Yi nationality is a nation mainly composed of aborigines in the southwest of China. The extensive discovery of Paleolithic and Neolithic cultural remains in Southwest China and the ancient books in Yi language fully prove that the Yi people have lived in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou and other areas for generations, and the Yi people are also the oldest living nation in this land in Southwest China. Yi people once developed in Bashu, expanded in the Central Plains, lived in the southwest, or migrated internally; However, they relied on the "indigenous land" in the southwest and took it as the center of the stage to interpret their own arduous and tortuous history of civilization. Therefore, the Yi nationality is a nation mainly formed by southwest indigenous people, and has made repeated and tortuous migration and flow centering on the Yi nationality in Yunnan and Jinsha River basin.

In ancient times, the ancestors of Yi people have lived in the middle and upper reaches of Jinsha River, Lancang River and Nujiang River in southwest China since ancient times, and on the north and south sides of Wumeng Mountain, Ailao Mountain and Wuliang Mountain. In the ancient books of Yi language, it is recorded that the first primitive nation of Yi people is Ngái people. The third volume of Southwest Yi Records contains the records of "Ai Shi" of 90 generations, which specifically describes the joint lineage of 19 Ai clan and 2 Zhemi clan * * * 2 12 generations. Hey, Ximuzhe, a descendant of the clan, is recorded as Meng Zhe in Chinese, and his 3 1 generation is admiration. In addition, Liangshan Yi people also said that the ancient Yi people had 12 dynasties, of which 1 1 dynasties were matriarchal clans.

Due to the migration, convection and blending of various ministries of the Yi nationality, the Yi nationality appeared as a national homonym, which was later referred to as the Southwest Yi nationality in Chinese literature. According to historical documents, Xiao Xuan and Changyi of Huangdi tribe came into contact with Shushan clan of Yi tribe when they moved south to Minjiang River and Yalong River. In Dianchi Lake and Erhai Lake, where the ancestors of Yi people lived, the Yi people experienced a long Neolithic period, judging from some Neolithic ruins and remains discovered one after another.

In Bashu area, the Yi people were destroyed by Qin State after the establishment of the ancient Shu State. In the12nd century BC, the ancestors of the Yi people established the "Ancient Mang State" (now Erhai Lake area) and the "Kunming State" (now Jinsha River side). Bronzes unearthed from the tomb of Dian people in Shizhaishan, Jinning show that the Yi ancestors established the Gulu and Luo tribal countries in the 9th-8th century BC, and at the end of 2nd-1century BC, the Yi ancestors established the ancient Dian country, creating a splendid bronze culture in Dianchi Lake. The ancestors of Yi people also established the ancient Mang State, the ancient Lahou State, Du Qiong and other countries.

