Dai is one of the ethnic minorities in China. Dai people mainly live in Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Dehong Autonomous Prefecture, Gengma Dai and Wa Autonomous County, Menglian Dai and Lahu Wa Autonomous County and Lincang area, and are scattered in most parts of Yunnan. Dai people usually like to live in big river basins, dam areas and tropical areas. According to the national census in 2006, the Dai population in China is 1.26 million, and the vast majority of Dai people believe in Buddhism and spread it to the south [1]. Domestic scientific research data show that the Dai people are related to Yunnan and Vietnam in Baibu and Baiyue. The ancestors of the Dai people came from the Dai inhabited area in southwest Yunnan, China, and all the Dai people in Southeast Asia came from this area. The Dai people in China and the Shan people (Dai people) in Myanmar belong to the same ethnic group, with Laos as the main ethnic group and Thailand as the main ethnic group. The total population exceeds 60 million. Historically, the Dai people established A Dai-Miao Township with southern Yunnan, northern Thailand and eastern Myanmar as the core. After historical evolution, this country no longer exists, and the Dai people are scattered in the southwest of China and various countries in Indo-China Peninsula. There are also some Dai and Jingpo nationalities in Assam, northeastern India, mainly living in the mountainous areas of counties in Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan Province, and a few living in Mangma, Fanggang, Gengma, Lancang and other counties in Nujiang Wa Autonomous Prefecture. Jingpo people have two dialects, Jingpo and Zawa, which are difficult to communicate with each other. Jingpo language belongs to Jingpo language branch of Tibetan-Burmese language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. Use the phonetic symbol based on Latin letters-Jingpo language. Jingpo people have rich and beautiful oral literature, including long narrative poems, myths, stories, fables, proverbs and riddles that reflect their origin and migration history. Jingpo people are mainly engaged in agriculture. Jingpo area is rich in precious wood and various medicinal materials. Cash crops include rubber, tung oil, tea and coffee. Jingpo people generally believe in primitive polytheism, and some people believe in Christianity. Jingpo families still retain the inheritance system of the younger son, and the younger son's status is higher than that of the older son. After marriage, the eldest son set up another door, and the younger son stayed at home to support his parents. The property was mainly inherited by the younger son. Jingpo people are frank and hospitable, and have always maintained the hospitality habit of "eating white rice". That is, in daily communication, no matter which village or home you go to, you can sit down and eat without paying any remuneration. For any stranger, the host must provide food. It is generally believed that starving guests is the most disgraceful thing. Whether it's a wedding, a festive party, or visiting relatives and friends, Jingpo people always carry a basket filled with water, wine, boiled eggs and glutinous rice balls, which is called a "gift basket" by the people. After receiving the gift basket, the host must propose a toast to the accompanying guests one by one, finally finish it himself, count the gifts, and then return the basket to the guests to show that all the gifts have been received. In many areas, people, men, women and children, still share their meals. There is no need for tables, chairs and tableware. All the meals are wrapped in banana leaves, and everyone has one when eating. Avoid wrapping the leaves. Whether drinking or drinking soup, you cut a bamboo tube on the spot, and the mouth of the tube is cut obliquely, so you can use it if you want. Jingpo people have three meals a day when they are free and two meals a day when they are busy. The staple food is rice. I like dry rice and bamboo rice. Most of the vegetables planted are melons, beans, green picking, potatoes and so on. , supplemented by bamboo shoots, cress, wild garlic, etc. Meat is mostly pork and chicken, and fishing and hunting are carried out in the off-season, such as hunting wild boar, muntjac, goat, bison, pheasant, bird, fish, crab and snail. Jingpo people drink low-alcohol liquor, which is called Shuijiu, and adult men and women prefer shochu. Jingpo people are very polite when drinking. Acquaintances meet and toast each other. Instead of drinking, they pour the wine back into each other's bottles before drinking. Everyone drinks a glass of wine. After taking a sip, everyone wipes the place where they have drunk with their hands, and then passes it on to others. If there is an old man present, let him drink first. Typical foods mainly include: grilled fish in bamboo tube, sprinkled skin, braised eel, and stewed bamboo rats in casserole. Munao Zongge Festival is a mass song and dance activity of Jingpo people in Dehong, Yunnan Province, and it is also a traditional festival for Jingpo people to wish good luck and happiness and celebrate the harvest. "Munao" is a transliteration of Jingpo language, which means "everyone dances". It is usually held after the fifteenth day of the first lunar month and lasts for 2-3 days. Every "Munao Zongge" Festival, the ceremony is often from morning till night, or even carnival all night. Every time, it is a sacrifice of cattle, and then beef is shared, accompanied by song and dance activities, with thousands of participants for a long time. In addition, there will be twice a year for Chen Miao to go to the temple. In spring, the sacrifice is more grand, and cows, pigs and chickens will be slaughtered to celebrate the harvest. Jingpo people also celebrate the "Eating New Valley" Festival, which is held in the Year of the Loong in August of the lunar calendar. At that time, the new valley