theme
The staple food of Han nationality is rice and wheat, supplemented by vegetables, meat and bean products. Tea and wine are traditional drinks of the Han nationality. The main way to eat rice is rice, as well as porridge, rice noodles, rice cakes, glutinous rice balls, zongzi, rice cakes and other foods. Wheat is eaten with steamed bread, noodles, flower rolls, steamed stuffed buns, jiaozi, wonton, fried dough sticks, spring rolls, fried cakes and pancakes. Han people pay attention to and are good at cooking. Han people in different regions have formed different local flavors through cooking methods such as frying, roasting, frying, boiling, steaming, roasting and cold salad. Chinese cuisine is generally divided into eight major cuisines: Sichuan, Guangdong, Fujian, Anhui, Shandong, Hunan, Zhejiang and Jiangsu.
tea
Wine and tea are two main drinks of Han nationality. China is the hometown of tea, and China is one of the first countries in the world to invent brewing technology. Wine culture and tea culture have a long history in China. For thousands of years, they have become an indispensable part of the Han people's dietary customs and have had a wide influence in the world.
It is said that Han people began to drink tea in Shennong era, with a history of at least 4,700 years. Until now, Han compatriots in China still have the custom of replacing wine with tea. Han people have various methods of making tea: smoked bean tea in Taihu Lake, scented tea in Suzhou, ginger tea in Hunan, Gaiwan tea in Chengdu, frozen top tea in Taiwan Province Province, Longjing tea in Hangzhou, oolong tea in Fujian and so on.
The basic diet structure of Han nationality is based on food crops and various animal foods and vegetables as non-staple foods. This is in sharp contrast with the diet structure of ethnic groups in western China, Tibetans and Mongolians. In addition, the habit of eating three meals a day has been formed in the long-term national development. The collocation of staple food, dishes and drinks in three meals a day not only has certain similarity, but also forms a series of specific characteristics due to different geographical and climatic environment, economic development level, production and living conditions and other reasons.
China is the hometown of tea. Tea making and drinking have a history of thousands of years, and there are many famous products. The main varieties are green tea, black tea, oolong tea, scented tea, white tea and yellow tea. Chinese tea art enjoys a high reputation in the world. The Tang Dynasty was introduced to Japan, and the Japanese tea ceremony was formed.
Han people pay attention to the word "quality" when drinking tea. When the guests come, the etiquette of making tea and offering tea is essential. When guests come to visit, you can argue and choose the best tea set that best suits the taste of the guests. When offering tea to guests, it is also necessary to mix tea properly. When drinking tea with guests, the host should pay attention to the tea residue in the guest's cup and pot. Generally speaking, tea is brewed in a teacup. If you have already drunk half of it, you should add boiling water to make the concentration of tea basically the same and the water temperature appropriate. When drinking tea, it can also be properly accompanied by tea, candy, dishes and so on. To achieve the effect of regulating taste and snacks.
Tea culture is very important in the life of the Han nationality. Tea has always been used as a tribute to the king of Wu. In the late primitive commune, tea became a commodity exchange. During the Warring States period, tea had a certain scale. Tea was recorded in the Book of Songs in the pre-Qin period. For another example, in the Han Dynasty, tea became a special tonic for Buddhist meditation. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there was an atmosphere of drinking tea. During the Sui Dynasty, the whole people generally drank tea. In the Tang Dynasty, the tea industry flourished, and tea became "indispensable to others". Teahouses, tea banquets and tea parties appeared one after another to encourage guests to worship tea. In Song Dynasty, fighting tea, tribute tea and gift tea were popular.
It is said that Han people began to drink tea in Shennong era, with a history of at least 4,700 years. Until now, Han compatriots in China still have the custom of replacing wine with tea. Han people have various methods of making tea: smoked bean tea in Taihu Lake, scented tea in Suzhou, ginger tea in Hunan, Gaiwan tea in Chengdu, frozen top tea in Taiwan Province Province, Longjing tea in Hangzhou, oolong tea in Fujian and so on.
