Hakka guests from Liangjiang, after visiting relatives and friends on the 15th day of the first month of each year, hold a grand banquet, where the whole family, old and young, and separated brothers get together. Older and experienced family members analyze and estimate the situation in the past few years and the coming year, and make a production arrangement for one year, with younger family members as a supplement. Then concentrate on digging, harrowing and planting corn. After finishing these tasks, we have ushered in a busy spring ploughing. At first, the "February stove" (the second day of the second lunar month) is white. People (mainly women) will take candles, incense, meat dishes and glutinous rice to worship the "Kitchen God" and pray for the gods to bless the good weather and good harvests in the coming year. Later, sugarcane was planted and rice seeds were sown. When the seedlings are all grown, hurry to plough in the spring. Because of the heavy and tense spring ploughing work, most people help each other to finish transplanting rice. Management is everyone's business. When the crops are almost ripe, it is usually the old man who decides when to harvest and does not allow the children to say anything. During the summer harvest, all kinds of livestock and poultry industries have grown up, and fishing can also be done in the pond. Hakkas are happy to put on the most sumptuous meal on a table and have to "wash their eyes". After the mid-Yuan Dynasty, people were busy planting and harvesting autumn crops. Later, they concentrated on selling some crops they planted and listed their pigs, ducks, geese and fish.
The life custom of folding and editing this paragraph
Hakka people in Guangxi have always maintained the characteristics of frugality and gregarious living. Hakka guests are still relatively poor, eating porridge at noon in the morning and eating at night. The staple food, rice and rice porridge, is cooked by women in the morning and put in the cupboard when it is cold. Eat porridge during the day and at night. Rice is cooked by pouring out rice soup. They don't like rotten rice, so they cook in this way. When eating porridge, I like to mix porridge with cooked salt. Its non-staple food is pork and various vegetables, and it eats beef and other meat from time to time. Generally, pork is sliced, boiled, fried and served with seasoning. Fry vegetables in oil, then add ingredients and put them in a bowl. Hakka seasoning is nothing more than ginger, garlic, onion, sauce, spiced powder and monosodium glutamate. Their traditional dishes are braised pork, boiled chicken, vinegar ribs, vinegar large intestine and vinegar duck. Flavor foods include winter rice candy, sour beans and peppers. Dry to a semi-dry degree, and when it is bright yellow, you can open it and eat it in the acid jar. On the second, fifteenth and Dragon Boat Festival of the first month, Hakka people always make zongzi, including meat zongzi and mung bean powder zongzi. The stuffing for zongzi is prepared in advance with star anise powder, pepper, sauce and salt. Zongzi leaves for wrapping zongzi. On the second day of the second lunar month, in Tomb-Sweeping Day, glutinous rice is cooked, added with sugar, and the leaves are dyed in different colors, which is sweet and delicious. Solstice of winter. Everyone should eat boiled buns made of glutinous rice flour and meat stuffing. They have no habit of drinking boiled water. When they are thirsty, they use porridge and rice soup instead. They seldom drink tea, but mostly drink their own brewed rice wine. The Hakka house is a big tile house. The traditional house is a bungalow. The hall is divided into an upper hall and a lower hall with a patio in the middle and a storage room behind the upper hall. Authentic, square table, mirror screen, with ancestral tablets on it. Eating is in the lower hall, and so is the fire in winter. On both sides of the upper hall are big bedrooms for the elderly and married couples, while on one side of the lower hall is a small bedroom for unmarried young people, on the other side is a kitchen, and there are pigsty on the left and right sides of the house. According to traditional customs, most old houses are reserved for the eldest son.
Hakka customs
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Because Hakka people live in many ethnic groups, they often have several clans with the same surname. The whole family name, the tradition has unwritten clan rules. Any major event that damages the reputation of the surname shall be resolved through consultation by the whole surname. If you fight with a foreign surname, every household will go out to solve it to prevent losses. Most Hakkas don't do it without authorization. If they are reasonable, they will argue with each other. If they are unreasonable, they will settle it amicably. Anyone who dares to violate the clan rules will be isolated by his people. Whenever pigs are killed, Hakkas will hold a banquet to entertain their people. Each household in the small village invites one person, and the big village invites prestigious old people and brothers living in the house. Once someone in the family is admitted to a technical secondary school or university, or joins the army or goes out to work, the Hakka people will hold a banquet for the brothers who come to congratulate. In order to maintain the unity of the clan, after the woman has passed the house, she usually lives together for three generations and four generations, if there are brothers and sisters under the man. The bride and groom must live with the elderly for a period of time before they can divide the kitchen. Even if you don't live in the same kitchen with the elderly, you should bear the obligation to support the elderly and raise your siblings. Otherwise, it is regarded as the inverse son. After the kitchen is divided, whenever there is good wine and good food, we should invite the old people to eat together or cook them a dish.
