One. introduce
When I was a student, I once had the opportunity to visit Maiji Mountain in Gansu with my friends. Passing through Sol Zhang County, my friend said that the place where Ma Su lost the battle was nearby, so I couldn't help getting up. I dragged the driver to a street kiosk. The field trip was very interesting, and it also gave me some new understanding of Masu's failure. I will share it with my friends.
Let's start with the terrain of a street pavilion we saw. Jieting Town has never changed. It's not on the main road. Less than three kilometers from the street pavilion to the east is the dangerous "five main doors". This is a northeast-southwest Gu Dao, about 7.8 kilometers long and about 1.5 kilometers wide. The north-south direction is a steep mountain peak, and the east-west Qingshui River turns a corner here. Six avenues cross the bridge from the lower reaches of the east coast and converge in the valley northwest of Qingshui River. There is no real universal entrance. On the northwest side of the valley, there is a steep mountain, which is called Longshan by the locals. The southeast of the valley is an insurmountable branch of the Qinling Mountains. From Xi 'an to Tianshui, you must pass through this valley, and there is no other way.
Our car came from the east, basically along the marching route of Wei Jun, and only felt the feeling of people marching at the bottom of the basin. When Gu Dao took a 4/5 turn to the right, the front suddenly widened, and Jieting Town was faintly visible in the distance. At this time, on the right side of the road, a steep mountain peak suddenly rose at the southern foot of Longshan, with a relative elevation of 3400 meters. The top of the mountain is flat and faintly arrogant. No need.
Sure enough, the accompanying local friends pointed out that this is the so-called Nanshan.
This is the first discovery. Nanshan is not named because it is south of Jieting Road, but north of Jieting Road, because it is named at the southernmost tip of Longshan.
I can't help feeling that Ma Su did have his reasons for choosing to station troops here.
Two. The first mistake
Looking at the south mountain facing the wind, I only feel that the surrounding mountains and roads are unobstructed. If the street pavilion is regarded as a whole, its image is like a folding fan. To the left, binjiang road is like a silk thread. From east to right, two tributaries of Qingshui River merge into the valley, forming a small impact plain. Jieting Town (now Qin 'an County) is located at the western end of the impact plain, and the handle of the whole folding fan is in Nanshan. The so-called "depend"
Masu is not a soldier. When he came back from a street stall, he thought it was like this. But that doesn't mean he has no brain. Instead, I think Masu is quite smart.
The topography of Nanshan is very distinctive. The local area is also called the 100-acre tableland, with a banana-shaped terrace at the top. The actual area is much larger than 100 mu. It is steep in the north, east and west, and it is dizzy to look down from above. The southeast side is a slope of about 30 degrees. The slope is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, and the top intersects the platform like a crescent. People can almost see Masu's psychology. If Wei Jun attacks from below, their team will be like one on a slope. Shu army can attack Wei army from three sides from the commanding heights of Crescent Ridge, while Wei Jun has less than 50 men fighting in front, which is a very favorable defensive terrain. At the same time, if Wei Jun retreats, there is no room to close the team.
And what about the village under the mouth of General Wu Lu instructed by Zhuge Liang? Looking to the left, there is no clear "Wutong intersection" in the 7-or 8-kilometer-long valley, and the terrain is flat. If the Shu army fought Wei Jun here, it would be a bloody battle. At this time, someone discovered Masu's first mistake-he certainly didn't look at the terrain east of the street pavilion!
It turns out that the view from the mountain is completely different from that from the entrance to the eastern valley. The river bank is high in the west and low in the east, and looks the same high; The terrain is rugged, but Malik Pingchuan is seen from the mountain! I don't know how Zhuge Liang investigated the terrain of street pavilions, because one conclusion is that if Zhuge Liang's deployment is followed, the Shu army will certainly be able to complete the task. -Perhaps Luo Guanzhong added a lot of details to the deployment of Kongming after inspecting the terrain of street kiosks. )
What if Wei Yan or Ma Dai are such veterans? Before you can drive, whistle out of the valley. Later, when Zhang Jaw attacked Ma Su, he had a clear understanding of the deployment of the whole army in Ma Su in advance ... A guess, Ma Su came from the west and saw this striking Nanshan at first sight, which was suitable for defense! Masu, a staff officer, still has some military common sense. Then, it is normal to lead people up the mountain to see the terrain. The commanding posture of Nanshan along the way must make him more and more enamored. When he looked down, he must have thought of the military map he often looked at. Judging from Masu's career, what he lacks is getting cold feet, and what he is good at is planning. This clear natural map must have produced Masu.