The basic diet structure of Han nationality is based on food crops and various animal foods and vegetables as non-staple foods. This is in sharp contrast with the diet structure of ethnic groups in western China, Tibetans and Mongolians. In addition, the habit of eating three meals a day has been formed in the long-term national development. The collocation of staple food, dishes and drinks in three meals a day not only has certain similarity, but also forms a series of specific characteristics due to different geographical and climatic environment, economic development level, production and living conditions and other reasons.
wine
Rice wine, also known as fermented grains and sweet wine. In the old society, it was called "Yi". Brewed with glutinous rice, it is a traditional specialty wine of Han nationality.
Wine is not only a drink that can meet the physiological needs of refreshing, relieving fatigue and medical treatment, but also an important cultural medium, which plays an important role in the long-term diet culture of the Han nationality. In feudal society, it is an indispensable and important offering for offering sacrifices to gods and ancestors, and it plays a media role in this ceremony. In the important festivals of the Han nationality, wine is an indispensable necessity. There is a saying in the Han nationality that no table can be served without wine. Wine can add fun and increase the atmosphere of joy. Up to now, activities such as "guessing boxing", "drinking wine" and "qu" are very popular in many areas, which are not only a drinking custom, but also a kind of national entertainment and folk wisdom. They have many functions, such as activating the atmosphere, eliminating the power of alcohol, showing and exercising intelligence. Some drinking activities have formed unique cultural customs, such as drinking Tu Su wine on New Year's Eve, drinking realgar wine on Dragon Boat Festival and drinking chrysanthemum wine on Double Ninth Festival, which are widely circulated among the Han people and are still praised by people today. Wine is a medium for Han people to convey their feelings and strengthen their ties in daily life and various social activities. In many areas of the Han nationality, girls should drink the wine of other relatives before they get married and leave, and the bride and groom should toast when they enter the bridal chamber. All these drinking customs are an integral part of Han people's past and present dietary habits.
Holiday food
Festival food is rich and colorful. It often skillfully combines rich nutrition, pleasing artistic forms and profound cultural connotations to become a typical festival food culture. It can be roughly divided into three categories:
One is as a sacrifice. In ancient times, it occupied an important position in special ceremonies such as sacrifices and celebrations of courts, officials, clans and families. In most areas of contemporary Han nationality, this phenomenon has long since ended, and only in a few remote areas or on certain occasions, there are still some symbolic activities left.
The second is the specific food that people eat in festivals. This is the mainstream of holiday food and eating customs. For example, on New Year's Eve, every household in the north has the habit of wrapping jiaozi, while the custom of playing and eating rice cakes prevails in all parts of the south of the Yangtze River. In addition, fish is often indispensable at Chinese New Year family banquets in many areas of Han nationality, symbolizing "more than one year". The custom of eating zongzi on Dragon Boat Festival has been circulating for thousands of years. Moon cakes in Mid-Autumn Festival contain blessings for family reunion and human harmony. Others, such as spring cakes and spring rolls eaten in early spring, Yuanxiao on the fifteenth day of the first month, Laba porridge and cold food at the Cold Food Festival on the eighth day of the twelfth month, eating pig's head, eating broad beans and tasting new grains on the second day of the twelfth month, toasting at wedding celebrations, and birthday peaches, peaches and cakes at birthday banquets, are all special food and eating customs with special connotations.
Beliefs and taboos in diet
Most Han people avoid eating raw food on the first, second and third days of the first month, that is, the food on the first day of the New Year's Day is much more cooked than before the old calendar year, and it only takes three days to return to the pot. I think it's ripe and smooth, but my life is reverse. Therefore, in some places, everything is ready before the Spring Festival, and there is a saying that the knife can't be cut for three days. For another example, in some areas of Henan, the third day of the first month is Xiaomi's birthday, and rice is not eaten on this day, otherwise it will lead to millet production reduction; In the past, women had many dietary taboos during childbirth. For example, women in many areas of the Han nationality do not eat rabbit meat during pregnancy, and think that children who eat rabbit meat will have rabbit lips; In other places, it is forbidden to eat fresh ginger, because fresh ginger has many fingers, so as to prevent children from growing six fingers on their hands and feet. In the past, most childless women of Han nationality avoided eating dog meat, thinking that it was unclean and easy to cause dystocia.
