberculosis, so it is necessary to disinfect and isolate tuberculosis patients. ① When patients cough, sneeze and talk loudly, don't look directly at others. At the same time, cover your mouth and nose with your hand or handkerchief and boil it for disinfection. (2) Don't spit everywhere. After the patient's sputum is disinfected, burn it on paper together with the paper that wipes the mouth and nose secretions, or add 2% coal phenol soap to the sputum cup for disinfection once a day. ③ The appliances used by patients should be boiled and disinfected after meals. ④ Indoor air disinfection 65438+ conditional 0 ~ 2 times a day, exposing the used bedding and books of patients in the sun for 2 hours a day, which can kill mycobacterium tuberculosis. ⑤ People who are in close contact with patients should be vaccinated with BCG.

3. Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis should stay in bed in the late stage, especially those with fever, hemoptysis and pulmonary compensatory dysfunction; If there are no obvious symptoms of poisoning, general activities can be carried out, but the amount of activities should be limited to ensure adequate rest time; During the transition from the improvement period to the stable period, we should step by step, increase the activity and participate in certain labor services to avoid overwork and reduce the recurrence.

4. Tuberculosis is a chronic wasting disease, and patients in the late stage are often very weak. Therefore, it is necessary to increase nutrition in the diet, increase the intake of foods with high protein, high calorie and high vitamins, enhance physical fitness and increase the function of the autoimmune system.

5. Blood in sputum or a small amount of hemoptysis is a common symptom of pulmonary tuberculosis, and the following points should be paid attention to during nursing. (1) Give care and patient explanation, keep calm and eliminate the patient's nervousness and fear. ② Patients should rest quietly and lie on their side. ③ Cautious use of antitussive and sedative drugs to guide patients to cough effectively and ensure unobstructed respiratory tract. ④ The diet should be given liquid or semi-liquid digestible food, and each meal should be warm and cool, not too much, and at the same time, pay attention to keeping the stool unobstructed. ⑤ If the patient suddenly has chest tightness, dysphoria, dyspnea or poor hemoptysis during hemoptysis, he should immediately lift his feet, take a handstand posture, pat his back to facilitate the discharge of blood clots, and dig out or suck out his nose as soon as possible. Throat blood clot, at the same time, notify the emergency center or community medical staff as soon as possible, rescue on the spot, and then move or transfer to another hospital after the condition is stable.

6. The application of anti-tuberculosis drugs in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis is based on the principle of early, regular, whole course, combined use and appropriate dosage, and the treatment time is long, generally 1 ~ 2 years. The key to successful treatment is to use drugs regularly within the specified time to avoid omission and interruption. Therefore, it is very important for patients to adhere to the treatment plan prescribed by doctors. Family members should help and supervise, and pay attention to the side effects of drugs: isoniazid is easy to cause peripheral neuritis, and vitamin B 1 and vitamin B6 can be taken to prevent it; Streptomycin is easy to cause hearing and kidney damage, so we should pay attention to whether the patient's hearing changes and check the renal function regularly. Rifampicin can cause gastrointestinal reaction; Ethambutol can cause retrobulbar optic neuritis. In addition, almost all anti-tuberculosis drugs have different degrees of damage to the liver. During the treatment, you should make regular follow-up visits to check the liver function, report the reaction to the doctor in detail, adjust the medication in time, and improve the treatment effect.

7. Patients with pulmonary tuberculosis have poor physical resistance, so they should keep a happy mood, take physical exercise step by step, strengthen their physique, pay attention to personal protection and avoid respiratory infection.

8. After the elderly suffer from tuberculosis, their symptoms are often not as typical as those of young adults, and their fever is not obvious. Moderate fever is less than 1/4, and hemoptysis only accounts for 1/4. However, there are many symptoms and signs such as cough, expectoration, palpitation, chest tightness, shortness of breath, fatigue, anorexia, emaciation and edema, which are easy to be misdiagnosed. In recent years, the proportion of tuberculosis in the elderly is increasing, and the mortality rate is also high. Therefore, when the elderly, family members or close contacts who have suffered from tuberculosis in the past have suspicious symptoms such as low fever, unexplained emaciation, cough, fatigue and shortness of breath, they should be alert to tuberculosis and take the initiative to go to the hospital for examination. Once the diagnosis is made, we should insist on regular and systematic treatment in time under the guidance of a doctor, and never think that the elderly do not need treatment and delay the opportunity.

Prevention:

The prevention of tuberculosis focuses on protecting and enhancing the human body's resistance. The specific measures are as follows:

① Life is regular, that is, life style is rationalized and regularized, life is cautious, shelter from the wind and cold, quit smoking and drinking, have long-distance sex, and have a moderate rest.

2 balanced diet, rich nutrition, spicy.

③ Breathe fresh air frequently.

4 Stay optimistic, because bad emotions will affect the body's resistance.

⑤ Take part in sports regularly, exercise and enhance physical fitness.

⑥ Because the infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the direct cause of this disease, we should try our best to reduce the contact with tuberculosis patients, especially active tuberculosis patients.