The 8th century BC-220 BC "Southwest Yi" era. During this period, there were many tribes and countries in the southwest Yi region, each of which migrated and blended with each other, and was in a period of melee. Among many countries in southwest China, the ancient Dian country in the middle (around Fuxian Lake and Dianchi Lake) is the strongest, the Yelang country in the east (northwest Guizhou), the Duqiong country in the north (Liangshan area) and the Ailao country in the west (Ailao Mountain and Nujiang area) are the strongest. In the sixth year of the Han Dynasty, Tang Meng was sent to South Vietnam by the Han Dynasty, and it was discovered that Yelang had a waterway leading to Panyu (now Guangdong) in South Vietnam, so Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent people to buy Yelang with a large amount of goods. It also enabled Tang Meng and Sima Xiangru to build "Nanyi Road" and "Yi Xi Road" respectively. Because the construction of the second road cost a lot of manpower and material resources, some indigenous departments in the southwest rebelled. "When, Bashu four county southwest, defense to the army. A few years old, the road is blocked, the soldiers are hungry and wet, and there are many dead people; Southwest Yi rebelled many times (Historical Records Biography of Southwest Yi (volume 1 16)), so it stopped its expansion to the local area. Since then, Zhang Qian has returned from the Western Regions, claiming that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages by opening up the road of "Sichuan's poisonous country". The Han Dynasty also ordered Yu, Bai Shichang and others. In order to make the west go out, the west was blocked by Zhang and Kunming. However, after the messenger came back, he praised Yunnan's wealth and increased the greedy desire of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, thus starting the second large-scale expansion activities. In the third year of Yuanshou, in order to adapt to the rivers and lakes in the southwest area, the Han Dynasty carried out a water war in Chang 'an, such as "Yunnan River as Kunming Pool". In the sixth year of Ding Yuan in the Han Dynasty, the Han army leveled South Vietnam, and then "tens of thousands of people crossing Yunnan Road were beheaded, and Suiping was reduced to a county." The Han Dynasty completely controlled Yelang area. The arrival of the Han army was strongly resisted by the local tribes, and then all the departments that rebelled against the Han Dynasty, such as Qiongjun, Mihou and Rangui, were shaken, so the Han Dynasty "took Du Qiong as Guangdong (Vietnam) County, Miu as Li Shen County, Ran as Wenshan County, and Guanghan West Baima as Wudu County". Yi Xi in western Sichuan was completely ruled by the Han Dynasty. There is also a powerful king of Yunnan in the south, with tens of thousands of people. The Han Dynasty used foreign soldiers to subdue the king of Yunnan, but it was opposed by Laojin and Mimo of the allied ministries in Yunnan. The Han Dynasty sent troops to destroy Laojin and Mimo in 109 (the second year of Han Yuanfeng). Although the Han army killed many Ku people and Kunming people, they still refused to surrender. Until a few years later, the tribes there were conquered and the king of Yunnan surrendered. At this point, in addition to the mourning prison established by the Yi people in southwest Yunnan, the Han Dynasty basically brought the Yi people in southwest China into its rule.

The Eastern Han Dynasty further developed to Ailao area in the west of Yizhou County. In order to recover their homeland, the nobles in the mourning prison led troops to attack the western part of Yizhou County. The more they tried, the more the satrap Zheng Hong surrendered. In the tenth year of Yongping, the Eastern Han Dynasty established "Yizhou Western vassal State" in Ailao and Erhai areas. In the 12th year of Yongping, another "Ailao Wang Liu Mao sent his son to lead his family ... Xian Zong (Liu Zhuang) set Ailao and Bonan counties with his land, and cut six counties in the west of Yizhou into Yongchang County". The Eastern Han Dynasty began to connect Bonanshan and Dulan Cangshui, and brought the border of western Yunnan into the rule of the Han Dynasty, which was the third stage of the Han Dynasty's annexation of southwest Yi.

Countries in southwest China, like countries in the western regions, are mostly weak countries and tribes, unable to resist the arrival of Han Chinese, but like Bo people, their social productivity is very high. When their hard-won fertile land and property were constantly invaded and unwilling to retreat into the deep mountains and valleys, they rose up and resisted. In the fifth year of Emperor Han 'an, Yizhou County and other ethnic groups "gathered more than 100,000 people, destroyed more than 20 counties, killed officers and burned city walls (Ningsheng Wang: Yunnan Archaeology, page 56)". In the period of Wang Mang, the tribes headed by the Gelao nationality resisted Wang Mang's national oppression policy most fiercely, and Wang Mang sent troops to suppress it, which could not be quelled for several years. Due to the high level of development, the Gelao people are called "the most benevolent among barbarians, with benevolence".

In order to rule the southwest, the Han Dynasty supported the former regime centered on "Wang Dian" (Yizhou) and gave "Wang Dianyin" to restore its people. Most former kings and ministers were sealed in their posts. In fact, although the Han Dynasty conquered the southwest by force and politically realized the unified political power centered on the "King of Dian", it never changed the chaotic situation in the southwest.