He didn't expect that Nanshan deceived his eyes. Mappin
The battle between the two commanders of the Shu army should have started from the top of Nanshan Mountain. Of course, the clumsy Wang Ping lost. Someone is going to write an article on Shu Jiang and Ru Jiang respectively. ) Ma Su and Wang Ping are diametrically opposed generals, and Zhuge Liang took great pains to fix them. Some people think that one of the reasons is to consider the troops under the command of Wang Ping-the Flying Army.
Wudang Flying Army is an admirable force. Its strength is about 3,000 people, and it is completely composed of the ethnic minorities in southern China, that is, the "Yunnan Army" at that time. It is brave and good at fighting, especially in mountainous areas. The evaluation of Fei Junbing in history books is "like death". This is Zhuge Liang's achievement in developing Southwest China and one of the leaders of Shu Han. Wudang Feijun fought until the end of Shu Han, and died by twice his own enemy.
Zhuge Liang assigned Wang Ping and this unit to Ma Su. Some people think that there are four kinds of ideas:
First, Masu's conception of Pingnan is very appropriate, and his familiarity with ethnic minorities can make better use of this important town in South China.
Second, this battle is of great importance and danger, and good steel is used in the blade. I hope to rely on the heroic resistance of the flying army to resist Wei Jun's superior forces
Third, Wang Ping is familiar with Guanlong. He is a rare Wei Guotong in the Shu army. He can be a good adviser to Ma Su.
Fourth, Wang Ping is a general, who comes from various ranks. He is obedient and will not stick to Masu in command. Militarily, two competent generals should command together, so it is better to use a mediocre person.
But how could Ma Su listen to Wang's "counselor"? Masu himself is a staff officer, and he is an excellent staff officer. The staff in his mind should be himself, intelligent and versatile, and eloquent. How can he be a lout Rainbow Ping? Accepting his suggestion is in itself a denial of Masu's own staff. Zhuge Liang probably didn't expect this either.
Besides, there are quite logical reasons for Ma Su to consider camping at the top of the mountain:
Mountain is the best obstacle for infantry against cavalry, which is really good. You know, the frequent beating of nomadic cavalry in the north of Song Dynasty has a lot to do with the fall of Sixteen States Mountain. The only way to hurt Yang Liulang is to engage in tunnel warfare. There are many cavalry in Wei Jun and many infantry in Shu army, so fighting Wei Jun in the mountains can give full play to its advantages. Seen from the top of the mountain, "Wudaokou" is an open field, but Wei Jun can cross the river to attack the rear of Shu army, and the front line is too long, so it is difficult to fight Wei Jun there.
Remembering the Battle of Borodino, the Russian Chief of Staff found that Commander-in-Chief Kutuzov had put Prince Andrey's reserve army in the forest facing the enemy slope, and immediately cursed the old library for being confused-didn't the French artillery fire here kill the target? Tell the Russian troops to retreat behind the hillside immediately. All the soldiers in the army appreciate it. As a result, in actual combat, Napoleon didn't shoot a bullet in the forest in front of him, and all the shells hit the hillside behind him. Experienced people can see that it is the only place to hide. Ma Su's view of Zhuge Liang may be comparable to that of the Chief of Staff.
What a scholar's opinion!
In fact, if Masu goes out to Taniguchi, he will find that the so-called Wutong main entrance has been eroded by flowing water, and the actual terrain is quite complicated. Some people think that if Zhuge Liang explicitly instructs Ma Su to camp here, he is simply a fairy, and the ravine here is by no means a place for cavalry. If Wei Jun advances along the Qingshui River, the front line can rank about 1000, and the Shu army's strength disadvantage is not prominent. A few kilometers of complex terrain is like a huge spring. The first line of defense of the Shu army can always be placed in the eastern part of the city, a street pavilion, and several layers of defense lines can be arranged behind it. It is very flexible and can also be deployed in an ambush. Confrontation with Wei Jun should not be a problem, but during the Three Kingdoms period, the ability to attack was generally poor. If you add the role of the camp (Ma Su arrived two days earlier than Zhang Jaw), Wei Jun can only sigh. This is a win-win battle, because even if you are inexperienced, Wei Jun will take the lead at the beginning. "Qingshui River is not deep enough to swim, but the right bank is higher than the left bank, and due to the erosion of the turning river, a steep bank is formed, just like a natural wall. If you put thousands of archers here, Zhang jaw will not come to die.
