Habitual survey in famous areas:::
1) Dialect situation: In the intertwined residential areas of Hoklo and Cantonese ethnic groups, dialects are mainly used to distinguish ethnic groups. It is a symbol that distinguishes Hoklo people from Cantonese people. Although the Hoklo people in this area also speak Cantonese, their language is mainly Li dialect, and the communicative language in the Hoklo area is Li dialect. In fact, in this area, there is a big difference between the Cantonese people and the Hoklo people, that is, the Cantonese people generally do not understand Li dialect. After all, the Hoklo people form a dialect island in Dianbai, Maonan and Maogang districts. They are a relatively disadvantaged group in the entire region. Their culture survives in the cracks of Cantonese culture. Only Cantonese culture has a strong influence on it. Their cultural influence is great, but their culture has a weak influence on Cantonese culture, which is reflected in language, because Cantonese and Northern Mandarin (Mandarin) are the communication languages ????of the society, while Li dialect is only a dialect of the Hoklo ethnic group. Communicative language, their language will gradually weaken and may even die out. There is also a situation where the Hoklo people have become Cantonese, which is common in this area. Their original dialect has been diluted and they mainly or entirely speak the Cantonese dialect. Then I also think that they already belong to the Cantonese ethnic group and exist. These situations will also be analyzed below.
(2) Village form: In the intertwined residential areas of two ethnic groups in Maonan District and Maogang District, mainly the alluvial plain area in the middle and lower reaches of the Ninghua River, the land is not very fertile. A large area of ??land in this district is barren. Historically, water, drought, wind and insect disasters have been very serious, making it a famous disaster area. Maonan has thin and dry soil and was developed relatively late. During the Qianlong period, the emperor granted tax exemptions in view of the fact that various vassals in Gaozhou had issued edicts to reclaim wasteland. At that time, there were only a few villages in Maonan. Most of the villages in the suburbs today were only developed in the past two to three hundred years. Many villages in the urban area have gradually formed settlements since the middle of the Qing Dynasty due to population proliferation and agricultural development. This is also influenced by the Kangxi ban of the Qing Dynasty and the relocation of borders. For the Ninghua River Basin, due to the advantage of water resources, it is naturally the first choice for developing residential areas. I believe that after the Sinicization of the Liyue ethnic group into the Cantonese ethnic group, the Ninghua River basin was also a major residential area for the Cantonese ethnic group. This is why the Ninghua River formed a staggered residential area and natural dividing line between the Hoklo and Cantonese ethnic groups. In ancient times, Maonan District was sparsely populated, which also brought opportunities for the expansion of the Hoklo ethnic group. In modern times, as the population increased in this area, arable land decreased, migration gradually slowed down, villages were basically fixed, and the size and shape of villages began to develop. In plain areas, villages are relatively large, but the poverty of the land limits the development of villages. The villages of the Hoklo ethnic group are relatively large. Due to their strong cohesion, unity and strong clan concept, in order to resist external forces, they like to live together as a group. At the same time, land is not a factor that limits their ability to do business. Strong, there is room for development to the outside world.