Since the Han Dynasty, due to various reasons, there have been many slave owners and nobles of Kunming, Zuo and other nationalities in southern China, who are called the most popular handsome men. They are all powerful people who rule this country. For the indigenous surnames in these places, the central dynasty had to give in to them. Yizhou County was set up at the end of the Han Dynasty because of the misjudgment of the situation in the southwest, and it was against the interests of local nobles to send Han officials to serve in the southwest. "Barbarian rebellion, satrap sent laurel to beg, not. He thought that the county was out of bounds and he was far away, so it was better to abandon it. " The History of the Later Han Dynasty, Biography of Southwest Yi. During the Han Dynasty, the nobles of the tribes in the southwest fought against each other, and the family centered on Meng Huo, a handsome man, took the place of Wang Dian. During the Three Kingdoms period, in March of 225 AD (the third year of Jian Xing in Shu Han Dynasty), Zhuge Liang's army began to act. First, from Chengdu to Bodao (now Yibin, Sichuan) quickly along the waterway. Then, based on the doctoral supervisor, the soldiers divided into three ways to conquer the southern Yi area. The Yi people took Meng Huo as the main military force to resist. Meng Huo was the leader of the Southwest Tribal Alliance, and made an alliance with Shu.

The establishment of Ningzhou after the destruction of Shu by Wei in the Western Jin Dynasty. At that time, the Western Jin Dynasty took over the central and southern regions ruled by Shu, and set aside Yunnan, Xinggu, Jianning and Yongchang among the seven counties in the central and southern regions. It was formally established in 270 AD and is still under the jurisdiction of Wei County.

In 339 AD, the rise of cuan clan (Yi) drove away the forces of the Jin Dynasty and ruled the southern and central regions with the unity of politics and religion. During the war, the cuan clan regime unified most of Yunnan and western Guizhou. However, as a great bridge of Yunnan's historical development, Emperor Yan, with his own labor and wisdom, created a splendid culture that integrates Yunnan culture, Yelang culture and Bashu culture, filling the gap in Yunnan's cultural development history for more than 400 years and playing a historical role of connecting the past with the future.

In the later period, cuan clan's internal regime was divided into two regimes: East and West. When the West collapsed, the East began to weaken. At the end of Sui Dynasty and the beginning of Tang Dynasty, there was a division between Wu and Bai in the areas of Yi ancestors. Around Erhai Lake in Dali, Yunnan, and in the northern areas of Ailao Mountain and Wuliang Mountain, there were many tribes of Wu and Bai Man. From 649 to 902, the ethnic regime of slavery frontier was established under the leadership of Wu Man in southwest China. It is generally believed that Wuman is mainly the ancestor of Yi people (including Hani, Lisu and Naxi). ). Among them, there are six most powerful Wuman tribes, which are called "Six imperial edicts" in history ("imperial edicts" means kings), namely Mengshe, Menglang, Langqiong, Luodeng, Shi Lang and Yueyan; Or "Eight Letters", plus the letters Shihe and Shiqiao (written in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty at that time and studied in Yichuan and Luoshi). Among them, Mengshe imperial edict has the strongest national strength, and Mengshe imperial edict is located in the south of each imperial edict, so it is also called Nanzhao. In 649, Shanuluo, the leader of Mongolian Zhao She, established "Great Mongolia", calling himself "King of Qi Family". Mengshe Zhao originally lived in Mengshe (now south of Weishan, Yunnan). By the time of Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty, the leader of Mengshe Zhao, Piluoge, unified the six countries of Zhao in 738 AD, and established the Nanzhao slavery regime with the Yi nationality as the main body, including the Bai and Naxi nationalities, and was named the "King of Yunnan" in Tang Dynasty. Moved the capital to Taihe City (now Nantaihe Village, Dali, Yunnan), and moved the capital to Yangmeiyao City (now Dali, Yunnan) in 779. With Erhai Lake as the center, Pirog and his son Luo Feng developed their power, wiped out cuan clan in central, eastern and southern Yunnan to the east, and included Xunchuan, Puzi, Wangmaozi and other ethnic areas in the west of Lancang River to the southwest. Nanzhao has played a positive role in the development of China's production and the economic and cultural ties between this region and Central and South Asia and the Central Plains.

