High-necked women have more lapels, and the sleeves of tops are about 40 cm longer than other sleeves. When dancing, put down your sleeves and dance gracefully in the air. Bangdian, that is, apron, is a unique costume of Tibetans and an essential ornament for married women. The state code is colorful and strong, or elegant and demure. Tibetan hats have many styles and different textures. There are ten or twenty kinds of golden flower hats, kicking hats and so on. Tibetan boots are one of the important features of Tibetan costumes. The common ones are "Songbalamu" flower boots with cotton leather soles. Headdress accessories occupy an important position in Tibetan costumes, vest is the most distinctive accessory, and most of the accessories are related to ancient production. The exquisite headdress is also inlaid with gold and silver jewelry. The headdress is made of copper, silver, gold carvings and jade, coral, pearls and other treasures.
First, Tibetan folk festivals
1, Tibetan calendar year
The determination of Tibetan calendar year is closely related to the use of Tibetan calendar year. The official use of the Tibetan calendar began more than 950 years ago, that is, the year of Ding Mao in the lunar calendar (AD 1027). Since then, the usage of Tibetan calendar has been inherited.
Tibetan New Year is a traditional Tibetan festival. Every year, the Tibetan calendar begins on the first day of the first month, ranging from three to five days. /kloc-in early February, people began to prepare new year's goods, and every household soaked highland barley seeds in pots to cultivate young crops. 1In mid-February, every household used ghee and white flour to stir-fry frozen oil (Gexi). There are many kinds of jelly, such as ear-shaped "bone pot", long "Xia Na", round and blue. Near the end of the year, every household should prepare a cuboid Ma Qi grain barrel with colorful pictures painted on it. The barrel is filled with mixed ghee of Ciba, fried wheat, ginseng fruit and other foods, and painted with green ears, cockscomb flowers and colorful flower plates made of ghee. Prepare a sheep's head shaped with colored butter. All this has a festive harvest. I wish the good weather and prosperity for people and animals in the coming year. Two days before New Year's Eve, the house was cleaned inside and outside, with new card mats and New Year pictures. Before dinner, sprinkle dry flour on the middle wall of the kitchen. Draw the symbol ""on the gate with lime powder, symbolizing eternal auspiciousness, indicating that life is rich, food is abundant, and the year is safe. On New Year's Eve, all kinds of food are placed in front of the Buddha statue. In order to have enough food during the festival, the whole family is still busy until late at night. For dinner this evening, everyone should eat instant noodles (ancient instant noodles). In the dough technology, the dough with different fillings such as stone, pepper, charcoal and wool was specially made. Every kind of stuffing has a saying: stone means hard heart, charcoal means black heart, pepper means knife mouth, and wool means soft heart. Those who ate these sandwiches threw up impromptu and caused laughter to help New Year's Eve. This is a kind of food and entertainment activity. No matter who eats anything, they have to spit it out impromptu, which often causes laughter and adds festive atmosphere to the festival.
On the first day of the first year, young crops, oil gizzards, sheep heads and grain barrels are placed on the coffee table of the Buddhist shrine, wishing a prosperous life in the new year. On New Year's Day, housewives carry "auspicious water" from the river, then wake up the whole family and sit down according to their generation. When the elders bring grain barrels, each person first grabs a few grains and throws them into the sky as a symbol of offering sacrifices to the gods, and then grabs some in turn and sends them to the mouth. Afterwards, the elders wished "Tashdedele" (good luck) in turn, and the younger generation congratulated "Tashdedele Pengsongcuo" (good luck, good thing). After the ceremony, they will eat large grain and ginseng fruit cooked in ghee, and then toast highland barley wine. It is generally forbidden to sweep the floor, not to say unlucky words and not to visit each other on the first day of junior high school.
The next day, friends and relatives exchanged New Year greetings and presented Hada. Men, women and children all put on the costumes of the program and say "Tashildler" and "Happy Holidays" to each other when they meet. This activity lasted for three to five days. During the Tibetan New Year, in the square or open lawn, everyone dances in a circle, hand in hand with the accompaniment of lyre, cymbals, gongs and other musical instruments. People step on the ground to celebrate festivals and sing songs, and children set off firecrackers. The whole area is immersed in a festive, festive and peaceful atmosphere. Singing Tibetan opera, jumping in pots and villages, and skewering in urban and rural areas. In pastoral areas, herders light bonfires and sing and dance all night. People also engage in wrestling, throwing, tug-of-war, horse racing, archery and other activities.