was fried and cooked into rice, which was cooked with the old rice to show the continuation of the old rice and the new rice. When eating new rice, sprinkle some food and wine on the ground for ghosts to eat, and then the whole family will have food to eat. Achang people are hospitable, respect the old and love the young, and have many excellent traditional manners. When guests go home for a nap, the host should treat them with good wine and tea, and be polite to the table when eating. If the guest is young, he may refuse to sit in the next seat or under it. When toasting and pouring tea, don't be rude, accept it. Achang people have the custom of persuading guests to eat. Whether they can drink or drink tea, they are afraid that the guests will not accept it. When you are advised to eat, whether you are full or not, you should reach out your hands and serve the bowl together; Greeting with both hands or standing up to salute is regarded as respect. Usually, persuading rice is symbolic, and persuading rice to express feelings or even singing folk songs is the real reason for welcoming guests. When the Achang people dissolve their marriage vows, they must return the photos and hair of the vows. Avoid burning photos and hair, or people will get seriously ill or even crazy after burning photos and hair. Achang people share the same surname and avoid marriage. There is a custom to recruit a husband, and the man who comes to the door must change his name with the woman's surname. The wedding lasted three days. At the wedding, the bride and groom go to the table and offer sugar tea. After drinking, the guests put some coins in the cup. At the wedding reception of Achang young men and women, the bride's uncle should be invited to sit on her head first, and a cold dish mixed with pig brain should be placed. After the banquet, my uncle will give the bride a 4.5-catty hind leg with a pig's tail, which is called "foreign meat", indicating that the bride will never forget her family's kindness. In the history of Achang nationality, there is a custom of robbing and escaping from marriage. Marriage robbery is generally caused by the following two reasons: first, men and women are deeply in love, and the woman's parents disagree, so they have to agree to the man's marriage robbery and force the woman's parents to agree after the fait accompli; Second, after the engagement, the girl repented, and the man was unwilling, so he had to grab it and force the girl to submit. Escape from marriage usually occurs when parents disagree, so lovers have to both flee in order to fight for the freedom of marriage. Due to the changes of times and concepts, the above customs have basically disappeared. Achang people get married in the order of seniority. For example, the eldest son is unmarried, the second son and the second daughter can't get married, the elder sister is unmarried, and the younger brother can't get married before the elder sister. If the younger brother and sister get married before the older sister, they should hold a "crossing ceremony" and give the older sister some money to express their apologies and respect. When Achang boys get married, they should ask two agile and agile bridesmaids to help them hold umbrellas. Because when the groom wants to enter the girl's house, the young girls in the bride's stockade will splash water on him from both sides of the eaves. If the groom gets wet, he will be looked down upon. Even the accompanying lang will be proud if the groom doesn't touch a drop of water. It is said that this umbrella is a tool to protect the groom from harm. A long time ago, the Achang people had a little sister named Milla. When she was six or seven years old, her parents died and she lived on her brother. When she was sixteen, her two older brothers separated, and she lived with her older brother. One day, a family named Rana from Waizhai came to propose to Milla's brother. Because young people who are going to marry Milla are usually spoiled, have a bad temper, and don't even count the expenses. In order to marry Milla, Rana family gave a very generous bride price. As soon as the two brothers figured it out that there was still some use left besides the dowry, they readily agreed. Milla despises this young man. She likes a young man named Lasher. After the duet, the two exchanged vows and agreed on the date of their next meeting. Milla's two brothers are very reluctant to know that Rasher has abducted her sister and that Rasher's family sent all the bride price. The two sisters-in-law were jealous that Milla had found such a beautiful and capable young man, so they added fuel to the fire. The two brothers wanted to kill La Xu. On the wedding day, it was still early, and Lasher came to the stockade in Milla. But Milla's two brothers wouldn't let him in, saying, "Lasher takes people away at night and can't come in until it gets dark." Finally, when it was dark, Lashuo's partner set off firecrackers and played suona, and happily entered Milla's house. Lasher happily took the lead and was about to bow. Suddenly, pots of cold water poured down from both sides of the veranda, only to see two white lights flashing in front of me, and the wax snake collapsed to the ground with a scream. Milla strangled himself after hearing the news. Later, in order to protect the groom's personal safety, people will hold up an umbrella to shelter him from the wind and rain when the groom arrives at the bride's door. This is called: the umbrella protects the groom to protect his whole body. Therefore, this special umbrella is actually the amulet of Ah Chang's groom. De 'ang is a minority in China. (see color map) Call yourself Da Ang. It is also divided into Ruomai, Liangmai, Bulei and other branches, which are collectively referred to as Benglong in Chinese. 