Nanzhao, with its strong national strength, began to expand outward after unifying the six imperial edicts. In the Tang Dynasty, Yaozhou (now Taoanbei, Yunnan) and Jian 'an Ningcheng (now Yunnan) were established, which developed their influence in various parts of Yunnan today and conflicted with Nanzhao. During the Tianbao period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty began to restrain the expansion of Nanzhao. However, Jian Nan's envoy was rarely in Zhongtong, and Yunnan's satrap Zhang Qiantuo further intensified the contradiction between the two sides. In 750, Ge Luofeng sent troops to capture Yaozhou and killed Qian Tuo, so he became an ally with Tubo. In 752, Tubo named it "Zanpuzhong", which means the brother of the Tubo king, and gave it a golden seal, called "East Emperor". At that time, Yang was the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty. He recruited hundreds of thousands of soldiers throughout the country to conquer (known as the "Tianbao War" in history), but was defeated by Nanzhao. After the Anshi Rebellion, Tubo moved eastward, and the Tang Dynasty was unable to cope with the southwest. Nanzhao took the opportunity to expand its territory and controlled the south of Dadu River in Sichuan, including southwest Sichuan, all of Yunnan, western Guizhou and northern Southeast Asia. When Ge Luofeng's grandson found another place, Nanzhao was in full swing and attacked Jiannan Xichuan with 200,000 troops. After the Tubo changed Nanzhao into a vassal state, it recruited troops and sent troops to its territory, which made Yimou Xun, the king of Nanzhao, uncomfortable. In 787, Wei Gao, the envoy of the Tang Dynasty, fought Nanzhao. In 789, Tubo and Uighur fought for the Northern Dynasty and surrendered Nanzhao army, which caused Nanzhao's dissatisfaction. In 794, Nanzhao finally broke away from Tubo and resumed its alliance with Tang. The joint forces with Tang defeated Tubo, and Yi Mouxun accepted the title of "Nanzhao King" of Tang. However, due to the needs of the development of slavery economy, Nanzhao still waged wars on the surrounding areas from time to time to plunder the population and serve as slaves. In 829, Nanzhao sent 200,000 troops to capture Chengdu and plundered tens of thousands of craftsmen from their descendants. In the middle of the 9th century, the Tubo regime collapsed, and the national strength of the Tang Dynasty was also very weak. Nanzhao had no worries about the northwest, and invaded Tang territory more frequently, which became the most serious border disaster in the late Tang Dynasty.

In the late Nanzhao period, due to frequent wars, heavy taxes, depressed production and intensified contradictions. In 897, Wang Longshun of Nanzhao was killed by Deng Yang, a minister. He only knew hunting and drinking, and he didn't care about state affairs. In 902, the powerful minister Zheng Maisi (the seventh grandson) took advantage of the boiling public grievances to kill Wang Shunhua of Nanzhao, seize the throne, set up another political power, and Nanzhao died. From 649, when Xi slave Luo Ji became king, to 254, it spread to thirteen masters. The establishment of Nanzhao Kingdom marked the beginning of the unification of political power in southwest China.

During the same period, slave owners' groups and regimes, such as Luodian, also appeared in the Yi area of Guizhou, which were collectively called "Roche ghost owners". Mozi, the former tribal military leader in Liangshan Yi area, established the slave owner rule order in this area, which was ruled by dozens of Mozi people. Two years later, in Tang Zhaozong (902), Zheng Maisi, an aristocrat of Nanzhao, destroyed Montessori's independence and changed his country name to Dahe River. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, in 928, Yang Gan really destroyed the Zheng family, established Zhao Shanzheng, and changed the country name to Datianxing. The Star Kingdom only existed for ten months. Yang Ganzhen abolished Scott's independence and changed his country name to Yining. Yang Ganzhen was insatiable, heartless and resentful at home and abroad. In the second year of Tianfu at the end of Jin Dynasty (937), Duan Siping, with the support of the thirty-seven rebellion of Wuman, expelled Yang Ganzhen, made himself king and changed his name to Dali. Duan's victory also lies in his policy of reducing taxes and saving grain, lenient corvee, and reforms that are easier to control and abolish harsh laws, which have been widely supported by the people (Dali's history is recorded in Han Chinese history books, so its name is mostly referred to by Han Chinese).