2. Bath Festival
Bathing Festival, known in Tibetan as "Gama Riji" (bathing), is a unique festival of Tibetan people, with a history of at least 700 to 800 years in Tibet. The Tibetan calendar was held from July 6th to12nd, lasting 7 days. According to Buddhism, the water in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has eight advantages, namely, sweet, cool, soft, light, clear and tasteless. Seven drinks don't hurt the throat, and eight drinks don't hurt the abdomen. Therefore, July is called the best time to take a bath. It was late summer and early autumn. The sun is shining in Wan Li, and the sky is clear. Whether in cities, rural areas or pastoral areas, men, women and children go to the river to celebrate the annual bathing festival. At that time, Tibetan people, with tents, butter tea, highland barley wine, Ciba and other foods, will come to Lhasa River and Yarlung Zangbo River one after another, and come to thousands of rivers and lakes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to compete for water and enjoy playing in the water. They set up a tent in the shade of the beach lawn, surrounded the tent and laid a card mat. Old people wash their hair and brush their bodies by the river, young people bathe and swim in the river, and children play in the water. At this time, women have no scruples about taking a bath, washing their bodies and washing the clothes of the whole family. During the break, the family sat around the tent and tasted the fragrant highland barley wine and fragrant butter tea. There were bursts of laughter and laughter from time to time in the tent. During the seven-day bathing festival, people not only come to the river to bathe every day, but also clean all the bedding at home. Therefore, the Bathing Festival is not only a traditional festival loved by Tibetan people, but also the most thorough and mass health activity every year.
3. Fruit Festival
Guowang Festival has a history of 1500 years, and it is a traditional festival in people in Xizang that longs for a bumper harvest. "Guo Wang" is a transliteration in Tibetan, which means field and land, and "Guo" means turning around, which means "going around the field". In the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River and the rural areas along the Lhasa River, the "fruit watching" festival is very popular, and there are festivals in other places, but the names of the festivals are different. Lahu and Dingri are called "Ji Ya", that is, comfortable summer days; Bubala Snow Mountain is surrounded by semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas, known as "Bangsang", that is, auspicious grassland. It's about the same time, before the crops are yellow and ready to open the sickle. Before liberation, Tibetans celebrated the Fruit Festival before the arrival of the "bird king"-the season when geese flew south. Guowang Festival is an important cultural phenomenon of Tibetan people, and its origin, ceremony, region or gender characteristics are rich and colorful. ?
According to legend, as early as the end of the 5th century, King Bud Gong Jian of Tibet asked religious leaders for advice to ensure a bumper harvest. The leader ordered the farmers to circle around the fields, with incense burners and banners as the leaders, while our leader held sticks wrapped around Hada and the sheep's right leg as the guide. After leading the villagers with highland barley ears or wheat ears around the fields several times, they planted all kinds of ears of grain in granaries and shrines, praying for good weather and abundant crops.
The fruit festival lasts for one to three days and is held on auspicious days before the autumn harvest. On this day every year, Tibetan people wear festive costumes, some carry colorful flags, some carry harvest towers made of highland barley and wheat ears, and the harvest towers are tied with white "Hada", holding slogans, some beat gongs and drums, sing songs and sing Tibetan operas, and some carry portraits of Chairman Mao around the field for a week. After the circle, people carry tents and highland barley wine, while talking about the past and present, and some indulge in drinking. The commercial department also organizes material exchanges, supplies commodities with ethnic characteristics and daily necessities, and purchases local products. After the fruit festival, the intense autumn harvest sowing began.
4. Mountain Transfer Conference
Traditional Tibetan festivals, also known as the Wooden Buddha Festival, offer sacrifices to mountain gods. Popular in Ganzi and Aba Tibetan areas. Every year on the eighth day of the fourth lunar month, Shui Ye, Kowloon bathes it, so it is also called Mufo Festival. On this day every year, people from far and near in Ganzi Tibetan areas wear national costumes and gather on Happy Valley Mountain and Zheduo River. People first go to the temple to burn incense and pray, and burn paper money. Then turn to the mountain to worship the gods and pray for their blessing. After climbing the mountain, we set up a tent for a picnic and watched Tibetan opera. Singing folk songs, dancing pot and string dances, and riders also have horse racing and archery competitions. During this period, people will also hold material exchange activities and other cultural and sports activities.