Han nationality clothes
Han people have their own long and colorful costumes, namely Hanfu.
Hanfu is one of the oldest national costumes in the world, which lasted from the legendary Yellow Emperor to the Shen Jia era (1644). 1644 After the Qing army entered the customs, a highly centralized government with Manchu as the core was established. The Manchu rulers ordered the whole country to shave and change clothes, which caused national anger, dissatisfaction and armed resistance. Then the Manchu dynasty carried out bloody repression and armed slaughter, and Hanfu gradually died out.
1683, the Qing army entered Taiwan Province province and destroyed the rest of Zheng Chenggong. Since then, Hanfu has completely disappeared from the daily life of the Chinese nation. After more than 200 years of Manchu rule, today's Han people have gradually forgotten the gorgeous costumes they once had and become the only ancient nation in the world without their own national costumes. The "Tang suit", cheongsam, gown and mandarin jacket that people see today are not the national costumes of the Han nationality, but the national costumes or improvements of the Manchu nationality. It is gratifying that today, more and more Han people are proudly wearing their beautiful clothes. This spontaneous folk movement to revive Han costumes is often called "Hanfu Movement".
National totem
Yi Long is composed of a phoenix, which means yin and yang, that is, men and women. Because of the large population of Han nationality, which occupied most of the historical development of China, it continued the oldest animal dragon in China as a symbol of its own nation. Dragon and Phoenix Dance is a national symbol in the Central Plains and South China.
The dragon is a symbol of the Chinese nation, and China people are proud to be descendants of the dragon. So do you know where the "descendants of the dragon" came from?
Mr Wen Yiduo pointed out in his three works, Fuxi Kao, Longfeng Kao and Dragon Boat Festival Kao, that China people were called "descendants of dragons" from the legends of the Yellow Emperor era. According to legend, before the Yellow Emperor unified the Central Plains, the symbol pattern was "Bear". After the defeat of Chiyou and the unification of the Central Plains, its logo adopted and integrated the iconic patterns of other clans and tribes that were annexed. Such as bird, horse, deer, snake, ox, fish and so on. Finally, it is spelled into the image of "dragon" worshipped by the Chinese nation, a virtual comprehensive god. This peculiar image contains the development of the Chinese nation, the mutual integration and unity of all ethnic groups, and has become the symbol pattern of the ancestor of the Chinese nation. Later, the image of "dragon" began to appear in various patterns and gradually became a symbol of the emperor. According to legend, born in a woman named Deng, she can feel the "dragon" in the sky. Emperor Huang was born with the feeling of "Beidou" and "Red Dragon", and his ancestors were descendants of dragons. Therefore, the descendants of the Chinese nation are "descendants of the dragon".
Dragon spirit: it is a spiritual realm that all things are compatible;
It is a life attitude of pursuing harmony and group standard;
This is the complex of China's unification.
Moral of Phoenix: Phoenix seeks light from nirvana, symbolizing rebirth and the awakening of the Chinese nation;
Phoenix is a sense of hardship that combines people's sense of responsibility and historical mission;
Phoenix is an idealism of self-improvement and self-sacrifice;
Phoenix is an industrious, thrifty and hard-working attitude to make a living.
Cultural practices
The culture of Han nationality is rich and colorful. In the historical process of its formation and development, it is open and eclectic, forming regional cultures with different characteristics, such as Qilu, Zhongyuan, Zhao Yan, Guanzhong, Bashu, Jingchu, wuyue, Lingnan, Yunnan-Guizhou, Fujian-Taiwan, Songliao and Gan Hui, which embodies the diversity and diversity of Chinese culture.