Duan Siping was a "barbarian" aristocrat in Nanzhao, and became a declining aristocrat due to the decline of his family in the late Nanzhao period. Later, it was merged into "Bai Man" and became the most popular title of "Bai Man". When Duan Siping passed it from 12 to Duan Lianyi, the powerful minister Yang killed Lianyi in Yuanfeng in the third year (1080). Four months later, Gao Zhilian, an official of Qingping, ordered his son, Shan Zhan (a native of Kunming), Hou Tai, to lead the barbarian army in eastern Yunnan to rise up, kill Yang and make Lian Yi's nephew Duan Shouhui king. Shouhui passed it to Zheng Ming. Song Zhezong Shao Shengyuan years (1094), Gao Shengtai abandoned Zheng Ming, became king on his own, and changed his name to Greater China. After Gao Shengtai's death, his son succeeded to the throne according to his will, and his younger brother and Duan's family were re-established, which was called the post-governing country in history. In the post-Li period, Gao Shi was the prime minister, called China Gong, and held real power.

Dali is equivalent to Nanzhao, with Hengshan in Pu 'an Road (now Pu 'an, Guizhou) in the east, Jiangtou City in Myanmar (now Jiesha, Myanmar) in the west, Lucang River in Lin 'an Road in the south (now Heihe in northern Laizhou, Vietnam) and Dadu River in the north. The political system is basically the same as Nanzhao, which is equivalent to 2.9 times the area of Yunnan Province today. Dali's social economy has developed greatly compared with Nanzhao. Agricultural output is similar to that of Zizhong and Rongxian in Sichuan. Animal husbandry is quite developed, and thousands of horse dealers come to Guangxi every year. Handicraft industry is very prosperous, the level of iron smelting industry is very high, foreign trade is developed and transportation extends in all directions. Over the past 300 years in Dali, the people of all ethnic groups in Yunnan have been in constant economic and cultural contact with the mainland.

At the same time, in Dali, the ancestors of Yi people in western Guizhou were founded in Qi, and "Local Records" said: "It stretches for thousands of miles and is superior to all barbarians. In recent years, it has slightly invaded the cave boundary from barbarians outside Dali Yanchi and other vassal countries to Jimifu. ..... Since Qi is a vast country, it can rival Guangxi all the way, with hundreds of thousands of soldiers and a big country. "

In 1235, Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu led 65,438+10,000 troops to attack Dali in three ways. Kublai Khan led the Central Route Army to cross the Dadu River in October, which led to a loose anti-Mongolian alliance in the divided Liangshan Yi area. The Yuan Army crossed the Jinsha River with a raft and arrived in Lijiang, Yunnan today, which is a famous "Yuan Du leather bag" in history. Kublai Khan adopted the suggestions of Yao Shu and others, changed the bad habit of Mongolian army massacre in the past, issued an order to stop killing, and sent messengers to Yangmaocheng to surrender. Gao Taixiang, the prime minister of Dali, advocated loyalty and opposition and killed the messenger. Kublai Khan marched into Longshouguan in June+February, 5438, and almost reached Bacheng, Ma Yang. Wang Duan Xingzhi and Dali Gao Taixiang returned to the city and suffered a heavy defeat. 12 12 years, Ma Yang Bacheng was breached, Gao Taixiang was killed, Duan Zhixing fled, and Dali Kingdom perished.

At this point, Duan Dali, which existed for more than 300 years, declared its demise. Since then, Yunnan has been incorporated into the territory of the Yuan Dynasty in the form of an administrative province. It is also a turning point in Dali's history, marking the end of Dali's era as the political, economic and cultural center of Yunnan since the Tang Dynasty, and the political center of Yunnan has been transferred from Dali to Kunming. After the Mongolian army conquered various parts of Yunnan, it began to attack the Southern Song Dynasty, with Qi bearing the brunt.

In order to strengthen the struggle against the slave owners of Yi people in various places, Mongolian nobles created hereditary official positions of chieftain to rule the local people in Yi areas and established chieftain system. From 1263 to 1287, the Toast Division was established in Yuexi, Xichang, Pingshan, Dafang, Zhaotong and Weining.