5. Flower-picking Festival is a traditional festival for Tibetans in Apollo, Nanping County. It is held on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month every year for two days. Legend has it that long ago, Apollo was a remote valley. People gather and hunt for a living, and make clothes out of leaves and skins. One day, a girl named Lian Zhi came from far away. She is beautiful, kind and intelligent. She taught the local people to farm, weave, sew clothes, and collect lilies to treat others. One year, on the fifth day of May, Lianzhi went up the mountain to collect flowers and was swept down the cliff by the nickel wind and died. People are very sad, so they go up the mountain to pick flowers on this day to commemorate her. Over time, the flower picking festival was formed.
6. Huanglong Temple Fair
Huanglong Temple Fair is a traditional festival of Tibetan, Qiang, Hui and Han nationalities in Aba Prefecture. The annual summer calendar was held in Huanglong Temple in Songpan County on June 15. Huanglong Temple, located in the mountains at the southern foot of Minshan Mountain in Songpan County, Aba Prefecture, is backed by Snow Leopard, the main peak of Minshan Mountain at an altitude of more than 5,700 meters. Because the clear spring on the top of the mountain contains calcium, it is covered with a milky yellow natural wonder like Huanglong, inlaid with more than 3,400 colorful places, connected into a colorful one. Later generations built temples to attract believers from neighboring provinces, prefectures and counties to worship, and gradually formed folk festivals.
Every year from the tenth day of the sixth lunar month, tourists from all over the world come here by horse, car or foot, bringing cooking utensils and tents. At the rally, people will not only watch the scenery of Huanglong Temple, but also hold Tibetan opera performances and folk song duets. Young brave people will also have wrestling, archery and other activities. June 15 is the climax of the festival. Huanglong Temple and the surrounding hillside forest are lined with various local products, forming a grand material exchange meeting. The old people went into the temple to burn incense and pray for life safety. Young people are singing and dancing all night.
7. Shepherd's Day
Traditional festivals of Tibetan herdsmen in Aba Prefecture. It is held at the beginning of the next month of the lunar calendar every year, and the holiday period is generally one week. Before the festival, every household cleaned up the garbage and dumped it to the west when the sun was about to set, in order to let the flame of the sun melt all the ominous things. Then, families prepare holiday foods, such as highland barley wine and yogurt. On the first morning of the festival, father and daughter competed for auspicious water. Then, wash your face and hands with auspicious water with milk, burn cypress with your washed hands, and pray for abundant water plants and prosperous cattle and sheep. Then, the family sat around and had a big meal. Three days before the festival, the villagers danced, sang, wrestled, participated in various recreational activities and stayed in the village. Three days later, people began to go door-to-door to congratulate the happy holiday. Every night, people gather outside the village, light bonfires, sing and dance.
8. Russian Happy Festival
As a traditional Tibetan festival, it is popular in Muli County. This festival falls on the seventh day of the twelfth lunar month every year. It is said that the ancient Muli area was very rich, and eight Tibetan branches in Tibet and Yunnan migrated and lived all the way. The day of settlement is the seventh day of the twelfth lunar month, and people get together to sing and dance and have fun. In the future, commemorative activities will be held on this day every year, which will be passed down from generation to generation and become a fixed festival. On the day before the festival, families are busy preparing rich food. On the festival day, the whole family sat together and drank a toast. According to custom, cats and dogs should have a full meal. If they eat meat first, it indicates good weather and a bumper harvest in agriculture and animal husbandry in the coming year. At night. People gathered around piles of bonfires. Yes, singing folk songs and dancing.
9. Water-splashing Festival
Popular in Mianning County. It is held every year on the sixth day of the third lunar month. Its main contents are praying for rain and praying for children. On that day, the Lama brought the frogs, snakes and toads made by Bazin, and one or two people from each family went together. When he came to the ditch, the Lama recited the scriptures and put the animals made of Ciba into the water. When they came back, everyone was wearing rain gear and shouting, indicating that it had begun to rain. Then people went to worship a round tower. There are knives and gongs in the tower, which represent fertility. A woman who has been married for a long time and has no children makes a wish to the tower god and prays for her children. Nong, who gave birth to a child after worshipping the tower, will go to worship the tower that day to fulfill his promise.
