The most precious cultural heritage left by Mr. Shanjuan to China's moral history is to value righteousness over profit. As early as the Warring States period, Xunzi, an important thinker and representative of Confucianism, clearly pointed out: "It is obvious that Xu You is good at quantity and values righteousness over profit."

Mr. Shanjuan attaches importance to the meaning of life, but ignores his own interests. Mr. Shanjuan lives in a carefree and enjoyable environment, and he doesn't want to be bound by the reins of fame. Refusing to ascend to the throne of the son of heaven is not only the natural choice of Mr. Shanjuan, but also the embodiment of Mr. Shanjuan's virtue of valuing righteousness over profit.

2. The virtue of rebirth

People's concern for life is mainly reflected in the maintenance of their own bodies and the adjustment of their own psychology. Judging from Mr. Shanjuan's life, his life is very regular, which is conducive to good health; He is a man who loves labor. This kind of labor is enough for his own physical strength. This kind of labor will not only harm his health, but also benefit his health. This kind of labor was also the guarantee of his ample food and clothing, so that he could live a well-off life at that time. He can wear fur clothes in winter and delicate gingerbread clothes in summer. Even the Emperor only wears such clothes in winter and summer. Mr. Sun Juan didn't treat himself badly. It can be seen from his clothes that he is a person who treats life well and cherishes it. Teacher Shanjuan is also psychologically healthy. He is satisfied with his life. He thinks this kind of life is a carefree life, a life of psychological satisfaction and self-satisfaction.

3, the virtue of independence.

Mr. Shanjuan attaches great importance to his self-cultivation and is very opinionated. Mencius with all his heart said, "If you are poor, you will be immune to it, and if you are up to it, you will help the world." But Mr. Shanjuan's isolation has no poor background, no utilitarian purpose, and it is not for saving the world. He is "content to be a good person" and "not ashamed to be an ordinary person." (incompetent son: incompetent son, published by Zhonghua Book Company 198 1. ) He is self-cultivated and comfortable, and he is also comfortable as a common people. He doesn't want to be that kind of person.

Ordinary people are ashamed.

4. The virtue of belittling name and being pragmatic

Mr. Shanjuan not only did not seek fame all his life, but also avoided fame, even the name of the biggest son of heaven. This is the real fame. So, does Mr. Shanjuan despise everything?

Mr. Shanjuan has a light name, but he is very pragmatic. Unlike other senior scholars, he only pays attention to the study of monastic theory, but he pays more attention to social practice. Mr. Shanjuan constantly enriches himself in the process of production activities and education. Therefore, a good life is very substantial and regular. He "works at sunrise and rests at sunset", "works in spring", "rests in autumn harvest" and "enjoys himself between heaven and earth". What is good at doing things is enjoying the reality of life. At the same time, he also used his own behavior to educate and influence people around him and form a good world style. He doesn't even miss a chance to correct his bad habits. When Shundi visited him, Shan Juan heard and witnessed the ostentation and extravagance of Shundi and his party. Instead of letting it go, he criticized Emperor Shun face to face and made contributions to maintaining and carrying forward the good fashion in the era of Emperor Yao.

5. The virtue of being brave and good at remonstrating.

When Shun Di wanted to cede the throne to Mr. Shan Juan, Mr. Shan Juan took this opportunity to criticize him when he faced Shun Di. This was a sign of Mr. Shan Juan's responsibility to the world and his care and love for Yu Shun. Mr. Shanjuan first praised the former emperor Tang Yao's governance of the world, saying: "In the past, the Tang family won the world, so the people refused to teach, and the people advised them not to reward them. The world is peaceful, the people are quiet, and they don't know how to complain or be happy. " Mr. Shanjuan thinks that when Tang Yao was in power, benevolence and righteousness transformed people and the world was harmonious. After praising Tang Yao, Mr. Shanjuan rudely criticized Shun Di. Mr. Shanjuan first criticized Shun Di's clothes and said, "Sheng is a dazzling dress." Mr. Shanjuan went on to criticize Shun Di for fooling the people and sing praises for himself: "The sound of five tones confuses people's ears, and the joy of Pi is the emperor, which obscures people's ears." (Huangfu Mi: Biography of Gao Shi, Jinghua Publishing House, published in 2000. ) Mr. Shanjuan analyzed the harm of Shun Di's doing so, and thought that it would lead to chaos in the world from now on, so as to alert Shun Di.

