Family planting mainly includes yard planting and potted plants.
(1) Garden planting: First of all, according to the habits of grapes, choose a planting site with sufficient sunshine, good ventilation and high and dry terrain. Before planting, dig deep into the ground, apply sufficient decomposed base fertilizer, and then plant grape seedlings in holes according to planting conditions. Note that the roots should be extended, not buried deeply, but planted on the raised mound. Finally, the branches will be slightly thinned, the rhizosphere soil will be compacted, and sufficient root-fixing water will be poured, and the vines will be tied to posts or supports.
In maintenance, we should focus on the following work:
① Water and fertilize. Grapes like to dry, so water them less or not when they bloom and bear fruit. In winter, the dry areas in the north need to keep the soil moist. Rational fertilization is the key to the growth and fruiting of grapes. In some winter, nitrogen and phosphorus base fertilizers should be applied completely, and phosphorus fertilizer should be applied before flowering. Two times, after the results, apply phosphorus and potassium fertilizer 1 twice.
② plastic trimming. Plastic surgery often takes different situations because of different planting methods. For example, scaffolding should generally focus on raising one side of the main vine to make it grow into a large crown, and then pruning and thinning after making the crown width form a fair fruiting branch; However, hedge type and wall-attached type can be planted individually, leaving only one upright main vine, and then developing short layered fruiting lateral branches, or they can be renovated into larger plant spacing, and the longer fruiting lateral branches extend parallel to the traction lines on both sides of the hedge.
Pruning should leave appropriate fruiting branches at a reasonable density during the annual dormancy period, and then only 1? Cut the two buds short to make them grow into new reserved fruit branches next year. Pruning alternately every year, so that it can form a certain number of fruiting branches every year.
Pruning in growth period is mainly to dredge the weak branches that affect ventilation and light transmission in time and disperse nutrition.
Redundant branches control the super-permanent growth of fruiting branches, but avoid moderate pruning, showing preserved results.
The early flowering of branches in autumn that year affected the abnormal flowering and fruiting in the coming year.
(2) Potted plants: mostly used for the cultivation of balconies in the Southern Dynasties, which can uglify the environment and shade the sun in summer. Use a cooking pot with a diameter of more than 30cm. Cultivation soil can be mixed with a small amount of broken bricks, and one plant can be planted in each pot. When planting, add a handful of decomposed cake fertilizer to the cultivation soil near the bottom of the pot, stir it a little, add a thin layer of soil on it, and then put the seedlings into the pot. On the basis of its maintenance and management, it is similar to planting seedlings on the ground. Potted seedlings are usually made of bamboo and wood into single column, triangle or oval brackets.
(3) Pests and Diseases Control Grape pests and diseases include black pox, downy mildew, winged moth, aphid, scale insect, golden flower worm and foot moth, but the first three are the most serious.
Black pox: In order to harm the light green part, the damaged leaves appear pinhead reddish-brown to dark-brown spots in the early stage, with yellow halo outside, which is round to irregular after expansion. 1? 4! 1 The center is grayish white, and the edge is dark brown, and the lesion breaks after drying. The diseased spots in the veins are prismatic, causing atrophy and distortion. After the onset of fruit stalk, part or the whole ear will be stunted, withered and fall off. Bird's-eye lesions appeared after green fruit disease, and later hardened and cracked. New shoots are also easy to be polluted before lignification, and branches wither and die when it is important.
Incidence regularity: the initial period is from late April to early May, and the peak period is June. In low-lying areas, weak trees, bad branches in winter, improper fertilization (partial application of nitrogen fertilizer) and weak disease resistance of varieties will aggravate the occurrence of diseases. Most European species are disease-resistant. Control methods: ① Strengthen horticultural control, such as selecting disease-resistant varieties and cleaning diseased branches and old bark in winter. ② For the first spraying every year, 1:0.7:240 Bordeaux mixture should be selected, and others can be sprayed with 50% bacitracin 800? L000 times solution, or 75 "chlorothalonil 700 times solution, or 7 cm zineb manganese 800? 1000 times liquid, etc.
Grape downy mildew: It is important to damage leaves and other tender tissues. The diseased leaves are waterlogged first, then yellow to brown, with polygonal spots, which can be connected into large pieces. When wet, a white to gray downy mildew layer appears on the diseased leaves on the back, and the diseased spots dry up and the leaves fall early in the later stage. Young fruits are soft and rotten after infection, become stiff in the later stage and fall early.
Occurrence regularity: oospores or mycelium of overwintering pathogen spread by wind and rain in June of the following year, 9? 10 month is the peak of onset. It is rainy in autumn and the temperature is low, which is easy to cause popularity. Guess what?
Prevention and treatment methods: ① Destroy the diseased body in autumn and burn it. ② At the initial stage of the disease, the same amount of Bordeaux solution or 500 times of 50% metalaxyl copper solution is often used for prevention and treatment, and 2? Three times.
Grape wing moth (moth): newly hatched small insects eat people's tender stems and persecute people. Victims are easily broken by the wind and die, resulting in a large number of fruit drops.
Generation law: once a year, the larvae overwinter in the branches and become immortals in June of the following year. After mating and spawning, the larvae began to damage the tender branches, and the injured parts were swollen and tumor-like, and brown insect droppings accumulated near the drill hole. 9? 10 wintered in the branches.
Prevention and control methods: ① Artificial killing. @ Grape Bud Spraying 1cm? 2 cm pyrethroid pesticide 1500? 2000 times the liquid, the effect is good.
Propagation methods Grapes are propagated mainly by cutting, grafting and layering.
(1) Cutting: Select annual branches with full buds, cut them into sand in winter and cut them into 2 pieces. 3-bud cuttings are often used for open-field cutting or pot cutting. In June, you can also choose branches that grow well in that year and cut them into 2? Three cuttings, peeling off the lower leaves, leaving only the top leaves, cutting off the leaves at the tip of 1/3 ~ 1/2, inserting them into coarse sand, and sprinkling water frequently to keep the substrate moist.
(2) Grafting: it is mostly used to improve inferior adult trees. Grafting was carried out in early spring when the sap just started to flow. If the sap flow is too strong after cutting the rootstock, the incision is often difficult to heal.
(3) layering: although the survival rate can reach 10 cm, the operation is more complicated than the transplanting method, and it is often taken only when the female parents of excellent varieties are scarce.
Cultivation and maintenance Grapes should be transplanted and planted during the dormant period, usually from the late autumn after defoliation to the next spring before germination.