10, section 9
Popular in Baoxing County. It is held on the ninth day of the first month of the lunar calendar every year. On that day, people gathered at the foot of the mountain, holding lanterns, performing lion dances and singing and dancing heartily. A unique wrestling match between men and women is held at night, and the result is often that men lose and women win, which causes bursts of laughter and pushes the festival activities to a climax.
1 1, Huajie
Also known as Flower Festival, it is very popular in Marcand. It is held in June of the lunar calendar every year, generally lasting for 3-5 days, and in some places it is as long as 10. People take food, set up tents, ride horses, and go to the wild to enjoy the mountain flowers in droves. They set up tents, boiled butter tea, poured green pear wine, ate, drank, enjoyed flowers and prayed. Light a bonfire, sing and dance at night. During the festival, there will be activities such as wrestling and horse racing. It is also an opportunity for young men and women to fall in love.
12, Flower Festival
Tibetan is called "Ruomu Bird", which means to view the mountain. It is held every year on June 18th of the lunar calendar. Usually in the village, playing together in tents. Each activity ranges from three or four days to more than ten days. During the flower viewing festival, people presented Hada to the guests who came to visit, and warmly welcomed them into the cashier's office to entertain guests. In the evening, men and women, old and young, hand in hand, accompanied by a string of bells in the hands of the dance captain, sang folk songs and sang songs around the bonfire all night, and walked beautifully.
13, Jockey Club
Popular in Hongyuan County and other places. It is held on the first day of the seventh lunar month every year for one day. Horse racing is a favorite activity of Tibetan people. It is not only a place for farmers and herdsmen to gather and exchange production experience in their leisure time, but also a display of people in Xizang spirit. Horse racing is almost indispensable in all Tibetan festivals circulated among the people. Horse racing not only appears in festivals in the form of motif, but more importantly, Tibetan people have formed such a national traditional "horse racing festival" based on their strong belief in horses, which has a long history. By then, the Tibetan people in the county and nearby areas will wear traditional national costumes and go to the racecourse from all directions to carry out various forms of horse racing activities. There are fast team races, relay races, horse racing archery performances and horse racing skills, which are very lively. After the horse race, people exchange local products with each other.
14, planting roof flags
It is a Tibetan holiday custom to plant a roof flag. Every new year, every household will hang a red, yellow and white tricolor cloth flag engraved with Tibetan scriptures on the roof. Pray for disaster. Flags vary in height and color. Some have white background and red edges, and some have red, yellow and black stripes. Flags are mostly rectangular, but there are also squares and triangles. Some people tie flags to flagpoles, while others tie flags to tree poles. Some planted a flag, and some planted several flags.
15, White Horse Song Club
Holiday customs of Baima Tibetans. Popular in Pingwu County, it is held around Tomb-Sweeping Day every year. Baima Tibetans can sing and dance well, and traditional cultural activities will be held during the Spring Festival in Han areas. With the development of economy and the introduction of new culture, they have the desire to create their own festivals. The relevant departments took advantage of the trend and held the first shanzhai song concert at 1982. Since then, it has become a practice to hold it once a year.
16, Karin Festival
Tibetan is called "Zimulin Sangji", which means "Happy World Day". Some people call it a "suburban banquet". This is a traditional entertainment day for Tibetan people in Lhasa, Shigatse and Qamdo, Xizang Autonomous Region. The Tibetan calendar is held around May 1 every year, and the holiday period is uncertain, and in some places it lasts for more than ten days. At that time, Tibetan people will bring food, highland barley wine, buttered tea, mats, tents, and various entertainment tools and musical instruments to the elegant and quiet Karin (Tibetan transliteration means garden, garden with willows, so people call it "playing willow"). Set up a white tent on the lawn and under the old tree, wrap some sheets or plastic sheets, lay a card mat, play the lyre while drinking butter tea or highland barley wine, and have a picnic together. Some play poker, some play chess, croquet or chat and laugh, and some sing and dance on the green grass. In addition, some religious ceremonies, horse riding, archery and other cultural and sports activities will be held during the festival.