(3) Surname situation: In this area, there are many villages with single surnames. The Hoklo ethnic group has a relatively large proportion of villages with single surnames and main surnames, while the Guangfu ethnic group has single surname villages. , the proportion of villages with main surnames is smaller than that of Hoklo people, and there is a large proportion of villages with mixed surnames. This is because the formation of the Guangfu ethnic group is different from that of the Hoklo ethnic group. Guangfu is an indigenous ethnic group with a long history of accumulation and development. The clan concept is not as strong as that of the Hoklo ethnic group, and villages with mixed surnames are easy to form and develop. The Hoklo ethnic group is a latecomer. They have a strong sense of clan and are prone to form villages with unique surnames during their migration and development. The common surnames of the Hoklo ethnic group include Zheng, Chen, Wu, Liu, Li, Yang, Lin, Ni, Liang, etc. The common surnames of the Cantonese ethnic group include Huang, Li, Liang, Xu, Ke, Chen, Zhang, Xu, Deng, etc. surname. Some surnames of the Cantonese people are also formed by immigrants from southern Fujian, such as Xu, Ke, Yang, Chen, Wu and other surnames. The Hoklo people also have surnames that evolved from the Cantonese. A typical example is the surname Xian of the ancient slang people. , Feng, Chen and other surnames. From the analysis of surname genealogy, we can see the transformation of some ethnic groups in this area. The typical surname is Wu. The Wu surname is the common surname of the Hoklo ethnic group in Aotou. In the process of moving westward, the Wu surname evolved into the Guangfu ethnic group. This surname is distributed in several villages in Zhensheng, such as Pengcun and Wushi. As for those with the surname Wu, they basically speak Cantonese. This kind of evolution from the Hoklo ethnic group to the Cantonese ethnic group was relatively common in the later period, and there were also situations where the Cantonese ethnic group evolved into the Hoklo ethnic group, such as the Xian and Chen surnames in Yangjiao and Poxin in Maogang District. The residents spoke Li dialect, but this situation became rare in the later period. This is still the result of the weak Hoklo ethnic culture. In addition, the Hoklo ethnic group has taken the initiative to expand, while the Cantonese ethnic group has rarely expanded to the areas where the Hoklo ethnic group lives. This is due to the personality of the Hoklo ethnic group, because the Hoklo ethnic group has strong cohesion and is open to outsiders. The minzu are resistant, and they have formed local group advantages. It is difficult for the Guangfu minzu to enter their territory. The evolution of the Wu surname can illustrate this situation. When they entered the residence of the Cantonese ethnic group, they were surrounded by residents who spoke Cantonese. Gradually, they also forgot their original dialect and mainly spoke Cantonese.
The expansion of the Hoklo ethnic group can be studied from the ancient Yue place names. In the area where the Hoklo ethnic group lives, there are many ancient Yue place names, such as Nazou of Yangjiao, Tanlu, Sanqiao, Boluo, Luduan, Luofu, Poxin Tanpi and Tanlian, Naluo, Nagen, Nazeng, and Nalou in Qijing, Luolu in Bianhua, Mimin, Naao, Nadu, Nalu, Nalai, Naxing, and Lupeng in Shayuan. , Xiaoliang’s Tanli, Tanli, Nafangtou, Naxingzai, Nazhuang, Tiaomei, Qindi, Qinshe, Natan, etc. indicate that these were originally the residences of Chinese Liyue residents, and later became Fu The Lao ethnic group occupied or assimilated. Wengong Village in Qijing, Maogang District still has relics of the life of the ancient Li people, and there are also many ancient Yue place names in the area where the Guangfu ethnic group is located.
(4) Martial arts culture: The culture of practicing martial arts is a characteristic of this region. The Hoklo ethnic group has inherited the martial tradition of the Fujian people in southern Fujian. Fujian is a small and densely populated area, and its residents are known for their fierce fighting spirit. The clan villages in Fujian are very fierce in fighting with weapons. Following the custom, this tradition also existed among the immigrants from southern Fujian in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Throughout the Hoklo ethnic minority settlements in the Maoming area, the martial arts culture is mainly found in the intersecting residential areas with the Cantonese ethnic groups. The Hoklo people in this area immigrated from southern Fujian relatively late. When they arrived, they had the need to expand, so martial arts were a very useful means. However, the earlier immigrants from southern Fujian in Dianbai County were not very martial. We know that Aotou and Zhensheng areas have a strong martial arts culture, with a large number of people practicing martial arts, and their martial arts schools are mainly inherited from Fujian. At the same time, many generals appeared in this area during the Republic of China. The famous ones include Lieutenant General Deng Longguang (Zhensheng Baisha), Lieutenant General Chen Pei (Biaohuapozai), Lieutenant General Liang Zhongjiang (Biaohuasongcun), Lieutenant General Deng E (Zhensheng Baisha), Lieutenant General Li Yikuan (Poxinzheng Village), Major General Ni Dinghuan (Ninghua Huagu Village), Major General Liang Wen (Aotou Baihepo Village), Major General Chen Gengtao (Biaohua Coconut Village), Major General Zheng Wu (Aotou Pegasus Village) and so on, accounted for a high proportion of generals in the Maoming area of ??the Republic of China. This is not accidental.
