English translation model essay 1: cultural differences between China and the West in English translation
First, the cultural differences between China and the West in English translation
Geographical and environmental factors
? One side of the landscape raises one side? Different regions and environments will inevitably create different national cultures. China is a big agricultural country with a vast territory, rich natural resources and rich products, which makes China form a typical farming culture. People in China pay attention to the harmony and unity between man and nature and between people, so they are related to land in many idioms, such as? Local tyrants and evil gentry, born and raised? And then what? Fall apart? Wait a minute. Britain, on the other hand, is a typical island country, surrounded by sea water, so its navigation technology has always been in the leading position in the world, which also promotes its culture to have a certain connection with water or navigation, for example, a person will use it when he wastes money. Spend money like water? (spending money like running water) to describe; Describe when a person's body is thin? Asway kaswater? (fragile) to describe it; And when you say goodbye to your friends, will you use it? haveagoodsailing？ (bon voyage) to describe and so on. Therefore, only by mastering the differences between Chinese and western cultures can we correctly understand and translate sentences.
(B) religious belief factors
Religious culture is also a form of expression of many cultures, and there will be some differences because of different beliefs. There are many religious sects in China, but they can be mainly divided into Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism. Different sects have different doctrines. For example, Taoism in China advocates that people and immortals can be transformed into each other. Buddhism, on the other hand, holds that the Buddha is the supreme god and his power is infinite, which can also be clearly seen from ancient Chinese. Do you have one in Chinese? Destiny is inviolable? 、? Borrow flowers to offer Buddha? And then what? Look at the Buddha's face or not? Language expression, etc. The west is dominated by Christianity, and only recognizes that God is the master of all things and can do anything, which can also be clearly seen in western languages. Like what? A man proposes, God bless? Man proposes, God disposes. God, where is he? (God is everywhere) And then what? Heavenisaboveall？ (God is above everything else), etc. Therefore, in order to achieve the purpose of faithful translation, we must fully understand the differences between Chinese and western religious cultures.
Second, improve the quality of college English translation strategies
(A) the introduction of foreign culture
Differences between Chinese and Western translation. Therefore, in order to improve students' knowledge and understanding of English translation, teachers need to introduce a large number of foreign cultures to students in the process of English translation teaching. Combining English translation with cultural learning can improve students' English translation level. However, it is particularly important to note that teachers should always follow the principle of from easy to difficult and from shallow to deep in the process of introducing foreign cultures. In addition, teachers should not only popularize some western cultural knowledge for students, but also popularize some sources of western cultural customs for students. For example, what's in English? raincatsanddogs？ This sentence can be expressed in Chinese as? A downpour? But if translated in a straightforward way, it will be understood as? Get off cats and dogs? This obviously deviates from the original intention of translation. This idiom mainly comes from northern European myths and legends. It is said that cats and dogs have a strong ability to predict weather such as wind and rain. Another example? asstrongasahorse？ (as strong as an ox), but what if you just understand it according to the meaning? Strong as a horse? Wait a minute. If students don't understand this cultural background, the above ridiculous mistranslation will occur.
(2) Introduce the differences between English and Chinese language structures.
English structure is different from Chinese structure, which attaches importance to the composition of topic sentences and main structures and the function of sentence structure connecting transitional words, and emphasizes the use of prepositions and conjunctions to express the logical relationship between sentences and phrases, which is rarely or rarely used in Chinese. In addition, repetition is especially taboo in English expression. If there is repetition, it is usually expressed in the form of ellipsis, substitution or pronoun, but in Chinese we often use repetition to express emphasis.
(C) explain some commonly used translation skills
After students have mastered the basic knowledge of English translation, teachers need to explain some common translation skills to students, so that students can learn how to make sentences more fluent by deleting or adding words. Commonly used translation techniques mainly include part-of-speech conversion, adding and deleting words, and splitting sentences. First of all, part-of-speech conversion, as an effective translation method, mainly translates nouns transformed from verbs or action meanings followed by of according to verb-object phrases in Chinese. Secondly, English and Chinese have different structural expressions, and only by adding or deleting words can the meaning be more faithful to the original intention.