Miao nationality is rich in ancient civilization and pays attention to etiquette. The 20-year-old festival is unique and distinctive. Miao traditional festivals are divided into: 1. Farming festival; Material exchange festival; 3. Festivals for men and women to socialize, fall in love and choose their spouses; 4. Sacrificial festivals; 5. Commemorate and celebrate festivals. In chronological order, a year is divided into twelve months, and each month has more than one festival. 1-15th (from the first child day to the second cloudy day) of the lunar month, in which1day is the day of the year, and the Miao people do not go out (far away); The 1 ugly day is the annual festival of the earth. During the period from 1 ugly day to the second ugly day (2- 14), people visited relatives and friends, congratulated each other on the New Year, sang duets, played with dragon lanterns and played with lions. The second day of the second lunar month (15) is the last year (burning dragon lanterns). The first ugly day of the partial moon (bull moon or ugly moon) is the friendship day, also known as the dragon head festival. Miao people sacrifice to the land gods and collect dragons safely. The first day of June+10 (Tiger Moon or silver moon) in 5438 was a festival for material exchange and social interaction between men and women (known as the Third Street Festival in March in Chinese). The first Sunday in February (Rabbit Month or Uzuki) is the Ox King's Day (called April 8th in Chinese), when men and women get together for cherry, which is the Buddha's birthday. The first and second days of March (Dragon Moon or Chen Yue) are Dragon Boat Festival and Dragon Boat Festival respectively, among which Dragon Boat Festival is later called Quyuan Festival and Songshi Festival to commemorate the patriotic poet Quyuan (Mi surname). April 1 day (Snake Moon or Mitsuki) is the Dragon Festival (called June 6th and June field in Chinese), and it is also a new barley festival. The 1 sub-day in May (horse month or noon month) is the Small Year Festival (called Seven Sisters in Miao language, namely the Big Dipper). The second day of June is the Duck Festival, and the second day is the Mid-Autumn Festival. July 1 Shenri (Monkey Moon or Shenyue) is the wine festival (harvesting glutinous rice to make sweet wine and rice wine). August (chicken moon or full moon) is a festival of sacrifice (mainly for ancestor worship, eating pigs, jumping incense, mourning, Anlong and other activities). ). September (dog month or full moon) hunting festival, choose a day to worship the three gods of Meishan and start hunting. 10 (Year of the Pig or Haiyue) is the festival of eating pigs and soaking pigs (killing pigs in that year), the festival of kitchen gods (offering sacrifices to kitchen gods) and New Year's Eve (called October Miao Spring Festival in Chinese).
In most areas, Miao people have three meals a day, and rice is the staple food. Fried Baba is the most common fried food. If you add some fresh meat and sauerkraut as stuffing, the taste will be more delicious. Most meat comes from livestock and poultry farming. Miao people in Sichuan and Yunnan all like to eat dog meat, and there is a saying that "Miao's dog is Yi's wine". In addition to animal oil, Miao people's edible oils are mostly tea oil and vegetable oil. Pepper is the main condiment, and in some areas there is even a saying that it is inseparable from pepper. There are many kinds of Miao vegetables. Common vegetables are beans, melons, greens and radishes. Most Miao people are good at making bean products. Miao people everywhere generally like to eat sauerkraut, and sour soup is a must for every family. Sour soup is rice soup or tofu water, fermented in a crock for 3-5 days, and then used to cook fish and vegetables. The food preservation of Miao people generally adopts pickling method, and vegetables, chickens, ducks and fish like to be pickled into sour taste. Almost every Miao family has a jar for curing food, which is collectively called a sour jar. Miao nationality has a long history of brewing, and has a set of techniques from koji making, fermentation, distillation, blending and cellar storage. Camellia oleifera is the most common daily drink. Miao people in Xiangxi also specially made a kind of scented tea. Sour soup is also a common drink. Typical foods mainly include: blood soup, Chili bone, Miaoxiang Guifeng soup, cotton vegetable cake, insect tea, scented tea, fish paste, sour soup fish and so on.