Since ancient times, the Han people have adopted an inclusive attitude towards various religious beliefs. Lotte know life (self-determination, self-seeking) and respect for ancestors (no ancestor worship) are the main traditional concepts of the Han nationality. Historically, some Han people believed in Taoism and Buddhism; Later, Catholicism and Christianity were introduced to China, and some people began to believe in these religions. For thousands of years, Confucianism, which focuses on benevolence and attaches importance to ethical education, has had a far-reaching impact on the Han nationality.
Han (HA)
Generally speaking, people of the same ethnic group live in the same or similar areas and have the same regional identity. Regional identity often becomes the name of clan, such as Chaozhou clan.
Among the Han people, Hakkas are the only Han people who have no place names.
For Han people, Yan Huang identity is one of the symbols and representatives of national spiritual tradition. Similarly, for ethnic groups under a nation, people of the same ethnic group often have a strong sense of identity with a particular thing, thinking that this thing represents some characteristics and spiritual traditions of their own ethnic group.
Old locust tree agrees:
Central Plains Identity: the universal identity of southern ethnic groups (Hakka, Fulao, Chaozhou, Guangfu, etc.). ).
Identity of Shibi ancestral land: Hakka clan
Identity of Nanxiong Zhuji Township: Guangfu Nationality
Identity of Xiaogan Township in Macheng: Mandarin Family in Southwest Sichuan
Putian City agrees to:
Suzhou Green Gate Identity:
traditional festival
Description of the name and date of the festival
New Year's Eve/Spring Festival The first day of the first lunar month is usually called China New Year. Traditionally, it lasts from New Year's Eve at the end of the year and the first day of the first month to the Lantern Festival on the fifteenth day of the first month. )
On April 5th in the Gregorian calendar, Tomb-Sweeping Day worships ancestors and sweeps graves.
The Dragon Boat Festival, also called Duanyang Festival, is on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, with the theme of eating zongzi.
In China, Valentine's Day falls on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month, and it is also called Qiaoqiao Festival. On that day, women worship the Weaver Girl in order to be creative and marry the right man. Men worship Kuixing in order to be nominated for the gold medal and have a successful career.
The Mid-Autumn Festival on July 15th of the lunar calendar, also known as Magnolia Festival, is commonly known as July 30th, Ghost Festival, and there are folk customs such as offering sacrifices to souls.
Mid-Autumn Festival: A family reunion festival on August 15 of the lunar calendar, with the theme of enjoying the moon and eating moon cakes.
Double Ninth Festival, the ninth day of the ninth lunar month.
Drink Laba porridge on the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month.
Twenty-third of the twelfth lunar month.
Western calendar comparison table of traditional festivals of Han nationality
December of the lunar calendar
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Day 7: Exorcism Day
Day 8: Laba Festival
Sixteen: coccyx segment
Establish the Spring Festival (in spring)
Twenty-three: Day of Sacrificing Kitchen (off-year)
New Year's Eve: On New Year's Eve, there is a custom of family reunion to have a reunion dinner and drink to celebrate New Year's Eve. In many areas, fish dishes are arranged at family banquets, which means "there are fish every year".
Every household in the northern region should pack jiaozi, and it is popular to play and eat rice cakes all over the south of the Yangtze River, which respectively represent the reunion of Ankang and an outing in the mountains.
● The first month
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Day 1: Spring Festival (January Day, New Year's Day, Jacky, Chen Yuan, Yuanshuo, Zheng Dan, Zhengshuo)
Day 7: People's Day
Day 8: Valley Day
Day 9: Sunshine Festival
Day 10: Earth Day Festival
Fifteen: Lantern Festival (Shangyuan Festival, Lantern Festival)
Twenty: Tianchuan Festival
Twenty-five: Filling Section
Vernal equinox festival (at vernal equinox)
A Dark Day: No.
