Conscious memory is divided into mechanical memory and associative memory. Mechanical memory is what is usually called rote memorization, and associative memory is to use the connection between words to remember. Let's start with associative memory. This part divides the associative memory of English words into non-closed associative memory and closed associative memory.
For example, in classified vocabulary mnemonics, "table" is easily associated with "chair", but the spelling form of table has nothing to do with the spelling form of chair; Similarly, in the mnemonics of synonyms and antonyms, "long" is easily associated with "short", but the long spelling has nothing to do with the short spelling. We can explain this situation as follows:
Tables and chairs are short.
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This desk and chair is long and short.
There is no cycle between them, so we call it non-closed associative memory.
Another situation is to remember words with word formation: such as windy and windy; Action, reaction, etc. There are both meaningful and tangible connections between them, which can be explained as follows:
Wind-Wind Behavior-Response
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Wind-wind action-response
They form a closed loop, which we call closed associative memory. Research shows that only closed associative memory is truly efficient associative memory.
However, in the inherent method of English, only one word formation is closed associative memory. So, can we create another closed associative memory method? The method is very simple, that is, to arrange words with similar spelling forms in English words together, and then attach a certain sense of connection by artificial means. In this way, six closed associative memory methods (including word formation) are obtained. (1) The essential word formation (word formation) is word formation, and the word essential is added to distinguish it from the indispensable word formation in the next section.
The list of common word formation is as follows:
(1) transformation: that is, the form of words remains unchanged, but the meaning of part-of-speech changes is slightly different. For example, water is a noun, which translates into a verb, which means watering. House is a noun, converted into a verb, which means to provide accommodation. Must is a verb, converted into a noun, indicating what must be done.
(2) Synthesis: that is, two or more words are combined into a new word. For example, class+room = classroom, green+house = greenhouse, school+boys = pupils.
(3) Derivation: adding a prefix and suffix to the root to form a new word. There are two kinds of roots, one is free root and the other is sticky root. For example, in the word windy, wind is a free radical and -y is a suffix. The word "Accept" in the word "accept" is to stick to the root, its meaning is to take, and ac- is the prefix, which plays a role in strengthening the meaning of the root. For another example, the word president can be decomposed into pre-(front)+-SID-(sitting)+-ENT (person) → the person sitting in front of the meeting, that is, the chairman. This process can be expressed as: chairman → preposition +sid (the root means sitting) +-ent (person) → the person sitting in front of the meeting → chairman.
Prefixes and suffixes are denoted by "-"before and after them respectively, and will not be explained separately.
The root can be explained by brackets, or a "-"before and after it means no explanation. Pay attention to the difference between words and roots. For example, port, cap, cord and leg have the meanings of port, hat, line and leg respectively; -port-, -cap-, -cord- and -leg- as root words mean carrying, taking, mind and law respectively.
Here are some examples:
Report → Re-(Return)+-Port → Bring back message → Report.
Photo →-photo-(light)+-graphics-(writing) → writing objects with light → photography.
Forward → forward (forward)+-forward (forward) → forward → forward.
Traditional word formation is essential for memorizing words, but some words are not easy to remember by word formation. At this time, we will use other methods. Some prefixes have many meanings, but they will increase the memory burden. At this time, we usually call them "extended meaning". We seldom use word formation in middle schools, so as not to increase the memory burden. We often use word formation in college, which is also the requirement of the new syllabus. (2) Non-essential word formation (function word formation) This word formation is only for the convenience of memory, and a word is regarded as a compound word of two or more other words, not as the basis of word formation, so it can be called function word formation.
Carpets, for example, can be seen as a combination of cars and pets. I love my car like a pet, so I put a luxurious carpet inside. The association process can be expressed as follows:
Carpet → car+pet → I love my car like a pet, so I put a luxurious carpet inside → carpet.
Here are a few more examples (in the third step of association, the word meaning is marked with "red", so the fourth step can be omitted):
Bargaining → bar+gain → I invited my boss to a bar for dinner, so I picked up a lot of bargains.
Leopard → Breathe+She → Leopard makes her breathe.
Mathematics → MAT (MAT)+He (He)+MAT (MAT)+-ICS (Subject) → Because his family was poor, he sat in the middle of the mat every day, worked out math problems on the ground with a stick, and finally became a great mathematician.