(5) Business awareness: Business is not necessarily their talent, but the influence of land factors and migration factors. The expansion and migration of the population put them on the road to business, thus forming their business mentality. tradition. They may not be very smart, nor may they be very talented in business, but they are better because of their professionalism, hard work, drive, and traditional business awareness. This can be seen in the business situation in Maoming. Large enterprises are not necessarily run by the Hoklo people. They focus on sophisticated and professional business traditions and manage a seemingly unnoticed small business to the extreme, which is very successful. of a group.
(6) Land conditions: The population of the Hoklo people is expanding very fast, which also results in their continuous emigration. As the population expands, land will be in tension. The land is not enough to feed the population, and many situations will occur: first, emigration; second, serious fighting for land; third, changing the situation of just managing land, that is, doing business and studying. , to serve as a soldier. This is the case in Fujian Province itself. In this intersecting residential area, the same situation has occurred in modern times, so the above situations have also appeared. The land in this area is not fertile, and there are not many mountains. However, it is located in the plains, and the population growth rate is more serious than in the mountainous areas. In ancient China, a society that focused on agriculture, being without land meant being unable to survive. Before liberation, there were many large landowners in this area, and their families were powerful, such as the Xu, Deng, and Chen family landlords and bureaucrats. The land was mainly concentrated in the hands of these large landowners, exacerbating land tensions.
(7) Cultural talents: In the past, the cultural education in this area was not more developed than in other areas of Maoming. This can be observed from the number of people who passed the college entrance examination and the number of high scores. Is it because of the running-in between ethnic groups? Is it also related to economic backwardness and low emphasis on education? In addition, the martial arts and business culture here are stronger than the reading culture. Small farmers and small businessmen are not able to make a fortune for a while, resulting in the overall backwardness. However, the Hoklo or Cantonese people in this area are due to their courage, loyalty, shrewdness, and sincerity. More and more elite talents are emerging in modern society, and they not only make achievements in politics. , and also achieved economic success.
(7) Religious Ancestral Temples: The Hoklo ethnic group brings a strong clan culture. There are many clan temples here and they are very well preserved, such as the Guangfu Temple in the Maonan District Cultural Relics Protection Unit Bianhua Shilang Ruins. Temple, Ninghua Futi Temple, Chen's Ancestral Hall in Ninghua Coconut Village, Baidi Temple in Ninghuaxu, Aotou Wenwu Temple, etc. Guangfu Temple is related to the Yang family, Futi Temple is the Wu family's ancestral temple, not to mention the Chen's Ancestral Temple Said to belong to the Chen family, they all belong to the family ancestral temples of the Hoklo ethnic group. These temples are different from the temples in Gaozhou and other Guangfu ethnic residential areas. They rarely worship Madam Xian, but mostly worship gods such as Guanyin, Guandi Xuanwu and so on. Therefore, in terms of cultural form, elements belonging to southern Fujian culture account for the majority.
(8) Custom festivals: The annual festival, which is unique to the Maoming area, is very popular in the mixed residential areas. In the Dianbai Hoklo ethnic residential areas far away from the mixed residential areas, the annual festivals are Not too prosperous. The most popular festivals in the Maoming area are Maonan District and Wuchuan City, which used to belong to the Maoming area. This festival should originate from the Guangfu ethnic group. Of course, the fact that this festival is popular in all three ethnic groups in the Maoming area also shows that the three cultural integration.