1September, 985, with the approval of the State Council, it was renamed De 'ang nationality. Scattered in five counties and one town in Dehong Prefecture and counties under the jurisdiction of Baoshan, Lincang and Simao. Sanhe Mountain in luxi county and Long Jun in Zhenkang County are places where De 'ang people live in compact communities. The population is 12295 (1982). De 'ang language is used, belonging to the Vader 'ang branch of the Mon-Khmer language family of the South Asian language family, and three dialects are spoken, namely Bulai, Ruomai and Naang. Nothing to say. The title of "Dragon Collapse of Ethnic Origin" was first seen in Wang Chang's Notes on Myanmar in Qing Dynasty. Ordinary people in Han and Jin Dynasties, Mangman, Puziman and Wang Zi Man in Sui and Tang Dynasties are the ancestors of De 'ang, Wa and Brown people today. He surrendered to Nanzhao and Dali in Han and Jin Dynasties and Tang and Song Dynasties. After the Yuan Dynasty, their ancestors became vassals of Dai Tusi. Anti-imperialist and Anti-feudal Struggle1At the beginning of the 9th century, the people of De 'ang rebelled against the oppression and rule of the Dai chieftain in mangshi and put forward the slogan "The officials are unfair, so kill them to solve the injustice". A large-scale armed uprising broke out with the Dai people for several years. Finally, with the support of the Qing government and the Han landlords in mangshi, the uprising was suppressed. Since modern times, the people of De 'ang and Jingpo have fought against British imperialism's invasion of western Yunnan, China. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, Japanese invaders invaded Dehong area of China from Myanmar. At that time, the De 'ang people in the occupied area joined the guerrillas of more than 2,000 people organized by the Han and Dai people and fought many times with the Japanese invaders with bronze guns, long knives and crossbows. After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, De 'ang villages organized self-defense forces to resist Kuomintang rule. After the People's Liberation Army entered Yunnan, the De 'ang people actively assisted the People's Liberation Army in annihilating the fleeing Kuomintang troops and ushered in the liberation of the De 'ang people. Before the founding of the people's Republic of China, the De 'ang people were ruled by the feudal chieftain of the Dai nationality, and most of the leaders were hereditary or appointed or removed by the chieftain. The chieftain's name is Dagang (the Han people call it the general gang leader), which is equivalent to the township head and governs several villages. In each village, there is one person in Dajigang (known as the gang leader in Chinese), and other leaders, such as Dapulong and Dajige, assist Dajigang in handling all the affairs in the village and apportion the money and food for the toast. De 'ang people are directly under the jurisdiction of Jingpo Mountain officials (see Jingpo Mountain official system), and they have to pay certain security taxes, official work, official valley and so on. Pay exorbitant taxes to Yamashita officials and the Kuomintang government at the same time. At the beginning of the 20th century, the family of De 'ang nationality still retained the characteristics of the patriarchal big family commune: each big family was composed of several small families related by blood for three or four generations, living in a long room and living a life of collective labor and consumption. Subsequently, due to the gradual establishment of private ownership of land, the development of individual economy, the impact of foreign commodity currencies, the emergence of usury, employees and real rent, large families gradually disintegrated and individual small families were established. Cultural custom De 'ang people are monogamous, and the same surname is not married. Men and women enjoy the freedom of love before marriage, and girls also have some autonomy in choosing a spouse, but in the end they have to get their parents' consent. When getting married, the man should give the woman a certain dowry. If the husband and wife don't agree, the man asks for a divorce. As long as he pays a few catties of rice and a few yuan, he asks the village leaders to sacrifice the sacred tree, and he can inform the woman to return to her family. If the woman asks for a divorce, she should compensate the man for his dowry. Changes have taken place since the founding of New China. De 'ang people have rich and colorful embroidery and carving arts, including fairy tales and folklore that expose the evils of reactionary rulers and praise the love of working people. For example, "Melody of Lusheng" and "Melody of the Helper", which reflect the love tragedy between men and women, are very touching. Musical instruments are influenced by the nearby Dai, Jingpo and Wa nationalities, and gongs and elephant-foot drums are also used. The orchestral instruments include cucurbit silk, flute, small three-stringed instrument and small four-stringed instrument. Wooden drum is a unique short drum with a wide head and narrow feet. Dance is accompanied by wooden drums, which is called wooden drum dance. Women of different branches have different clothes, which can be identified by the color of the horizontal stripes on the skirt. They put on cardigans, wrapped their heads in buns, put on silverware and colored glass beads, and tied their waists and leggings. The man wore a black cloth round collar, a big face and a black or white head. Teenagers like to wear big earrings and silver collars. There are two kinds of houses: bamboo buildings and earth buildings. Bamboo house is also called dry fence, where people live upstairs and livestock are raised downstairs. Most of the villages near the dam area live in huts with civil structures, houses for livestock, firewood and feet. Festivals include water-splashing festival, closing festival, opening festival, posing and burning white firewood, which are mostly religious.

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