Parliament →par…ent (parents) +liam (mail, postman) → Members of Congress should be the parents of the masses and reflect their opinions to the government like postmen.
We can also regard a letter as a word and associate it with the rest. For example, the word strain is divided into two parts: s+train, and the letter s is replaced by snake (written in brackets). The word train means train. The association process is that when the snake climbed into the train, the passengers became nervous. The association process can be expressed as follows:
Nervous → (snake)+train → When the snake climbed into the train, the passengers became nervous.
Here are some examples:
Fragile →f (Fox Fox)+Railroad → The railroads sold by fox profiteers are of poor quality, fragile → fragile.
Diagnosis → dia- (pass) +g (girl)+nose → Girls can diagnose by smelling through their noses →dia- human diseases → diagnosis.
Palace →P… lace (place) +a (apple apple) → The place where the princess with an apple-like face stands is the palace → the palace.
In order to expand the application scope of this method, individual letters can be added or reduced or changed on the original words (indicated in brackets), and some meaningless letter combinations in the original words can also be replaced by meaningful words or morphemes (written in brackets) to facilitate association. For example:
Dolphin →dol (doll doll) +phin (fin) → Doll with fin becomes dolphin → dolphin.
Penguin → pen +Guin → Penguin gets a pen → Penguin.
Here we use doll instead of doll and fin instead of phin. The whole word memory process is: the doll has fins and is associated with dolphins; The spelling form of doll+fin is related to the spelling form of the original word dolphin. Similarly, we associate penguins with getting a pen, and penguins with the spelling form of pen+gain.
Here are some examples:
Comprehension →com (coming+expectation → understanding of knowledge, you can't pretend at all, you will understand if you understand it, and you won't understand if you don't understand it → understand it.
Restaurant → Rest +aur(air air)+ant (ant) → Come to a restaurant to rest, breathe fresh air, eat ants for lunch → Restaurant.
Chimpanzee →chimpan (champion) +zee (zoo zoo) → Chimpanzee wins the championship in the zoo → Chimpanzee.
Nostalgia →nos (nose) +tal (tall) +gic (girl) → Miss the old girl with a high nose → Nostalgia.
In traditional word formation, there is a word called patchwork, which takes part of two words to form a new word. The most typical example is that a motel consists of two words, motor and hotel. The function words mentioned above are similar in composition, but more free in composition. (3) Homophonic method (loanwords) A group of Chinese words with similar pronunciation to an English word is called Chinese homonym of the English word, and using this homonym to remember English words is called homophonic method.
This method is only used for these loanwords, such as jeep, copy, or transliterated loanwords, such as vitamin, which means "vitamin", and so on.
Writing [] in Chinese means homophonic. For example:
Vitamins → [vitamins ]→ vitamins.
Jeep → [Jeep ]→ Jeep.
Clone → [Clone ]→ Clone. (4) Word association with similar sounds and shapes artificially links two words with similar spelling forms in meaning. For example:
Recipe → Recite → He cooks well because he recites recipes → Recipes.
Tame → Time → It takes a lot of time to tame a wild animal → Tame.
Gasoline → patrol → motorcade patrol consumes a lot of gasoline → gasoline.
Farmers → Happiness → Happy Life Brought by Reform and Opening → Farmers. (5) The list method can express the vertical and horizontal relationship between a word and other words in the list, which is more convenient to remember, but it is only suitable for a few words, such as numerals, personal pronouns, interrogative words and locative words. Examples are as follows: (6) Group memory method and network method. This method is a generalization of the above-mentioned morphology of sound and shape approximation, that is, two or more sound and shape approximation words are arranged into a group, and then the meaning association is carried out according to the arrangement order in the group. Here are some examples:
The following eight words differ only in their initials, and form a group: cat → eat → pad → fat → mouse → pat → bat → hat. Yi's association is like this: the kitten wants to eat the fat mouse hidden under the mat, but when he pats the mat gently, the mouse becomes a bat and flies into the hat hanging on the wall.
The following five words form a group: beach → lighthouse → bacon → balcony → baron. The association of righteousness is this: there is a lighthouse on the beach. The old people in the lighthouse often eat bacon. He hung bacon on the balcony. Bacon is hard to chew after drying.