Because the family is valued, the elderly are highly respected. When eating, the old man's seat faces the gate to show respect, which is the custom of Hakka people. Adults sit on both sides, and children can only sit on the side facing the old man. If there are too many people in the family, men sit at a table and women sit at a table. When eating, children should take the initiative to help the elderly with food. When children help the elderly to add rice, they must carry bowls with both hands. When the old man is talking, the child can't interrupt or make any noise. After dinner, children should say "eat slowly".
In family customs, the birth of a child is highly valued. Hakka children were born in three dynasties. Grandma, sister-in-law, brother-in-law (sister-in-law) and married women wrapped eggs with bamboo radishes and came to the new delivery room to do the "Three Dynasties". Half a month later, grandma invited more women, carrying sweet wine, eggs, rice and hens to her nephew for "half a month", commonly known as "eating ginger wine". This banquet is the most lively. After the child's full moon, grandma asked a woman to make a "full moon" for her nephew. Hakkas generally live less than a year.
Fold and edit this marriage custom
Most of the guests and Hakkas choose spouses for their parents, and the matchmaker matches the bridge. Their weddings generally include matchmaking, sitting and talking, horoscope matching, betrothal, wedding and three dynasties.
When the matchmaker sees that two young men and women with similar age and matching talents are not married, they will take the initiative to go to the door to fix them up, or the parents of young people waiting to get married at home will ask the matchmaker to do good deeds. After meeting, men and women poured out their worries to each other. The old man agrees, and if he thinks it is appropriate, they will write a "eight-character" and the man will give it to the fortune teller according to heavenly stems and earthly branches's calculation. If the man orders gold or water and the woman orders water or gold, it is considered more appropriate to get married. Once the "eight characters" are suitable, both the elderly and the men and women agree, there is hope for marriage. Then the man pays the bride price, commonly known as "foreign money", which is decided by both parties. Pay the engagement fee and get engaged, and then go to the government to get a marriage certificate. When the man is ready and tells the woman the wedding time, the woman has to start preparing the dowry. The night before the wedding, accompanied by Lang, the groom sent her some meat, wine, water and sugar, and the groom went home. The next day, the groom, accompanied by Lang, married the bride and brought all kinds of gift packages to the bride's parents, brothers and sisters, uncles and aunts, and even the cook the meat meat cutter in the kitchen. The bride's brother-in-law will also give the groom a package and new shoes. Two girls from the men's house were chosen to take rice ears, scissors, mirrors and roosters to the women's house for entertainment. Like the local Zhuang people, the woman's family should honor Lang and the girl of the man's family and make a dowry. On the morning of the wedding, the bride stood under the rice basket and said goodbye to her ancestors. Then, she wore black clothes, black trousers, black shoes, tied a red rope, supported a black umbrella and covered a white towel. Her sister-in-law carried her out of the door and walked or rode to the groom's house. After the bride goes to the man's house to pay homage, she will go back to her family that night. On the third day, accompanied by her mother, aunt, sister-in-law and others, she will carry pigs and chickens to the man's house to show the newlyweds' capital for preparing for life.
The festival custom of folding and editing this paragraph.
The traditional Hakka festivals are Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, June 6th, Mid-Autumn Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and Winter Solstice. Spring Festival is a big festival, with abundant new year's goods, mostly bacon, jiaozi, fried peanuts and so on. You can't kill anything on the first day of the first month, but you can drink as much as you like on the second day. The most important entertainment in the Spring Festival is lion dancing to celebrate the New Year. During the Lantern Festival, Hakkas like to pack jiaozi and have a big meal again. "February stove", cooking glutinous rice, killing chickens and worshipping the kitchen king, a bumper harvest in a year, a great success. Tomb-Sweeping Day in March is a traditional grave-sweeping festival. Cooking sweet glutinous rice, preparing tables and wine, visiting ancestral graves, and adding dishes at will by Hakkas can also be regarded as a festival. Dragon Boat Festival, jiaozi. On June 6th, prepare the dining tables. Mid-Autumn Festival, the second festival of the year, kills chickens, ducks and fish. Daughters, son-in-law and relatives will come back to visit the old man and have a good time. Mid-Autumn Festival, prepare fruits and moon cakes to enjoy the moon. Double Ninth Festival, go out and climb high. On the solstice of winter, eat a dumpling bigger than jiaozi, wrapped in glutinous rice flour and stuffed with fish, pork and diced radish. On New Year's Eve, the Hakka family stopped working, collected all the harvest of the year and had a grand reunion dinner. All the family members who work outside will come back for reunion.