6, advocating the virtue of freedom

Freedom is the highest realm of human life. /kloc-petofi, a Hungarian patriotic hero and poet in the 20th century, compared the importance of human life, love and freedom. Petofi thought, "Life is precious, but love is more expensive. If you are free, you can throw both! " According to petofi, freedom is more valuable than life and love.

As early as 4,000 years ago in ancient times, Mr. Shanjuan advocated freedom. He thinks that freedom is the most precious thing for human beings. When Tang Yao and Yu Shun wanted to cede the throne to him, he thought that his accession to the throne would definitely change his existing life and hurt his freedom, so he didn't need to be emperor. In the face of fame and freedom, Shanjuan chose freedom! The freedom he advocated is the freedom between heaven and earth. The freedom of heaven and earth advocated by Mr. Shanjuan has also become an important standard for China people to pursue freedom. Good books have left a very precious virtue of advocating freedom to the history of China.

7. About the benefits of virtue.

Mr. Shanjuan lives a carefree and contented life. Such a quality life is very beneficial to his body and mind, and is also very beneficial to his life. It is definitely Mr. Shanjuan's wish to continue this life. However, Emperor Shun wants to give him the throne full of great fame and fortune, and to completely change Mr. Shanjuan's free life. Will Teacher Shanjuan accept or resign? Mr. Shanjuan chose to resign without hesitation. What is the reason? The reason is that Mr. Shanjuan knows how to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages. In Mr. Shanjuan's view, if you become an emperor, you will definitely change your existing life, which is already very good. After you become an emperor, your life will not get better, but will get worse. Heavy government affairs will not only give him freedom, but will become the shackles of his life. In Mr. Shanjuan's view, the world has been well governed by Yu Shun, and he doesn't need to be emperor. In this case, why did he want to be an emperor and endanger his beautiful life?

8. Advantages of hard work

From Zhuangzi, we can see that Mr. Shanjuan is a very hardworking man, who loves both mental work and manual work.

It is said that Mr. Sun Juan loves mental work because he is an aristocratic scholar, a wise aristocratic scholar, and an aristocratic scholar who is not as good as Saint Tang Yao. Can he be such a noble scholar who doesn't like mental work? It is not surprising that A Normal University loves mental work, but it is unusual for A Normal University to love physical work.

There are many noble literati in Mr. Shanjuan's contemporaries, but there are few noble literati who love manual labor like Mr. Shanjuan. In Gaoshi Yi Bei, Wangni, Yanque, Xuyou, Shanjuan, Zizhou Zhifu and Zizhou Zhibo, northerners have no choice. I am afraid that Mr. Shanjuan is the only one who loves manual labor and works hard.

9. The Doctrine of the Mean

The doctrine of the mean is an important political concept of Confucianism, which can be traced back to the ancient "Gao Shi Shan Juan".

Mr. Shanjuan is very busy with farming in spring, but his body is strong enough to withstand this seasonal labor instead of being exhausted. The fruits of Mr. Shanjuan's labor harvested in autumn are enough to ensure that he can eat for a year and have enough rest time. Mr. Shanjuan still found a psychological balance in enjoying the beauty of nature. He enjoys a free and self-satisfied happy life on the premise that his life is guaranteed. Mr. Shanjuan doesn't want to change this life. When Shundi wanted to give up the throne to Mr. Shanjuan, Mr. Shanjuan's handling method also reflected his golden mean. Mr. Shanjuan did not satirize Shun Di like the Ishido farmer, and dragged his family into the depths of the sea for a lifetime; What's more, as a northerner, he had no choice but to think that Emperor Shun's abdication was a disgrace to him, so that he jumped into the abyss and ended his fresh life. Mr. Shanjuan didn't pretend to be ill either, saying that he was in poor health. Mr. Shanjuan rejected Shun Di's kindness and sincerity on the grounds that he didn't want to change the existing good life. The existing good life is in the middle, and it is useless not to want to change it. The winner is king, and the world is right. Mr. Shanjuan's life path is obviously the right one. Mediocrity is the norm of this world. Mr. Shanjuan thinks that justice should be more important than profit.