There are more than 200 kinds of Miao costumes in Qiandongnan Prefecture, which is the most diverse and well-preserved area in China and even in the world, and is called "Miao Costume Museum". On the whole, Miao costumes have maintained the traditional weaving, embroidery, picking and dyeing techniques in China. While using one main technique, they often use other techniques, either picking embroidery, dyeing embroidery or ribbon embroidery, thus making these costumes colorful and showing distinctive national artistic characteristics. From the content point of view, clothing patterns are mostly based on various life images in daily life, which plays an important role in expressing meaning, identifying nationalities, branches and languages. These video records are called "epic worn on the body" by experts and scholars. From the modeling point of view, China's traditional line drawing or approximate line drawing modeling technique with single line as the outline of the pattern is adopted. From the perspective of production techniques, the five forms of weaving, sewing, splicing and cutting in the history of costume development are all examples in Qiandongnan Miao costumes, with distinct historical levels, which can be called the exhibition hall of costume production history. From the color point of view, they are good at choosing all kinds of contrasting colors, and strive to pursue the richness of colors, generally red, black, white, yellow and blue. From the composition point of view, it does not emphasize the prominent theme, but only pays attention to the requirements of the overall sense of clothing. Formally, it can be divided into formal clothes and casual clothes. Dress-up is a kind of costume used for holiday etiquette and wedding. It is complex and gorgeous, which reflects the artistic level of Miao costumes. Casual clothes, the style is quieter and simpler than formal clothes, with less materials and less labor, suitable for daily wear. Besides formal and casual clothes, Miao costumes are different in age and region. This is also the reason why Miao costumes are encyclopedias worn on the body. Miao girls like to wear pleated skirts. There are more than 500 pleats on a skirt, with many layers, some as many as thirty or forty layers. These skirts, from weaving, dyeing, sewing to final drawing and embroidery, were all done by the girls themselves. Coupled with embroidered ribbons and flower chest pockets, it is really colorful and beautiful. When it comes to "clothing", we have to think of "decoration". The headdress includes a silver horn, a silver fan, a silver hat, a silver handkerchief, a silver floating head row, a silver hairpin, a silver pin, a silver crown flower, a silver net chain, a silver comb, silver earrings and a silver children's hat. If the well-dressed Miao girls get together, it will definitely become a beautiful silver world. It is the nature of Miao girls to wear silver ornaments. They put them in a bun on their heads, about 20 cm high, and made exquisite silver crowns. There are six silver wings of different heights inserted in front of the crown, which are decorated with Miao silver ornaments, such as playing with dragons, exploring flowers with butterflies, flying towards the phoenix, birds flying towards the phoenix and swimming in the water.
Mode. In some areas, in addition to silver pieces, silver horns with a height of about 1 m are inserted into the silver crown, and the tips of the horns float in color, which makes them more noble and rich. There is a silver ribbon at the lower edge of the silver crown, and a row of small silver pendants hang down. The silver collar worn around the neck has several layers, mostly made of silver pieces and small silver rings. Wearing a silver lock and a silver collar on his chest, wearing a silver cloak on his chest and back, and hanging many small silver bells. Earrings and bracelets are all made of silver. Only the two sleeves are embroidered with lux as the main tone, but the cuffs are also inlaid with a wide circle of silver ornaments. The costumes worn by Miao girls often weigh several kilograms, and some of them have been accumulated and passed down from generation to generation, and they are known as "fairies with silver in flowers". The silver ornaments of Miao nationality are gorgeous and exquisite, which fully shows the wisdom and talent of Miao people. In Mario, which is less than 10 km away from Qianhu Miao Village in Xijiang, it is controlled by Zoroastrianism and Five Higher Education. It is a well-known hometown of Miao silverware, in which linen is the most professional, and 85% are silversmiths. According to legend, the Li family in his village is behind the royal silverware bureau of the Miao nationality "Nanshao State" in the Tang Dynasty.
The main festivals of the Dai nationality are the Dai calendar New Year Water Splashing Festival, Summer Anzhu Festival (closing festival) and Summer Anzhu Festival (opening festival).
the Water Sprinkling Festival
The "Water-splashing Festival" is a traditional festival for the Dai people to bid farewell to the old year and welcome the new year. The time is in the middle of April in the Gregorian calendar. The main activities during the festival include offering sacrifices to ancestors, building sand, splashing water, throwing sandbags, dragon boat racing, lighting fires and singing and dancing carnival. The annual Water-Splashing Festival is held in June of Dai calendar, which is the biggest festival. In Dai language, it is called "Sanggan Bimai". At that time, the Buddha will be worshipped and a banquet will be held to entertain monks, relatives and friends to splash water on each other. Now, splashing water is the main content of the Dai New Year Festival, which is deeply loved by people of all ethnic groups. Songkran Festival is the New Year of Dai calendar, which is celebrated in June and July of Dai calendar, equivalent to April of Gregorian calendar.