Youlong Lantern is a Hakka folk activity in Changxiao Village, Xiachang, Liu Qing, which is somewhat different from other places, so we made an appointment to see it. Youlong Lantern is called "Dragon Lantern", "Youlong Lantern" and "Dragon Lantern" in Hakka. The Hakka Dragon Festival in Dragon School is usually held in January and February. To our surprise, the Dragon School Dragon Lantern lights up during the day, and Youlong activities are held in the mountains. Hakka Lalong is led by each village's surname. Every family in the family name has a bridge lamp. There are two small paper lanterns on the bridge lamp. There are all kinds of lanterns, such as fish lanterns, carp lanterns, hexagonal lanterns and octagonal lanterns. Some of them also write the words "bumper crops", "good weather" and "political integrity and harmony". Lanterns are fixed on boards which are shaped like farmers' benches. Both ends of the board are also perforated, which is convenient for the benches to be embedded and connected back and forth. In other places, Youlong lanterns are held in villages, and most of them are held at night. The Youlong lantern here is carried out during the day, and it is called Lalong instead of Youlong; Every household's dragon lantern must be carried to the top of Dong Zhang Mountain and connected before it can begin to descend.
Fold and edit the beliefs and customs in this paragraph.
The patron saint of Hakkas is the "Kitchen God"-the land god. The shrine of the land god is located at the entrance of the village, next to which a big banyan tree is planted. On the first day of the first lunar month, the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, the second day of February, the eighth day of April, the Dragon Boat Festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival, Hakka people will go to worship the land god, put pig heads, chickens and fish (all cooked), light incense, and kneel on the ground to pray for the land god to bless the whole family. The place where the offerings are placed is: incense is closest to the gods, followed by wine and rice, meat and vegetables are farthest, and candles are on both sides. In addition, whoever increases food and money and goes out to study and work will also sacrifice to the land god.
Fubo Temple, Adult Temple and Female Temple are visited by Hakkas every year. Even during the "Cultural Revolution", even though superstitious activities were repeatedly banned, Hakkas secretly visited. Fubo Temple was built in memory of Ma Yuan, a general of the Han Dynasty, and was held on the sixth day of the first month. The Adult Temple was built in memory of Chen Hongmou, the prime minister of the Qing Dynasty, who exempted the people of Guangxi from paying grain. The temple fair is held on the 19th day of the first month. This female temple was built in memory of Sanjie Liu. The temple site is in a cave, and a temple fair is held on the 29th of the first month.
Hakka ancestor worship is a great event. In March in Tomb-Sweeping Day, the whole family got busy and went to the ancestral graves to do ancestor worship activities. Every year, Hakka surnames in Tomb-Sweeping Day and Liangjiang Township are concentrated in Binyang to worship their ancestors, and generally one person from each family is sent to attend. During the solar term or the end of the year, Hakkas always worship their ancestors with meat dishes before eating. In the first month, the sacrifice must be placed on the fifteenth day before it can be removed. Most of the sacrifices in the first month are zongzi, pork head (whole piece) and popcorn.
Hakka people are used to worshipping their ancestors before spring ploughing, after summer harvest and after autumn harvest. First, listen to people with higher education explain genealogy and continue to write. Two, discuss the major issues that need to be solved within the surname, such as disputes with foreign surnames, construction, production, etc.
Fold and edit Hakka marriage customs in this paragraph.
Huizhou folk traditional wedding etiquette and customs, based on feudal ethics and customs, are mostly red tape, which wastes people and money, and can be said to be quite vulgar. Confucian classic The Book of Rites? "Faint Instrument" said: "The husband's power begins with the crown, based on the faint (marriage), and is more important than the funeral sacrifice, specializing in recruiting the DPRK and shooting the hometown. This gift is not so bad. ..... surprise (marriage), also the gift of this. "It can be seen that Confucianism attaches importance to marriage customs. China's traditional culture has always attached importance to Confucianism, and under the influence of this thought, it has formed a rich and colorful wedding custom culture with many ceremonies. Huizhou's traditional marriage customs are generally the concrete expression of China's traditional culture in one place.
There are several forms of marriage in feudal society in Huizhou, such as arranged marriage, buying and selling marriage, employment marriage, referral marriage, child marriage, famine marriage, aristocratic marriage and power marriage. Among them, engagement marriage is particularly popular, and both bride price and money are indispensable, and its legacy can still be seen in Huizhou.