● February
-
Day 1: Zhonghe Festival (Sun's birthday)
The second day: Spring Dragon Festival (Dragon Head Up, Dragon Head Festival, Social Day)
Fifteen: Flower Festival (Flower Festival, the birthday of the flower god)
Cold Food Festival (from winter to the future 105, one or two days before Tomb-Sweeping Day)
Tomb-Sweeping Day (Qingming)
Nineteen: Guanyin's birthday
● March
-
Grade 3: Shangsi Festival (Daughter's Day)
● April
-
Long summer festival (summer)
Day 8: Bathing Buddha Festival (Sakyamuni's birthday)
Eighteen: Yuan Jun Festival in Bi Xia
● May
-
Day 5: Dragon Boat Festival (Duanjie, Dragon Boat Festival, Duanyang, Noon, General Festival and Midday)
Summer season (tidal festival, on summer day)
Thirteen: Rain Festival (Guan Gong Sharpening Day)
Twenty: Dragon Section
● June
-
Day 6: 10th Festival (June 6th, Sun Bug Festival, King Bug Festival, Mother's Day).
Nineteen: Guanyin Club
24: Lotus Watching Festival (Lotus Birthday)
● July
-
Day 7: China Valentine's Day (Beggar's Day)
Fourteen: autumn pull
Mid-Autumn Festival (Bonin Festival, Ghost Festival and Gua Festival)
Twenty-nine: Burial Festival
● August
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The first day: the ninth day (celestial pole day)
Fifteen: Mid-Autumn Festival
● September
-
Day 9: Double Ninth Festival
Nineteen: Guanyin Club
● 10 month
-
Day 1: Cold Clothes Festival (Clothing Festival, Ghost Festival)
Fifteen: Xiayuan Festival (Xiayuan Water Joint)
● 1 1 month
-
Winter solstice festival (in winter solstice)
Astronomical calendar
Han nationality has a long tradition of astronomical observation. As early as the legendary era, there were officials who were hereditary in charge of astronomy and specialized in observing astronomical phenomena. Later generations continued, and institutions such as stargazing platform, observatory, Tiantai, Division and Qin were set up to observe the astronomical phenomena and calculate the calendar. Therefore, the observation and record of astronomical phenomena such as solar eclipse, lunar eclipse, stars, comets and solar Mozi in China literature is the earliest and most complete in the world. Astronomical observation instruments made by ancient astronomers of Han nationality have many advantages, and their key components and principles are still applied to modern large-scale astronomical observation instruments. Taking the opportunity of showing the movement of celestial bodies, the mechanical clock for telling the time was first invented. In addition, the Han people independently invented their own calendars.
The earliest record of solar eclipse occurred in the Xia Dynasty about 4000 years ago. About 3000 years ago, there was an exact record of solar eclipse in the Oracle bones of Shang Dynasty. There are many records of solar and lunar eclipses in ancient books from the Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
There are also observation records of stars in Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Shang Dynasty. "Zhou Li" has Feng, "Palm ten has two years old, ten has February, ten has two days, and ten has eight stars". During the Warring States Period, Gander wrote eight volumes of astrology, and Shishen wrote eight volumes of astronomy, which were later collectively referred to as Shigan astrology, and recorded the positions of 120 stars, making it the earliest catalogue in the world. Ancient astronomers divided Sunday into three walls (Tai Wei, Wei Zi and Shi Tian) and twenty-eight lodgings (Oriental Qinglong and seven lodgings-Jiao, Kang, Temple, Room, Heart, Tail and Dustpan). Zhu bird in the south stays in seven places-well, ghost, willow, star, Zhang, wing and bird. The West White Tiger stayed for seven nights-Kui, Lou, Wei, Chang, Bi, Gou and Shen. It is this geographical division that determines the position of celestial bodies and phenomena in the seven nights in Xuanwu, North China-Dou, Niu, Female, Virtual, Dangerous, Room and Wall. In the pre-Qin period, Han ancestors drew star maps, and the earliest preserved objects were two 28-night star map carvings unearthed in the Five Dynasties. Other famous ones are the astronomical map of Suzhou stone carvings in Song Dynasty and the star map of Dunhuang in Tang Dynasty.
