First, diet
Mongolian food culture has a long history and is an important part of national culture. Since 1 1 century, the Mongolian diet has roughly formed three categories, namely meat, milk and grain.
Mongolians live in Mobei grassland. Horses, cows, sheep and camels are their daily necessities, and meat is a common occurrence, so their diet and life are naturally related to this. Meat food is mainly mutton, and cows are rarely slaughtered, because cows produce milk and provide milk makers for people. Besides being ridden, horses can provide the most nutritious milk. They won't kill horses again unless there is a big sacrifice. They also have no habit of raising pigs, so they don't eat pork. A strong horse can support three people. Where there are horses, there must be six or seven sheep; If there are a hundred horses, there must be six or seven hundred sheep. When I went to the Central Plains, after eating all the sheep, I beat rabbits, deer and wild tapirs for food, so even if hundreds of thousands of people left, I didn't have to carry food. It is said that in Genghis Khan's era, Mongolian soldiers roasted whole sheep with iron brackets during the March, which may be the embryonic form of roasted whole sheep now. Moreover, their way of eating meat was not very particular at first, and the meat was mostly half-cooked.
Mongolian dairy products are mainly confused, that is, horse milk, which is the staple food of Mongolians in summer. In addition, there is milk powder made of cheese, cream and fresh milk. Some of these processed products are stored like grains for perennial consumption. Mongolians advocate white, and milk is white, which symbolizes purity. Therefore, they regard milk as a noble and auspicious thing and call milk food free food. Drinks made from milk mainly include milk tea, yogurt and milk wine. Milk wine is the main drink of Mongolian people, with koumiss as the best and the highest nutritional value.
In addition, the Mongolian herdsmen around Wuliangha live on food. In the past, herders used chopsticks instead of eating, and used their hands and wooden pots to eat. Later, Sanwei began to use simple wooden bowls and spoons. It can also be seen that the living customs of Mongolian herders and Han people have been increasingly integrated.
Second, the clothing hairstyle
Mongolians have different hairstyles. According to Yu Gong's Monks and Tatars, people from Genghis Khan to ordinary people shave and "dissolve coke". Most Mongolians don't have beards, but some people have a small amount of hair on their upper lips and jaws, and they pay great attention to protection and refuse to cut it off.
Mongolian hats are not only different for men and women, but also for winter and summer. Winter hats include fur hats and felt hats, which are divided into domes and spires, in which the domes have back eaves, such as dustpans. Wearing a felt hat in summer is shaped like a cymbal, also called a cymbal hat. The brim of the hat is wide, which can keep out the sun. The back part is decorated with cloth strips to protect the neck from mosquitoes and flies, and the top of the hat has a crown bead or pheasant tail. At first, the hats worn by Mongols had no front eaves. Kublai Khan could not open his eyes because of the strong sunlight, and suffered from riding and shooting. He told Queen Chabi that the Queen added a front brim to her hat (Biography of Empresses in Yuan Dynasty). Mongolian women wear fur hats in winter and shawls in summer. Mongolians, both men and women, cut clothes according to the same style. "They have to make at least two fur coats for winter. One hair inward, one hair outward, to resist the wind and snow. The latter type is often made of wolf skin, fox skin or baboon skin. But when they were sitting in the room, they put on another light robe. The poor make robes out of dogs and sheepskins. " After Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty, he took Jin, Song, Farhan and Tang dynasties as far afield as possible, and began to make provisions on costumes, referring to the costumes of Han people. However, only the clothes of emperors, nobles and princes changed slightly, and the clothes of Mongolians generally maintained their original styles.
Three. live
Wei Liu in Yuan Dynasty designed and planned two capitals: Yuandu and Yuandu. The capital of the Yuan Dynasty is generally called a grassland city, and the overall design of the capital of the Yuan Dynasty basically follows the principle of "artisans ruling the country" in Zhou Li's examination of Gong Ji and the concept of "setting the capital as the sky, yin and yang gossip" in Zhouyi. The urban planning of "Ruling the Country by Craftsmen" completely adopts the grid system of well field system, which is an urban planning method with "Fu" as the basic grid, "Well" as the basic combined grid, latitude and longitude as the coordinate and latitude and longitude as the axis. The streets of Dadoucheng have uniform standards. North and South intersect with East and West Streets to form a chessboard residential area. Even Kyle Poirot couldn't help but praise: "Its beauty and goodness are beyond words!"
Traditional houses are called yurts. Mongolian yurt is a kind of canopy-style residence with a circular spire. Usually covered with one or two layers of wool felt. Mongolian yurt is the Manchu name of Mongolian herdsmen's housing. There are two main types of yurts, one is portable and used in pastoral areas in summer, and the other is semi-fixed in winter camps. There is a skylight at the top of the yurt, which can ventilate, smoke and light.