Engagement marriage has a long history in Huizhou. Guangxu's "Huizhou Fuzhi" records: "In marriage, betel nut is a commonly used dowry, and the more it is, the more expensive it is ... its engagement ceremony and dowry are called family wealth." In the past, betel nuts were sold in Chinese medicine shops. In the engagement ceremony, it is symbolic, while the real engagement ceremony tradition is mainly about money and food. "Official History" says that bride price is "related to family wealth", but in fact, the number of bride price is also considerable.
The traditional wedding etiquette in Huizhou is very complicated, from the words of matchmakers at the beginning to the custom of returning to the door in the last three dynasties, during which it experienced various pre-wedding ceremonies such as buji, ceremony, newspaper, big gift, and grand wedding ceremonies such as paving the house, welcoming the bride, paying homage to the bride and prolonging life.
The complicated folk wedding customs in Huizhou evolved from the "six rites" of feudal wedding etiquette. "Six Rites" originated in the Zhou Dynasty. According to the Book of Rites, the wedding procedures that should be followed at that time were "receiving the bride" (the matchmaker proposed the marriage), "asking the name", "accepting oneself" (the man buji, the woman officially recognized the marriage), "obtaining the certificate" (the ceremony ended), "inviting the wedding date" and "welcoming the bride" (welcoming the bride). These six links are the so-called "Six Rites" and the earliest marriage etiquette in feudal ethics. After more than 2,000 years, although there are variations, the Six Rites remain the same, and they can still be seen in wedding ceremonies all over the world.
Hakka funeral custom
Compared with other customs, the funeral custom is more solemn. Hakka people have done a lot of thoughtful things about this, even too much red tape. The funeral was generous, the ceremony was extravagant, the banquet was rich, the spirits were drunk, and the drums were used to send farewell. There are still old customs in some places.
When a patient dies, he will put on a pre-made "shroud", which is called "wearing shroud". There used to be a saying of "six ups and four downs", that is, wearing six heavy clothes on the top and four heavy pants on the bottom.
Hakka customs attach importance to death. Those who are away from home try their best to get home for the last time before they die. This is filial piety. When people die, they immediately burn sedan chairs and paper, and their families and children cry bitterly. It's for "death"
Mourning: The patient will die immediately after death. The dutiful son went out to grandma's uncle's house and relatives' uncle's house, and also sent out mourning at the door or near the intersection.
Small White Hall: White cloth is hung in front of the remains, incense tables are set up, memorial tablets or portraits are placed. Cry in the morning and evening, register gifts or "substitute candles" from relatives and friends, and hang curtains on both sides of the mourning hall in order.
Stiff neck: move the corpse, spread a piece of white cloth on the floor of the hall, put the corpse on it, cover the head with a new tile, put a cloth triangle pillow on the tile, and send people to wait day and night; Putting the body in the coffin at a fixed time is called "feeding". Every morning and evening, when relatives and friends come to pay their respects, widows will observe a moment of silence beside the coffin in the tent. In the evening, relatives and friends attend the mourning hall, commonly known as "accompanying the night".
Choose the appropriate mourning time, usually in the morning. In the old society, there was a "mourning" on the first day of the lunar new year, which lasted all night, and the drums were loud. Hold a memorial service before the funeral. Pay attention to ostentation and extravagance to show filial piety.
Bury: Put the coffin in the graveyard. The choice of cemetery pays attention to "Feng Shui". The appearance of the tomb is very similar to the dragon circle of Hakka people, which is a manifestation of Hakka people's worship of their ancestors. On the third day after burial, relatives put on mourning clothes, went to the grave to cry and worship, and burned paper money, which was called "Three Dynasties".
Zuoqi: After death, every July day, a memorial service will be held, commonly known as Zuoqi. Generally only do "five seven". Finally, a memorial service was held and the spirit room (paper room) was burned, which was called "Wanqi" to show the end of the funeral. Later, an anniversary ceremony was held, called opening filial piety; Once every three years, a sacrificial ceremony is held, which is called Kai Daxiao. When the big filial piety was held, the doors and halls were changed into red couplets, and everything returned to normal.
The custom of Hakkas is to dig the grave after being buried for several years (usually ten years), bake the remains with charcoal fire, bend the limbs according to the human body structure and put them in a special pottery urn, which is called "gold inspection" and then rebury. This is a permanent and real grave.
For people who die abnormally, there are some special funeral customs, such as inviting monks and Taoists to chant Buddhist scriptures and turning over the dead.