10, conforming to the virtues of the times

Mr. Shanjuan plows in spring and harvests in autumn, which does not violate the farming season; Mr. Shanjuan's winter clothes and furs, summer clothes and Ge are in chronological order. In the Song Dynasty, Li Yun compiled Taiping Yulan, Time Series Volume 19, Taiping Yulan, Time Series Volume 14, Taiping Yulan and Time Series Volume 25, all of which recorded that the volumes conformed to the time series. This kind of record is not arbitrary, nor is it handy. This record is the earliest or most typical example of adaptive time series in China history. Good turnover not only conforms to the chronological order, but also conforms to the world trend.

1 1, the virtue of maintaining nature

Mr. Shanjuan is not without talent for governing the world. Otherwise, Emperor Yao would not be humble enough to worship Shanjuan as a teacher, let alone have the idea that Zen is located in Shanjuan, and Emperor Shun would not want to give Shanjuan the position of the son of heaven. Since Shanjuan has the ability to govern the world, it can also make the world peaceful and give the people good governance. Why didn't he accept the position of the son of heaven? What does Teacher Shanjuan think?

"Huai Nan Zi" has such an explanation: "Xu You, good at volume, Ninghai can't help the world and be good for the people. However, he was ashamed to make things smooth, so he suffered. " This tells us that the reason why Shanjuan refused to accept the throne was that he was ashamed to disturb his nature and the quiet life after he ascended the throne.

12, the virtue of honesty and frankness

When Emperor Yao gave up the position of the son of heaven and refused, Yao gave up the position of the son of heaven to Zizhou's adoptive father, who refused on the grounds that he was depressed. When Shundi wanted to give the throne of the Emperor to Zizhou Zhi Bo, Zizhou Zhi Bo also refused on the grounds that he was suffering from depression.

People can't help but ask, are Zizhou Zhifu and Zizhou Zhibo really suffering from melancholia, which is a deep and difficult disease to cure? It is doubtful.

When Emperor Shun wanted to give up the position of the son of heaven to Mr. Shanjuan, Mr. Shanjuan didn't lie. He didn't say that he had depression and needed immediate treatment, and it would take a long time to fool Shun Di.

The reason why he refused to be the son of heaven was enough to persuade Shun Di to give up the idea of giving way to him. He told Shun Di that he was in good health, in a good mood, living a good life and a tasteful life, and he didn't want to change this life. This kind of life is to occupy the most important position of the son of heaven and not change it! This is the most convincing reason. In Shanjuan's view, there is no need to fool Emperor Shun with lies.

Shanjuan didn't like the publicity of Emperor Shun, thinking that it changed the pragmatic and thrifty style of Emperor Yao. Shanjuan sharply criticized Shun Di in front of Shun Di. This not only reflects Shanjuan's responsibility to the world, but also reflects Shanjuan's valuable honest and frank personality.

13, the emperor's moral education

Shan Juan was the teacher of Emperor Yao, and Tang Yao was taught directly under Shan Juan. Yu Shun ceded the throne to Shanjuan, who took advantage of this opportunity to educate Emperor Shun face to face. In the Yao-Shun era, two reigning emperors were educated by good books. The achievements created by these two famous emperors are closely related to the enlightenment of good books.

Good scrolls also had a far-reaching impact on the later emperors.

In the history of China, under the influence of ancient abdication, 22 emperors abdicated. The theoretical basis for the abdication of these 22 emperors is abdication. The main examples are Tang Yao's abdication to Xu You and Yu Shun's abdication to Shan Juan.

In the most powerful Tang Dynasty in China, there are three volumes of the Collection of Arts and Literature compiled by Ou Yangxun, namely, Thirteen Volumes of the Imperial Department, Twenty-one Volumes of the People's Department and Thirty-six Volumes of the People's Department. This book is not only loved by the current emperors, but also a must-read for later emperors.

In the most culturally developed Song Dynasty, Song Zhenzong wrote to build a shrine for Mr. Shanjuan, and Song Huizong gave Mr. Shanjuan the title of "Mr. Hermit". At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Kangxi named Shanjuan Temple in Yixing, Jiangsu Province as the Dojo of "the first ancestral court in the southeast, and the great sense of Puji Neng Ren Guo Shi". If the deeds of Shanjuan had no influence on these emperors, they would not have done so.