Third, the conclusion
In a word, the cultural differences between China and the West have an important influence on English translation. In order to improve students' English translation ability, teachers must make students fully understand western cultural traditions in teaching practice, so that students can do it? Know yourself and yourself? Then, we should teach students some English translation skills on this basis, so as to improve the quality of translation teaching in colleges and universities.
English translation model essay 2: the principle of appropriateness in biomedical English translation
1 the principle of appropriateness and its applicability in translation
? Decent? The definition of this word in Modern Chinese Dictionary is as follows: properly (in words, actions, etc. ); Suitable; Just right. ? Other dictionaries have similar explanations. This is a broad explanation. It is difficult to understand its connotation accurately, and it is not easy to grasp it. Its use often has different degrees of blindness and randomness. Judging from the height of rhetoric theory, it is far from standardization and scientificity. In the General Theory of Rhetoric, Mr. Wang pointed out: Linguistics? Appropriateness refers to the adaptability of language materials to language environment. Without a specific language environment, there is no problem of appropriateness. ? He said:? There is only one principle of rhetoric, and that is the principle of appropriateness. All other principles are subordinate to this principle and are derivatives of this supreme principle. This supreme principle restricts and controls all other principles. ? [1] Mr. Wang's definition is simple and clear, and he believes that appropriateness is the highest principle of pragmatics. Nie Yan [2] summed up how language expression adapts to the style in the article Two Problems of the Principle of Appropriateness: Generally speaking, each style has different language materials and means of expression to express its own characteristics, that is, it often has its own special words, special syntactic structure and text structure, language style and so on. This is an important point that distinguishes this style from other styles. When choosing words and making sentences, the subject of speech thinking is only in harmony with style, that is, style? Body? It is possible to have a good expression effect. ? Translation is a cross-cultural and cross-language communication activity, and the translation process can be defined as the process of understanding the original text and creatively reproducing it in another language, that is, the process of language use. [3] Appropriateness is the highest principle of pragmatics. Therefore, the applicability of pragmatic appropriateness principle in translation is self-evident. Pragmatic problems in translation, in the final analysis, emphasize the form of language information, which must be determined by the environment in which the language is used, and its essence is the appropriateness of language expression in the context. [4]
2 the characteristics of biomedical English and the specific connotation of the principle of translation appropriateness
Broadly speaking, the principle of pragmatic appropriateness applies to all translations, but according to the different styles of the original text, the specific requirements are emphasized. Biomedical English belongs to the category of scientific and technological style. What is typical scientific English? Experts and experts? Communicative written English involving subject research and development. [5] Its function is mainly to tell things, describe phenomena, deduce formulas and demonstrate laws. Its characteristics are rigorous structure, strict logic, standardized writing, accurate words, correct technical terms and few rhetorical devices. [6] In view of these characteristics, appropriateness in EST translation is characterized by faithfulness and fluency. The so-called loyalty is to completely and accurately express the ideological content of the original, while maintaining the style of the original. This is the primary and minimum requirement of scientific translation. The content and style of the original work are objective. The translator's task is to convey this objective existence to non-original readers intact. Although translation is a re-creation of language, it is essentially different from pure creation. Translators must be faithful to the original text, and shall not arbitrarily tamper with, add or delete the original text. The so-called fluency, for scientific and technological translation, although it does not require elegance, elegance and posture like literary novels, nor does it require cadence and rhyme like poetry, it should at least ensure that the translated language conforms to Chinese language norms and rhetorical habits, and that the words used are fluent, clear and fluent, and can not create some nondescript words, or be too rigid with the original text, resulting in the phenomenon of illogical, unorganized and scribbled translation. In translation practice, what if? Loyalty? And then what? Did it go well? If you can't have both, you should first consider the former, that is, faithfully, accurately and normatively convey the meaning of the original text, because the soul of science is? Really? What is the soul of scientific translation? Is it accurate? . In the translation of medical literature, the difference of one word may ruin the patient's life; In engineering translation, data errors may lead to major technical accidents. So? Loyalty? It is the basis and premise of scientific translation. Did it go well? It is a means and way to achieve scientific translation in order to achieve perfection. [7]
3. The concrete application of the principle of appropriate translation in biomedical English translation.
In order to achieve proper text translation in biomedical English translation, we must carefully select several synonymous language forms with different structures in the target language on various language planes such as words, phrases, sentences and paragraphs. Selection involves not only language structural factors (such as part of speech, word collocation and context), but also style. The purpose of choice is to make the translation decent and acquire the style of language and style. Through the analysis of different translations, this paper specifically explains how to realize the proper translation of biomedical English.