In 276 years of Ming Dynasty, the land spanned Shuixi (Dafang), Wusha (Weining), Wumeng (Zhaotong), Mangbu (Zhenxiong), Dongchuan (Huize), Yongning (Xuyong), Mahu (Pingshan), Jianchang (Xichang) and other Yi chieftains (Mozi) to adapt to the backward social productivity, and the Yi areas can basically be divided into soil. On the basis of the above hierarchical relationship, the chieftain system of Shuixi, Jianchang and Wumeng Yi people in Ming Dynasty is still the superstructure of slavery.

She Xiang, a native of Gu Lin, Sichuan, was a Yi nationality in southwest China in Ming Dynasty. At the age of 65,438+04, she married Ai Cui, commander of Mobu Shuixi (now generous) of the Yi nationality in Guizhou Province, and assisted her husband in handling government affairs. When her husband died, her son was still young, and she acted as her husband-photo by Ambassador Xuanwei of Guizhou. At that time, Yunnan was still in the midst of war and turmoil, and it was not completely under the rule of the Ming Dynasty. After she became the Regent, she judged the situation, focused on national unity, insisted on not being involved in the vortex of splitting the southwest, and actively let the Ming army camp in the west of the water, providing horses, food and passages to support the Ming army's invasion of Yunnan through Guizhou. Then, relying on the clan affinity between Shuixi and Southwest Yi people, he personally visited Wusha (now Weining), Mangbu (now Zhenxiong, Yunnan) and other places to preach justice and benefit to local chiefs and persuade and enlighten them, which made the separatist forces lose their support. After she Xiang's death, Zhu Yuanzhang wrote a letter that "She Xiang is stronger than a hundred thousand soldiers" and named her "Mrs. Shunde".

As early as the Hongwu period, Archie, the leader of the Yi people in southern Sichuan, went down to the Ming Dynasty and was appointed as Fu Xuan Department of Yongning to guard his land. At the time of the apocalypse, it spread to luxury Chongming and its son, luxury Yin Xiongchang. The luxury family father and son are getting stronger and stronger, and luxury Chongming (Sichuan Yi people) has long had the heart of "rejuvenating the country". In the first year of the Apocalypse (162 1 year), the Ming court called for soldiers to help because of the emergency of Liao affairs. I invited 30 thousand troops to help, and I got 42 thousand resettlement fees. I took the opportunity to recruit soldiers, make weapons and expand troops. According to Yongning, the subordinate of Luxury Chongming Sect contacted Shuixi and other foreigners. Liu Xun was sent to Chengdu, and He Tianxi went to Chongqing to plan an uprising, but failed in the Southwest War. In August, the second year of Chongzhen (1629), She Chongming made a final effort, claiming to be the king of girders, keeping the country safe and strict, and jointly attacking Yongning, but was surrounded by the Sichuan-Guizhou army of the Ming Dynasty led by Zhu, and the whole army was wiped out. She Chongming and An Bangyan died in battle. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Wu Sangui, the Qing army, marched into the southwest, defeated the Shuixi Tusi and Wusa Magistrate Anshi of the Yi people in Guizhou, and set up four states of Qianxi, Dading, Pingyuan and Weining to change their official positions. At the beginning of Yongzheng, Dongchuan House, Wumeng House and Zhenxiong House were changed to Yunnan with officials. Zhenxiong was later reduced to a state and belonged to Zhaotong Prefecture with Wumeng. The Qing army took advantage of the internal attack of the Yi tribe in Wumeng to invade Wumeng, but it was fiercely resisted by the Yi people. From 1726 (the fourth year of Yongzheng) to 1728 (the sixth year of Yongzheng), the Qing army severely suppressed and slaughtered many people in Wumeng, Dongchuan and Zhenxiong. Some Yi slave owners were forced to cross the Jinsha River and fled to Liangshan, Sichuan. Jianchang, Mahu, Zhang Yue and Emei around Liangshan are heavily defended by the Yi people. 1728, after the Qing army suppressed the Yi people, Changwei was rebuilt as Xichang County, and a church was set up in Lang Yue, and moved to Ningyuan House. The original Mahu Prefecture was revoked, and Pingshan County was transferred to the Syrian Prefecture. During the Qianlong period, Leibo Hall and Mabian Hall were established in the Syrian capital. During the Jiaqing period, the Yi people's houses in Emei County set up Ebian Hall, which was later transferred to Jiading House.