From 6 13 BC to the beginning of the 20th century, there were 3 1 records of * * in Chinese, the earliest being 1057 BC. The observation of sunspots was first seen in Gande Star Zhan in the 4th century BC. The official records of sunspots began in 28 BC. By 1638, there were more than 100 sunspot records in the official history, and there may be more records scattered in other Chinese books. These precious materials still have important scientific research value.
Because astronomers of past dynasties have accumulated rich astronomical observation knowledge, astronomers of Han Dynasty clearly put forward the theory of universe structure "Huntian Theory". Denied the pre-Qin "Gaitian theory".
In order to accurately observe the positions and phenomena of celestial bodies, Han astronomers Geng Shouchang and Jia Kui invented astronomical observation instruments with the equator as the coordinate system, which are called "armillary sphere" or "armillary sphere" in Chinese.
The "Hunxiang" (also called "Huntianyi") created by Zhang Heng, an astronomer in the Han Dynasty, is an instrument used to display astronomical phenomena, similar to the modern "celestial sphere". It uses the leaky kettle start gear to drive the elephant to rotate around the axis, which can accurately display the sky.
The invention of mechanical clocks began with astronomical instruments showing the rotation of the celestial sphere (that is, the rotation and revolution of the earth), which was first made by the Han nationality. In 725 AD, astronomers Zhang Sui and Liang Lingzan in the Tang Dynasty made the "Hun Tian Yi" on the basis of "Hun Yi" and "Hun Xiang". This is an astronomical instrument with a time-telling device, which is driven by water injection. On the one hand, it shows the movement of the sun and the moon; on the other hand, there are two Woodenhead standing above the horizon, which naturally ring the drums every moment and every morning. Its escape wheel is driven by water.
In A.D. 1092, Su Song, an astronomer in the Song Dynasty, made a more advanced "Waterborne Instrument Observatory", which was actually a large astronomical clock platform with a height of 35.65 feet and a width of 2 1 foot. The platform is divided into three layers, the upper layer is the armillary sphere, which is used to observe the positions of the sun, the moon and the stars; The middle layer is an elephant, which rotates and really shows the sky; There is a wooden pavilion on the lower floor, which is divided into five floors. There is a door on each floor. At some point, a Woodenhead will come out to tell the time. There is a clepsydra and a mechanical system behind the wooden pavilion to drive the whole instrument. Su Zhongsong was the most outstanding mechanical manufacturer in the Middle Ages, and his principles were introduced to Europe two centuries later, which promoted the development of western mechanical clocks.
In addition, the "gauge" widely used to measure the length of the sun shadow before the Spring and Autumn Period was also a great invention of the Han ancestors. The table shows the vertical bar, and the GUI is the horizontal ruler, measuring the length of the sun shadow, setting the date of winter solstice and summer solstice and the length of the tropical year. The length of meridian was first measured by a group of people in the Tang Dynasty.
Han ancestors first discovered natural magnets and magnet guides, and made Sina and compass.
The ancestors of the Han nationality invented the calendar very early. According to legend, there were Huangdi calendar, Xia calendar, Yin calendar, Zhou calendar and Lu calendar in the pre-Qin period. Collectively known as the "ancient six calendars." The summer calendar, also known as "Xia Zheng", begins in the first month of the year. The lunar calendar, also known as, is headed by 65438+ February. The weekly calendar, also known as "Zhou Zheng", begins with 1 1 month. The Qin dynasty used the Ruili calendar, starting from the year 10. Since the Han Dynasty, there have been taichu calendar, Three Links Calendar, Seasonal Calendar, Ganxiang Calendar, Taiming Calendar, Shouyin Yuan Calendar, Dayan Calendar, 12 gas calendar, unified calendar, regular calendar, constitutional calendar and calendar. Among these calendars, except the Calendar 12 created by Shen Kuo in the Northern Song Dynasty and the Calendar of Tian Li promulgated by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, all other calendars are a combination of Yin and Yang. Until today, the Han people are still used to using the traditional lunar calendar and the Gregorian calendar, which is common in most countries in the world.