3. The word1is appropriate
3. 1. 1 expression specification
Modern Chinese points out that scientific and technological style emphasizes the logic of argument and requires language standardization. Example 1 Electroporation was used to make small temporary pore membrane sodium channel proteins. Translation 1: electroporation is used to form small and temporary holes in the cell membrane so that DNA can pass through. Electroporation is used to form instantaneous micropores on the cell membrane so that DNA can pass through. Example 2 These findings suggest that the immunomodulation of oral mucosa may represent atherosclerosis. Translation 1: These results show that oral immunomodulators represent an attractive new method for the treatment of atherosclerosis. These results show that oral immunomodulators represent an attractive new method for the treatment of atherosclerosis. The above two situations? Small, temporary hole? And then what? Tempting? This language is informal and not easy to understand. And in translation 2? Instant micropore? And then what? Striking? The language is fluent, dignified and cold, which conforms to the characteristics of EST.
3. 1.2 exact words
Example 3 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a molecular method for amplifying DNA without living gorgonian in vitro, translated by Suchase. Colioyeast.1Translation: PCR is a molecular biological method that does not need to amplify DNA in living organisms (such as Escherichia coli or yeast). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a molecular biological method that does not need to amplify Cynthia's DNA in vivo (such as Escherichia coli or yeast). Translation 1 translate amplify into? Expansion? But from the perspective of biological knowledge, what is the amplification here? Create multiple copies? What is the meaning of? Zoom in More accurate.
3.2 Correct phrases
3.2. 1 refined, in line with Chinese expression habits.
Example 4 The ability of monoclonal antibody (MAB) to specifically locate tumor tissue in vivo provides an attractive therapeutic method for cancer treatment. In any case, the treatment with maba-lone only achieved chemical success. Translation 1: The ability of monoclonal antibody (mAb) to specifically locate in tumor tissue in vitro provides a remarkable treatment method for cancer treatment. However, the use of monoclonal antibodies alone has achieved very limited clinical success. The ability of monoclonal antibody (mAb) to specifically locate in tumor tissue in vitro provides a significant therapeutic method for cancer treatment. However, the clinical effect of monoclonal antibody alone is not great. Example 5 Because immunomodulators have better characteristics, they play an important role in the development of new drugs. Translation 1: With the development of immunology, immunomodulators have become a research topic in pharmacy. With the further development of immunology, immunomodulators have become the focus of pharmaceutical research. In the above two cases, Translation 2 is superior to Translation 1 in that Translation 2 is formal, formal and powerful, which is more in line with the habits of China people. What are the general requirements because of the great differences in the composition and function of English and Chinese phrases? Letter? On the premise of the target language, it is necessary to fully express the original intention and conform to the harmony of the target language form and rhetoric. There are a large number of habitual and non-habitual four-word phrases in EST, such as asshowninfigure (pictured), withoutlossoftime, turning waste into treasure and so on. Reasonable use of these four-word phrases can achieve accurate, compact, concise and clear results and add a lot of color to the translation.
Professional norms
Example 6 Serotonin can be added to the spleen to remove the lost parts in the body. Translation 1: Spleen can replenish blood for the general circulation to compensate for the loss of the body. Spleen can increase blood for systemic circulation, thus making up for the blood lost by the body. In medicine, the total cycle? How's it going? Systemic circulation? Professional code, and? Compensation for bodily harm? Too general, not clear. So translation 2 is more appropriate.
3.3 Sentences are decent
Sentences are the axis running up and down in the language plane and the main focus of the translation process. The choice of sentence synonymous means should conform to the requirements of the topic, the inheritance of the text, the characteristics of the style and the coordination of phonology. [9] Specific to sentence translation of biomedical English, we should do the following:
3.3. 1 embodies the information center.