Perhaps Masu chose Nanshan for another reason, that is, to form a "tiger in the mountain". If Wei Jun ignores him and rushes directly to the street pavilion, it will threaten Wei Jun's side back. He can block taniguchi, cut off Wei Jun's route for providing foodstuff, and use Zhuge Liang's rear army to tie his tiger's jaws around the jiaozi. So Wei Jun had to attack the mountain.
He didn't notice that water, the water in the barrel theory, always flows out from the shortest board.
Four. Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains
The so-called barrel theory is that how much water a barrel can hold is determined by the shortest barrel board. The same is true of war, even if other aspects are well done, as long as a fatal loophole is caught by the other side, it will lead to failure. Battle of Red Cliffs, the shortest board is that the serial boat can't stop the fire attack; In the battle of Wuzhangyuan, the shortest board was Zhuge Liang's health; Hitler invaded the Soviet Union, and the shortest board was the cold in Russia.
One of my accompanying friends is from a military academy, so I can cite a series of mistakes when commenting on Masu. Although Nanshan is at the mouth of the valley, the impact line from the top to the foot of the mountain is too long, and the weapons level at that time could not directly control the roads along the Qingshui River. It is wishful thinking to hope that Wei Jun will attack the mountain. An old hand like Zhang Jaw won't be so impulsive. Divide the army into three parts and lead the main force to the top of the mountain. Wang Ping led his troops to camp between Jieting and Qingshuihe, and Ma Su, Huang and Huang ambushed in the upper reaches of Qingshuihe, ready to attack Wei Jun. The strength is not as good as Wei's, so it is forbidden to make achievements. The horse and the horse are far away and out of reach. Nanshan is the tuyere. When the fire spreads quickly, the smoke burns. The people on the top of the mountain are like barbecues …
However, in the shortest World War I, everyone agreed that the Shu army gave up Shuishan.
I was surprised when I was studying in the Three Kingdoms. Since Wang Ping raised this question and it really makes sense, Ma Su is not a fool. Why didn't he accept it? Does he really believe in death and afterlife? Haven't you ever been thirsty since you were so big? At that time, can you still recover your fighting capacity? Besides, why didn't many generals in Shu come out to help Wang Ping?
Some people think that the problem is that Masu and others have never studied middle school geography.
Friends who have studied middle school geography know that the climate of China is bounded by the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River. In fact, this change is so great that the vegetation on the northern and southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains is completely different. If you look at the local barometer, the annual precipitation in Jieting area is only 400 mm (evaporation 1500), while the precipitation in Hanzhong area, which is only separated by a mountain, is more than 1000 ml, which is more than double the difference. One is subtropical climate, and the other is continental temperate monsoon, which is totally different.
Ma Su's hometown is Jingzhou. Although the climate is different from that of Sichuan, there is also abundant rainfall. At that time, there was a huge cloud dream. Up to now, Sichuan and Hubei have never heard of drought, and only flood control is available every year. Masu spent his whole life in such a warm and humid place. Unlike Zhuge Liang, he did not travel from north to south, and it was the first time he went to Gansu to seek insurance. How did he think of washing his face and clothes with water, and finally washing the mop? ! This is our personal experience. It was difficult for education at that time to realize the huge climate difference between the north and the south. In fact, in the battle of Jingxiang Xichuan, including Hanzhong, it was basically "waterproof". For example, the seventh army was flooded and the dam broke, and they all wanted to drown each other, but they didn't want to die of thirst. Huang Zhong went up the mountain to kill Xiahou, but he didn't know that the old general couldn't find water to drink.
Wang Ping surrendered from the north. Of course, he is a clever man. However, I'm afraid other generals of the Shu army have never been out of Sichuan all their lives. The geographical position of southwest limited the cognition of local ancients. Otherwise, how could they come out of Yelang country? Water shortage? This problem is just like when you remind her to bring an oxygen bottle in the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon. If you vote, you must repeat the famous saying: "Truth is sometimes on the side of a few people."
So Masu has no concept of water shortage.
The existence of Qingshui River and Jieting Spring does not alert him to the local water shortage problem. The dispute between him and Wang Ping was first the issue of power camping, then the "overwhelming" argument, and finally the issue of water. Masu must think this is just sophistry, deliberately finding fault. The argument between them intensified after Ma Su lost his schoolbag, indicating that he didn't want to discuss the problem with Wang Ping at all, but wanted to close this "crow's mouth" as soon as possible-anyway, Lao Wang didn't have anything to say as a "cloud of Sun Tzu's Art of War". The phrase "death and afterlife" should belong to unthinking words.