The Hoklo people in this area migrated later than the Hoklo people on the eastern coast of Dianbai County. They can be distinguished in language. In the intersecting residential area and the surrounding Shuidong, Nanhai, The popular dialect in Chencun, Shayuan, Xiaoliang, Qijing, Poxin, Lintou, Xiadong, Biaohua, Aotou and Lanshi is Li dialect, while the popular dialect in Dianbai, Lingmen, Shuzai and Bo on the eastern coast of Dianbai Popular Haihua dialects such as He, Magang, Danchang, and Mata are all Hokkien dialects, but they have many differences. Hoklo immigrants on the eastern coast of Dianbai County had already begun to migrate and settle in the Tang and Song Dynasties (even so, there are many ancient Yue place names in Dianbai County, such as Dianbai County, Bohe Town, Magang Town, and Luokeng Town) , Nahuo Town, Mamao Village, Luyue Village, Nafan Village, etc.), and some of the Hoklo immigrants in the intersecting area even migrated from Fujian in the Qing Dynasty. In addition, they live intertwined with the Cantonese ethnic groups, and they are related to those who came earlier. The Fujian immigrants have many differences in cultural personality. The intertwined residential area of ??Hoklo and Cantonese ethnic groups in Maoming is not the core area of ??Hoklo culture, nor the core area of ??Cantonese culture. The two meet and conflict here, and ultimately it is the fusion of cultures. This kind of The main direction of integration is towards Guangfu cultural integration. Cantonese culture is the mainstream culture in the Maoming area. With the development of modernization, Cantonese culture and Fulao culture are also converging towards the Han culture of Greater China, and their own characteristics are getting weaker and weaker. The existence of the Hoklo ethnic group and its culture in this area also shows that before the earliest times, this was mainly the cultural area of ??the Guangfu ethnic group, and the Hoklo ethnic group was a latecomer, although they and Dianbai County formed the Hoklo cultural area and its culture. Dialect Island, but they are surrounded by Cantonese culture. To a large extent, they have moved closer to Cantonese culture and absorbed a lot of Cantonese culture, whether it is language (proficient in Cantonese dialect), customs, religious beliefs, etc. Both have great similarities and similarities with Guangfu culture. It can be said that except for the major difference in language, most of the two are similar. Of course, they also maintain their own characteristics in language (Minnan), religious beliefs, customs and habits, forming a sub-cultural layer of Guangdong Han culture.
Looking for the old customs in Maoming:::
1. Eating moxa (rice begging) on ??the Zhengqiong Festival?
The last day of the first lunar month is the "Zhengqiong Festival" , which means the end of the first month. The "Zhengqiong Festival" in Maoming has another meaning. Because the local words "Zheng" and "Zheng" have the same pronunciation as "Zhengqiong", "Zhengqiong" means "Zhengqiong", which means "evaporating" poor patients from the world. On this day, every household in the countryside drinks mugwort tea, arranges mugwort flowers, and eats mugwort (rice beggar). People go to the fields to pick mugwort, take it home, wash it, dry it in the sun, rub it into a velvet shape, put it in a pot and cook it, rub it dry, mix it with rice flour and brown sugar, and make it into mugwort. . Because moxa has the effect of removing dust and accumulation, suppressing disasters and exorcising evil spirits; therefore moxa (miqi) is also called "Zhengqiong". Eating "Zhengqiong" can make the body healthy, free from illness and pain, and people like to eat it very much. < /p>
2. On the 26th or 7th day of the twelfth lunar month, people in our country have the habit of doing rice begging and eating. . According to legend, Maoming used to be a barren land with no crops. Later, a group of people came to escape the war. Seeing the rolling hills and no smoke of war, they took root and cultivated the land. At first, people could only plant a few crops. Potatoes and other grains are used to satisfy hunger. In order to make full use of the grains, people pound the grains into powder with a wooden mallet, add water to mix it into a paste, and cook it to increase its volume several times to become foods such as cassava paste and corn paste. Later, people successfully planted rice on this land and obtained good harvests one after another. To celebrate the harvest and to change the taste, people pounded the rice into powder and mixed it with vegetables according to the previous method. A kind of simple stuffing, made into a food with a certain shape and a certain taste. This is "(rice beg)". At first, people only used glutinous rice (commonly known as "sticky rice") flour to make it? Later, glutinous rice was discovered. The powder is more sticky, easier to shape, and tastes better, so it is specially made with glutinous rice flour. Year after year, it has gradually become a custom.