In the fourth year of Qing Yongzheng (1726), E Ertai, the governor of Yunnan and Guizhou, wrote to Yong Zhengdi, proposing to change the soil into water. The Qing dynasty called it "changing the soil into a stream", but in fact, the former Jianchangwei area still set up a long lawsuit, announced the Fu Department, and appointed the Yi Tusi Tusi. The leaders of Yi ministries are still acting on their own, and most areas in Sichuan and Yunnan continue to practice the original slavery.

In Yunnan, Guichuan and other areas where state and county officials are set up, the feudal landlord economy has developed, and the political power of the Yi chieftain to rule the Yi people has been restricted. The land they occupy needs to be reported to the grain register. The first Zhuang Nu and court slaves paid Ding Yin to local officials and became people of the Qing Dynasty. Most of the descendants of Tusi are indigenous. After Qianlong, Han merchants and landlords gradually entered the area where the land changed to flow, and bought land from natives and chiefs. For example, Xingyi Prefecture bought the whole village 13 1 Han landlords and 132 villages, and recruited 1228 Han tenants. Yi farmers sued Mutu one after another, denied the name of the main tenant farmer and rebelled against the Han landlords. In the early years of Jiaqing, during the uprising, Han landlords from all over the southwest fled into the Yi area. Yunnan Yongbeitang belongs to the land under the control of Beisheng Tusi. 1755 (20 years of Qianlong) to 182 1 year (the first year of Daoguang) was sold to Han people, either 78/ 10 or 34/ 10. Yi farmers have no land to farm and live a hard life. The Yi people of 7,000 to 8,000 people once called for "expelling the Han people" and crossing the river to attack Dayao area, thus forming a large-scale armed struggle. During the Republic of China (1912-1949), Yunnan became a relatively independent province of the Yi regime. In the meantime, Long Yun and Lu Han, the Yi people, ruled for 22 years, which played an important role in Yunnan's political, economic and cultural development. During the reign of Long Yun, the local government in Yunnan was relatively independent from the central government of the Kuomintang. 1928, the Nanjing government of the Kuomintang appointed Long Yun as the chairman of Yunnan province for 18 years. Because Yunlong's influence on the Yi people has been expanding during his tenure as chairman, his regime has also become the gathering center of the upper class of the Yi people in Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces. The subordinates in Yunlong also formed a huge Yi power centered on Long Yun, Lu Han, An Enpu, Longtiyao and Lu Guopan, which maintained the rule of Long Yun Group for 22 years, and Long Yun was called the "King of Yunnan". In these 22 years, Yunnan's social order has been relatively stable, politics, economy and culture have been developed, ethnic ties have been strengthened, and the southwest frontier of the motherland has been consolidated, making it a remarkable province in the Kuomintang-ruled area. At the same time, six Yi families headed by Long Yun and local powerful groups formed and directed an armed force, which was called "Dian Army" for short. This unit is not only the pillar of Yunnan local strength faction, but also the weight that dares to compete with the central government. From this point of view, the ruling group of Yunnan Yi people in the Republic of China had a particularly important position in Yunnan's modern history.