Closing festival
"Closing the door" is called "entering the depression" in Dai language, which means that the Buddha enters the temple. Yunnan Dai traditional religious festival, lasting for 3 months, begins on September 15 (mid-July of the lunar calendar) of the Dai calendar every year. According to legend, every year in the Dai calendar in September, the Buddha went to the Western Heaven to lecture with his mother, and then returned to the world three months later. Once, just as the Buddha was going to the west to talk about his menstrual period, thousands of Buddhists went to the countryside to preach, trampling on the crops of the people and delaying their production. People complained bitterly and were very dissatisfied with Buddhists. When the Buddha learned about this, he felt uneasy. From then on, whenever the Buddha went to the Western Heaven to give a lecture, all Buddhists were called together and it was stipulated that they were not allowed to go anywhere during these three months, and they could only repent to atone for their sins. Therefore, people call it "closing day".
Open door festival
"Opening Day", also known as "Chuva", is a traditional festival of Dai, Bulang, De 'ang and some Wa people who believe in Hinayana Buddhism. Popular in Yunnan, it originated from the habit of rainy season life of ancient Buddhism, similar to the restoration of Buddhism in the Central Plains. The time is December 15th of the Dai calendar (around mid-September of the lunar calendar). The opening day symbolizes the end of the rainy season in the past three months, and it also means that the marriage taboo between men and women has been lifted since the closing day. From now on, young men and women can start free love and hold weddings. On this day, young men and women dressed in costumes went to the Buddhist temple to worship Buddha, offering food, flowers, wax strips and coins. After the sacrifice, a grand cultural rally was held to celebrate the end of fasting since the closing day. The main contents include setting off sparks and rising, lighting lanterns, singing and dancing. Young people will also jump lanterns in the shape of birds, animals, fish and insects around the village. At this time, when the rice harvest is finished, it is also a festival to celebrate the harvest.
Editing taboos in this country
It is forbidden for outsiders to ride horses, drive cattle, carry loads and enter the stockade unkempt; When entering the Dai bamboo house, you should take off your shoes outside the door and walk gently inside. You can't sit above or across the fireplace, enter the owner's inner room, or sit on the threshold; The tripod on the fireplace can't move, and the fire can't be pushed; Don't whistle and cut your nails at home; Don't use clothes as pillows, and don't sit on pillows; When hanging clothes, the coat should be hung at a high place, and the pants and skirts should be hung at a low place; Take off your shoes when entering the Buddhist temple, and avoid touching the head, Buddha statue, spear, banner and other Buddhist sacred objects of the young monk. Don't talk loudly at will.
Most Dai people have the habit of eating two meals at a time, with rice and glutinous rice as their staple food. Dehong Dai's staple food is japonica rice, and Xishuangbanna Dai's staple food is glutinous rice. Usually eaten immediately [chūng]. People think that japonica rice and glutinous rice can only lose their original color and fragrance if they are eaten immediately, so they don't eat overnight meals or seldom eat them, and they are used to kneading rice with their hands. Migrant workers often eat outdoors. They can eat with banana leaves or rice, plus salt, pepper, sour meat, roast chicken, Mi Nan (which means sauce in Dai language) and pine. All dishes and snacks are mainly sour, such as sour bamboo shoots, sour pea powder, sour meat and wild sour fruit; I like to eat pickled cabbage. It is made by drying vegetables in the sun, then boiling them in water, adding papaya juice to make the taste sour, and then drying them for preservation. Put a little stir-fry or put it in soup when eating. This kind of sauerkraut is eaten almost every day by Dai people in some places. It is said that Dai people often eat sauerkraut because they often eat sticky rice food that is not easy to digest, and sour food helps digestion. Eating with moss is a unique flavor dish of Dai people. The moss eaten by the Dai people is the moss on the rocks in the river in spring, preferably dark green. After fishing, tear it into thin slices, dry it, and put it on with a bamboo stick for later use. When cooking, the thick ones are fried and the thin ones are roasted with fire. Crushed into a bowl after crispy, then poured in boiling oil, then stirred with salt, and dipped in glutinous rice balls or bacon, which was extremely delicious. Cooking fish, mostly sour fish or roasted citronella fish, in addition to making fish chops (that is, grilled fish mashed with coriander and other spices), fish jelly, grilled fish, white sauce eel and so on. When eating crabs, they are usually chopped into crab paste with shell and meat for cooking. Dai people call this crab sauce "crab rice cloth". Bitter gourd is a daily vegetable with the highest yield and consumption. In addition to bitter gourd, Xishuangbanna also has a kind of bitter bamboo shoots, so there is also a bitter taste in Dai flavor. The representative bitter vegetable is a mixture of cowhide and cold dishes cooked with ingredients such as ox gall.