Popularize group memory method, that is, extend branches on each word of group memory to form a network. We first remember the words on the trunk by group memory, and then remember the words on the branches by various methods. This is a network method, such as:
Remarks-amazing
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Darkness (1)-Bark (2)-Spark (3)-Park (4)-Lark (5)-Mark (6)
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Dark back market-supermarket
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dark
The above is the network. But in the specific memory, we are divided into four steps, as follows:
Single word meaning association on trunk a;
At night, darkness (1) comes, dogs bark (2), and the distant stove sparks (3). But when the lark in the park sings, it marks the dawn.
B. the connection of word shapes on the trunk:
Darkness (1)-Bark (2)-Spark (3)-Park (4)-Lark (5)-Mark (6)
List of single words on the trunk:
Dark, dark.
Bark ['bark] n.
Spark [SPB] spark
Park, park
Lark
Mark; Mark; v。 mark
Special papers and joint examples of Department D;
Darken, darken.
~→ dark +-en (verb suffix) → darken (word formation)
Darkness, darkness
~→ Darkness +-ness (noun suffix) → Darkness (word formation)
Back off, back off.
~→ Barking → The dog barks at the back door → Behind (near morphology)
Remarks; Remarks. comment
~→ Re-(extended meaning)+marking (marking) → Annotation What should be paid attention to when marking records → Annotation (word formation)
Remarkable ['extraordinary] a. remarkable
~→ Commentable → Worthy of comment → Significant (word formation)
Market [5mb: Suite] market
~→ mark → the place marked is market → market (close in form)
Supermarket supermarket
~→ Super-(Super)+Market→ Supermarket (word formation)
In order to save space, in the actual arrangement, "glyph connection on B trunk" is omitted, and other headings A, B and C are also omitted. The actual arrangement of the above examples is as follows:
Dark, dark.
Bark ['bark] n.
Spark [SPB] spark
Park, park
Lark
Mark; Mark; v。 mark
Group association: at night, it is dark, dogs are barking, and sparks are emitted from the distant stove. But when larks sing in the park, it marks the dawn.
Darken, darken.
~→ dark +-en (verb suffix) → darken (word formation)
Darkness, darkness
~→ Darkness +-ness (noun suffix) → Darkness (word formation)
Back off, back off.
~→ Barking → The dog barks at the back door → Behind (near morphology)
Remarks; Remarks. comment
~→ Re-(extended meaning)+marking (marking) → Annotation What should be paid attention to when marking records → Annotation (word formation)
Remarkable ['extraordinary] a. remarkable
~→ Commentable → Worthy of comment → Significant (word formation)
Market [5mb: Suite] market
~→ mark → the place marked is market → market (close in form)
Supermarket supermarket
~→ super-(super)+market → supermarket (word formation) 2. The key to the success of associative memory of English words-The key to the success of associative memory of English words is how to link words with meanings. We summarized the associative formula of 16:
"Grasp the main idea, take it out of context, innovate, and never memorize it."
Grasp the main idea-simplify the associative content of meaning to the maximum extent. For example, Yi's associative memory can be simplified as "In the dark, the dog barks sparks and the lark barks in the park, marking the dawn." Another example is the association of the meaning of frail mentioned above, which can be simplified as "the fox brittle the railway track". Thinking too much can deepen the impression and simplify it and make it easy to remember.
Out of context-this mainly refers to group association. Associates any words that need to be remembered (words that are already familiar or temporarily forgotten are not associated), and long words can be memorized in segments. For example, in the above example of network associative memory, two words are associated as follows:
Darkness, barking-dogs bark at night.
Darkness, the spark of night
Park, lark-there are larks in the park.
Mark, the park-the marked place is the park.
Innovative ideas-the association of meaning is subjective, but you can think for yourself, not necessarily according to what is in the book. It is easier to remember the novelty, strangeness and fun things that you have come up with. Only when you can make meaningful associations can you really master this method.
A commonly used method in associative memory is called "mental picture", which is to form a picture of the associative content and present it in our hearts. Just like the previous example "A doll with fins turned into a dolphin", you can imagine a doll with fins turned into a dolphin flying in front of you. Another example is "Penguin with a pen". You can imagine a penguin waving in front of you with a pen. This makes it hard to forget the content of Lenovo.
Never recite-not to remember the associative content of meaning before memorizing words, but to familiarize yourself with the associative content of meaning during memorizing words. The association of meaning is only an auxiliary function. Words can be discarded if they are memorized. It is an assistant to memory and must not be a burden to memory.
I hope it helps ~