During the period from the Republic of China to the founding of New China, there were several memorable events in the history of the Yi people in Yunnan: First, during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, the Kuomintang Central Committee reorganized its troops, and the local army and the Central Army unified against Japan. After the reorganization of Yunnan Army, it was named "60th Army of the National Revolutionary Army", with Lu Han as the commander, commanding 3 divisions and 6 brigades 12 regiment, with more than 40,000 people. They are famous warriors in the Battle of Taierzhuang in the history of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. The 60th Army was commanded by General Li Zongren, commander of the Fifth Theater, and was called "Nanman Army" by the Japanese. Japanese newspapers admit that this is "the most violent charge that the Yunnan army has encountered since the September 18th War with the China army, which is really rare." Shortly after the 60th Army went out to watch the war, Long Yun set out to form the Second Expenditure Army, which was named "58th Army". Sun Du was appointed as the commander, with three divisions under his command, and set out for the anti-Japanese front on July 24th. 1938. Then, the National Government expanded the 60th Army 183 Division and the 58th Army 12 Division into "new three armies", with Zhang Chong as the commander. In this way, during their stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the Yunnan Army was divided into three armies, sending more than 200,000 troops (60% of them were Yi people), with 65,438+10,000 casualties. Second, when the Red Army crossed Yunnan on the Long March, Chiang Kai-shek ordered Long Yun to assemble the Yunnan Army to intercept and destroy it, while Long Yun advocated freedom and independence, and did not intercept or pursue the Red Army. But on the surface, in order to deal with Chiang Kai-shek, he had to take the method of false interception and false pursuit. Moreover, through the contact of the underground party of the Red Army, Long Yun specially presented the Red Army's military map of Yunnan, as well as Xuanwei ham, Pu 'er tea, Yunnan Baiyao, Sanqi and other local products. From beginning to end, their regular army never had direct contact with the Red Army, so that the Red Army could get out of Yunnan as soon as possible. Therefore, Chiang Kai-shek sent a killer to Kunming to assassinate Long Yun. Although Long Yun escaped, he paid the price of one eye. 3. During the reign of Long Yun and Lu Han in Yunnan (19 12- 1949), foreign missionaries were the most active in Yunnan, which was a very famous missionary route at that time. The world-famous "Shimenkan" was called "Jerusalem of China" at that time, just at the junction of Long Yun's hometown Zhaotong and Guizhou. Longtiyao, one of the six major Yi families, also attended the religious school in Shimenkan. At the same time, Longyun joined hands with foreign missionaries and made great contributions to Yunnan's education, economy and transportation construction, such as the opening of the "Yunnan-Myanmar Highway".

On August 1945, Japan surrendered, and on August 2 1 day, Lu Han (Yi) led the first army to surrender in Vietnam, and Chiang Kai-shek took the opportunity to solve the Yunnan problem. On September 30, Kunming defense commander Du led the main force of the Yunnan army to Vietnam to accept the Japanese surrender. Kunming troops were empty, so he deployed the Fifth Army (commander Qiu Qingquan) to launch a mutiny. /kloc-0 On June 2nd, 0, the Yunnan army was disarmed in Kunming and the "Dragon Drive Event" was launched. On the 3rd, Long Yun was ordered to be removed from his post and transferred to the position of "Speaker of the Military Senate" (empty title). On the morning of 4th, Long Yun was trapped in the seat of the provincial government. On the 6th, he was taken hostage to Chongqing. 10 was awarded the medal of victory in the Anti-Japanese War. 15 became the chairman of the Military Senate of the Central Military Commission, which was similar to house arrest. After that, he lost control of Yunnan, and in Chongqing, he strengthened his ties with the democratic parties. 65438+ In early February, Long Yun secretly instigated the generals of the Yunnan Army who were meeting in Chongqing, asking them to resist the Yunnan Army's transfer to the northeast, save their strength and wait for the opportunity.

In the revolutionary struggle led by the * * * Party, the Yi people actively participated in the revolution and made great sacrifices for the liberation of the nation and the people of China.

After liberation, under the leadership of the Party, the Yi people have made great contributions to the construction and defense of the motherland. In the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea in 1950s and the counterattack against Vietnam in 1970s, many Yi people gave their young lives. Especially in the new historical period, the Yi people are full of high spirits and high morale, and have made great progress in politics, economy and culture, and the social outlook of the Yi area is changing with each passing day.

Since 1956, under the correct leadership of the party, some Yi areas have carried out democratic reforms. Unwilling to fail, the upper-class nobles of foreign slaves fired the first shot against democratic reform. The China People's Liberation Army was forced to fight back. After two years 10 months of fierce fighting, 6,065,438 rebels were captured, disintegrated and killed, and 70,658 rebels surrendered.

Since liberation, the China * * * Production Party has established corresponding autonomous regional governments in areas where the Yi people live in compact communities according to the Marxist concept of equality, unity and prosperity of all ethnic groups and the provisions of the Constitution. By the end of 1990, there were two Yi autonomous prefectures, eight autonomous counties or 1 autonomous counties in the border areas of southern Sichuan, Yunnan, western Guizhou and northern Guangxi.