In the Song Dynasty, Liu Yun compiled the Taiping Guangji, which was called Taiping Guangji for the emperor to read every day. There are as many as ten descriptions of good books in Taiping Yu Lan! This authoritative encyclopedia is a must-read for later emperors, and the deeds of good books have almost all-round influence on present and future emperors. It can be said that there are few emperors in later generations who don't read Taiping Yu Lan. Only in this sense, the character Shanjuan will have a far-reaching and great influence on the emperors after the Song Dynasty.

14, the virtue of educating people

When Zhao Hengdong, the third emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty, was appointed, Chenzhou sentenced Ouyang Chang to write to the court, saying that Mr. Shan Juan had made contributions to the people and should be praised. Emperor Zhenzong allowed him to play, and ordered the tomb of Mr. Shanjuan to be sealed and the ancestral hall of Mr. Shanjuan to be built, with the title "Mr. Gao Dan". Now we can't find Ouyang Yi's memorial, so we can't know what contribution Mr. Shanjuan listed in the memorial has made to the people. However, it is not difficult to find that the virtue of educating the people left by Mr. Shanjuan still has great influence today.

Wherever Mr. Shanjuan goes, he teaches people to be diligent. You see, Teacher Shanjuan works at sunrise and rests at sunset. It's been a hard day. This good book with culture, knowledge, wisdom, respect and talent of emperors is educating the people with its own actions. Can locals not follow suit? We can also infer from Shan Juan's reply to Shun Di that Mr. Shan Juan is not only an eloquent politician, but also an educator who sets an example. The educational effect of such educators is absolutely extraordinary.

It is obviously necessary to work hard if you want to get rich harvest. But this is not enough, we must conform to the laws of nature. Mr. Shanjuan taught the people not to violate agriculture, and his merits were boundless. Liu Yun's "Taiping Magnolia" in the Song Dynasty can be verified.

Be good at teaching people life and enjoying it.

Mr. Shanjuan teaches people the benefits of combining work and rest. Teacher Shan Juan does her best to rest and recover, whether in spring ploughing or autumn harvest.

15, the virtue that weakens greed and honesty

Liu Yuxi, a writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty, once paid tribute to Mr. Shan Juan's legacy and was deeply moved: "Mr. Jian's legacy praised Mr. Gao Feng, the greedy man was sincere, the coward stood, and Gai Hua is today!" (Ying Xianlie: Chang De Zhi of Jiaqing, published by Hunan People's Publishing House, 200 1. Liu Yuxi, a poet-politician, believes that paying tribute to the remains of Mr. Shanjun, an ancient sage, and praising his noble character of not being greedy for fame and fortune can make corrupt people think of honesty and cowards want to stand on their own feet and strengthen themselves. This achievement of Mr. Shanjuan has influenced today.

16 the virtue of courage

Teacher Shanjuan is decisive and never drags her feet. Judging from Mr. Shanjuan's daily life, he "works at sunrise and rests at sunset", and his life is very regular. In the face of right and wrong, he not only has his own judgment, but also dares to express it.

When Mr. Shanjuan found that Shun Di's patrol was too ostentatious, which not only wasted resources, but also disturbed the ignorant people, he resolutely decided to remonstrate with Shun Di and criticize him face to face. This kind of courage set an example for future generations to dare to remonstrate with the emperor.

Shun Di wanted to cede the throne to him, but Mr. Shanjuan decided not to accept abdication without hesitation. In order to show his determination not to accept abdication, Mr. Shanjuan not only rejected Shundi's abdication in words, but also showed his firm attitude in action. In order to avoid further entanglements with the abdication of the throne, Mr. Shanjuan went deep into the forest without telling anyone where he was going. Compared with Xu You, Xu You is unwilling to leave on the same issue. No wonder Xu You was criticized by his good friend Chao Fu. ChanJuan certainly won't incur such criticism.

(The above information is provided by Zhou Youen, president of Peach Blossom Garden magazine in Changde City, Hunan Province. See Zhou Youen's "Virtue and Goodness-A Review of Ancient Gao Shishan Volumes" (published by Unity Press, CIP Data Kernel of China Map Library (20 10) No.08285 1).