There are many styles of Maoming glutinous rice (Miqi). Cook soup (Mi Qi), vegetable buns (Mi Qi), longevity peaches (Mi Qi), water (Mi Qi), sugar-filled glutinous rice dumplings, sugar slabs (Mi Qi), mallet tarts (Mi Qi), gray water rice dumplings, mugwort (Mi Qi) Rice beggars), glutinous rice cakes, hair beggars, etc. All kinds of rice beggars are made in different ways, with different shapes, different ways of eating, and different tastes every year on the 20th day of the twelfth lunar month. During June and July, the custom of making (rice beggars) arose among our citizens. Firstly, it means to see off the old and welcome the new. Secondly, we can prepare some to "show off the new year" (that is, to put (rice beggars) at home to span the new and old years. ) to pray for a bumper harvest and a better life in the coming year.
3. Post Spring Festival couplets to keep New Year's Eve money
The last day of the twelfth lunar month is New Year's Eve, which is called New Year's Eve or New Year's Eve in Maoming. Thirty nights. On this day, the production activities in the countryside basically stopped. Every household began to put up Spring Festival couplets, door gods, and red papers on their foreheads. Stoves, water tanks, pig pens, cattle pens, grain barrels, etc. also started to put up a small red paper. , to show good luck. We also organize some sacrificial activities, prepare chicken, pork, fish and other food and drinks, burn paper and burn incense to offer sacrifices to ancestral halls, temples, ancestors, kitchen gods, etc.
The whole family sits around for the New Year's Eve dinner. Eat the reunion dinner together. The reunion dinner is basically the most sumptuous meal of the year. People who go out usually go home to celebrate the New Year dinner with their families. Those who go out leave a seat and a pair of bowls and chopsticks to express their thoughts, and some leftovers for the reunion dinner will be left for the next day (that is, the second year).
There are various dishes for the reunion dinner, but fish must be included, which means there will be plenty every year.
After every family has prepared a reunion dinner, they must first worship their ancestors. After the sacrifice, the meals used to worship the ancestors are reheated, a big table is set in the hall, and the whole family gathers around them. This is a beautiful moment for every family to reunite.
That night, the elders will share the New Year's money with their children, and also put some raw garlic, mushrooms, sugar cane, glutinous rice, fried dumplings, fruits, steamed sugar baskets, etc. at home. This is called "New Year's Eve". They all mean blessings, longevity, sweetness, peace and happiness in the coming year. In addition, every room in the house must be lit with lights, and the whole family sits together to watch the New Year. Until the new year comes, every family sets off fireworks and firecrackers to get rid of the old and welcome the new.
4. On the 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month, the Kitchen God is sent to sweep the dust.
On the 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month, the Maoming area is commonly known as the "Little New Year's Eve", also known as the "Stove Sacrifice Festival", and every household is prepared to do so. Tea, wine, vegetarian dishes, fruits and desserts are burned in the kitchen to offer sacrifices to the Kitchen God and send him to heaven. Then he is cleaned and dusted from the inside out.
Sacrificing stoves is a custom that has a great influence among our people and is widely spread. In the old days, almost every kitchen had a "Kitchen Lord" statue in the kitchen. People call this god "Si Ming Bodhisattva" or "Zao Lord Siming". Legend has it that he is the "Jiutian East Chef Siming Zao Wangfu Lord" conferred by the Jade Emperor. He is responsible for managing the kitchen fires of each family and is regarded as the protector of the family. worship. Most of the Kitchen King's niches are located on the north or east side of the kitchen room, with the statue of the Kitchen King in the middle. Some people who don't have a niche for the Kitchen King stick the statue of the god directly on the wall. Some statues only depict the Kitchen God alone, while others include two men and women. The goddess is called "Grandma Kitchen God". Most of the statues of the Kitchen God are also printed with this year's calendar, with words such as "Master of the East Chef", "Supervisor of the World", "Head of the Family" and other words to indicate the status of the Kitchen God. The couplet "God speaks good things, and the lower world ensures peace" is posted on both sides. On the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month, people prepare tea, wine, fruits, etc., burn paper to offer sacrifices to the Stove, and send the Stove Lord to the West to express their respect for the Stove Lord.