Every sentence, every sentence group and every paragraph has a core and key content or meaning to emphasize, so as to help the receiver accurately grasp its semantic focus and understand the information it intends to convey, and this semantic focus becomes the information center. [9] Try to translate the information center of the original text into the information center of Chinese, so that the two can correspond. Example 7 the nucleic acid originally isolated by Johann miescherin1871was identified as the main component of the fluorescence staining method developed by ful genin 1900s. Translation 1: Nucleic acid was first successfully isolated by JohannMiescher at 187 1, and proved to be the most basic component of genome, which was confirmed by Feulgen with red staining method in the early 20th century. Nucleic acid was successfully isolated for the first time by JohannMiescher in 187 1 and was identified as the most basic component of genome by Feulgen in the early 20th century. The translation of 1 adopts literal translation method. Although the meaning of the original text is clearly expressed, the information center is placed in the sentence, which is not prominent. Isolation and identification in the original text are the information center of this sentence. Separation? And then what? Confirm? . Translation 2 makes the information center prominent, natural and fluent by reversing the word order, which conforms to Chinese expression habits. English and Chinese expressions are different, and many Chinese sentences often put the information center at the end of the sentence to highlight the key points; Most English sentences often put the information center at the beginning of the sentence to highlight the theme. This is formed? The first information center? (beginningfocus), the sentence structure with other information after it. When translating from Chinese to English, we should pay attention to applying this rule of English syntactic structure to translation. For the needs of Chinese expression, translators should repeatedly scrutinize and even jump out of the box of the original text, rationally use translation skills, make necessary adjustments to the sentence components and structural forms of the original text, and organize translation according to Chinese habits.
3.3.2 Reflect the logical relationship
Example 8 Lamivudine (HBV epivir) has potential antiviral and immunomodulatory abilities. Translation 1: Lamivudine is an effective antiviral drug with the lowest immunoregulation ability. Lamivudine is an effective antiviral drug, but it has almost no immunoregulation ability. Translation 1 does not reflect the turning point of two sentences, but it feels like a bunch of sentences, and translation 2 passes? But? This word makes the turning point contained in the paragraph obvious.
3.4 This paragraph is appropriate.
A paragraph is a grammatical unit higher than a sentence, usually a semantic whole composed of two or more sentences. Cohesion is an important feature of a paragraph, and the quality of cohesion is related to whether the theme or information is understood and accepted by the receiver [10]. If the translation can't correctly reflect the cohesion of the original text, it can't reflect the logic and organization of biomedical English. Example 9 Biosynthesis of RNA, called transcription, is carried out in the same way as DNA replication, or follows the principle of base pairing. (5) Thirdly, nadoublehelixisuncoiled and Onlyoneofthednastrandsservesatemplate for Napoleon seenzymetoguide, a part of the SynthesisomRNA. (6) After the synthesis, it was isolated from dna and DNA Escherichia coli. Translation 1:RNA biosynthesis, also known as transcription, is carried out in the same mode of DNA replication. A DNA double helix is uncoiled, and only one strand serves as a template for RNA polymerase to guide RNA synthesis. After synthesis, RNA was separated from DNA, and DNA formed a double helix structure again. Translation 2:RNA biosynthesis, also known as transcription, is similar to DNA replication and also follows the principle of base pairing. As mentioned above, first, a section of DNA is uncoiled by double helix, and one strand serves as a template for RNA polymerase to guide RNA synthesis. After the synthesis is completed, RNA is separated from DNA, and DNA forms a double helix structure again. Translation 2 tells the process of DNA transcription clearly and smoothly through many conjunctions (as mentioned above, first and at the same time), which is more organized and integrated than translation 1.
4 conclusion
There are differences in the use of language and the choice of rhetorical devices between biomedical English translation and literary translation. Literary works have obvious personal style and strong emotional color. When translating, they pay more attention to thinking in images, the vividness of language and the vividness of expression. Biomedical English, on the other hand, has less personal style and less emotional color. In translation, we should pay attention to logical thinking, language standardization and accurate expression. When choosing the target language, the translator has little room for manoeuvre. Appropriateness is the highest principle of pragmatics, but it focuses on different styles. Appropriateness in biomedical English translation is faithful to the content and style of the source language and conforms to the expression habits of Chinese. At the same time, biomedical English translation, like translation of other styles, is an artistic and creative hard mental work. It requires creative use of Chinese and foreign language knowledge and professional knowledge. To do this, we can only rely on a lot of practice and constant exploration, and there is no shortcut.
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