Sweeping dust before the Spring Festival is a traditional habit of our people. Whenever the Spring Festival comes, every household has to clean, wash all kinds of utensils, remove and wash bedding and curtains, sweep the courtyards and courtyards, dust away dirt and cobwebs, and dredge open ditches and ditches. In the streets and alleys, every household is filled with an atmosphere of busyness, joyful hygiene, and cleanliness to welcome the New Year.
my country's Spring Festival, commonly known as "New Year" and "Lunar New Year", is the most prosperous festival for the Han people in my country. It is understood that in the Yin and Shang Dynasties, the first day of each year began in the twelfth month of the lunar calendar, while in the Qin Dynasty and the early Han Dynasty, it began in the tenth month of the lunar calendar. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted the "Taichu Calendar" in the first year of Taichu, which stipulated that the first month of Mengchun should be the beginning of the year. In 1911 AD, after the Revolution of 1911, the Gregorian calendar was adopted, with the first day of the first lunar month as the beginning of the year, and the first day of the first lunar month was renamed the Spring Festival, which is still used today.
In Maoming, western Guangdong, the Chinese New Year generally refers to the period from the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month to the end of the first lunar month. The main local customs include offering sacrifices to stoves, sweeping dust, making (rice beggars), pasting Spring Festival couplets, and pasting door gods. , have a New Year's dinner, set off fireworks, distribute New Year's money, stay up late, pay New Year's greetings, distribute red packets, make annual rituals, sing opera, eat ai (rice begging), etc.
5. Make Nian Lian and watch the drama
The fifteenth day of the first lunar month is the "Lantern Festival", which is commonly known as "Nian Lian" in our city. However, the annual calendar dates in Maoming area vary from place to place. Generally speaking, they start from the second day of the first lunar month and end at the end of the first lunar month. In some places, they fall in the second month of the lunar calendar. In other "autumn" annual dates, they occur every month. Annual festivals generally fall on the same day in a village, and rarely fall on two days. There are also several nearby villages whose annual festivals all fall on the same day. Annual festivals mostly occur around the Lantern Festival.
Nianli is the most solemn folk New Year festival in Maoming area. There is a saying in rural areas that "Nianli is more important than Spring Festival". It is also the most distinctive festival in Maoming area. During the annual festival, every house is decorated with lanterns and colorful decorations, the streets in villages and towns are decorated with colorful buildings, colorful corridors, galleries, etc., the roadsides are filled with colorful flags, the sound of firecrackers and gongs and drums are heard one after another, and various folk art performances are performed to the best of their ability for the public. Cantonese opera, movies, singing and dancing, puppet shows, tea-picking shows, dramas and a variety of cultural and entertainment activities are on display. Among them, Cantonese opera is the most popular. Cantonese opera, commonly known as "big opera", is a must-have performance every year in various places. Usually performed for several days before and after the Lunar New Year, there is an endless stream of spectators. In addition, the lion dance class comes to add to the fun, which is also a must-have event every year.
The main purpose of the annual calendar is to worship gods, wander around the gods, set clocks, offer sacrifices to the country, and pray for good weather, prosperity of all industries, and peace and prosperity for the country and the people. During the Chinese New Year celebrations in a village, people from surrounding villages come to watch and add to the fun. Every household holds a banquet to entertain relatives and friends. Regardless of whether they are acquaintances or not, they all provide warm hospitality with tea, rice, wine and food.
6. Distributing red packets during the Spring Festival and celebrating the New Year with a lion dance