Wang Ping is a man of great personality, and there are such people in the company. He is very skilled, but he can't speak. No matter Ma Su, who is proud of his heart, or Huang Xu, who is modest and elegant, listening to his opinions is always unpleasant, and they all want to "give their lives", which may also be related to Wang Ping's own personality. In addition, his method of dealing with such disputes is also more individual. For example, when Huang Xu lost, he refused to save him because he thought he had more important tasks, so he quarreled with Ma Su and simply started a new stove. I don't know if your jokes mean anything. In fact, some people think that if Wang Ping led his troops out of Taniguchi and flew to Zhuge Liang while fighting to the death, it would not be completely impossible to stop Wei Jun, at least it could delay the time. Of course, the sacrifice must be great, and Ma Su must curse, because it will destroy his plan to lure Wei Jun to attack the mountain, which is a "candid shot". Wang Ping didn't camp to stop the enemy before the ceremony. Maybe it has something to do with his status as a general. He may just be planning to cover the retreat of the Shu army at a critical moment to reduce losses.
Looking down from the south mountain, imagine that if someone is an infantry, I'm afraid he will be exhausted if he rushes to the foot of the mountain, and the enemy will have enough time to mobilize his troops to meet the attack point of the Shu army. Wei Jun attacked the mountain as an alley. Isn't that what happened when the Shu army went down the mountain? It is not easy to go down the mountain, and it is even harder to go up the mountain. How to be unbeaten under hunger and thirst?
Looking up at the sky, a black hawk flies in the crisp sky of Gansu. I don't think it will land on Nanshan, where there are no trees and no water.
Five. It's not the end. The end.
When we arrived at Jieting Ancient Town, the driver got off to fetch water. Jieting Spring was destroyed at that time and replaced by a modern one. The spring water is very rich, which is much larger than the wells in the Forbidden City in Beijing. The lines near the well have been worn through by a finger, which is obviously left by the rope that draws water. Some subconsciously touched the edge of the well, which was unexpectedly hard. It is said that the edge of the well has not changed since ancient times.
The water was crisp, and I had a comfortable lunch with a pot helmet. It is said that the pot helmet was branded by ancient soldiers with iron helmets, hence the name. Since ancient times, the Red Army has suffered hardships, which seems to be traditional. If Ma Su hits Wei Jun on Jieting Valley Road, the logistics is located in this Jieting town. How simple it is. -Is it just the pot helmet they used to eat?
The tall stone tablet next to it is engraved with the word "Jieting Spring", and there is inevitably a legacy of Qianlong around it. Looking for an inscription while flying seems quite new. I don't know who left it, but it turned out to be "the only dragon in the general principles of Shu Dao" It seems that this is also a fan of the Three Kingdoms, but now I think that Zhuge Liang, although ambitious, is a rather lonely commander in chief.
After dinner, I visited Jieting Cultural Center, where I can see the whole process of Ma Su's defeat through a huge sand table.
This is a one-sided battle.
Zhang Jaw's pre-war reconnaissance is very effective. Not only discovered the disadvantages of Ma Su camping in the mountains, but also discovered the Yellow Army in the upper reaches and Wang Pingjun in Jieting Town. The Shu army was dominated by infantry, while Wei Jun was dominated by cavalry, so Zhang Jaw gave full play to the mobility advantage of cavalry, and the main force quickly seized the street pavilion Gu Dao from east to west with lightning speed, and arranged a strong bow and crossbow as a cover in front. There are many marching pontoons on Qingshui River, which are thought to be flanks and push Nanshan from south to north. At this time, Masu's weakness as a staff member was exposed. He concealed the tricks of the Yellow Army's midway attack, but Wei Jun took two attacks at the same time, which surprised him. Ma Su lacked the courage necessary for a military commander. He could not effectively judge the attack opportunity in the face of unexpected events, and lost the opportunity to fight back in hesitation. When Huang Gong was ordered to cross the river in Wei Jun, due to the lack of mobility of the Shu army, Wei Jun had effectively controlled both sides of the Qingshui River. On the other hand, the high shore wall on the west bank became the cover of Wei Fei's combat troops, which made the bow and arrow of the Shu army lose its killing effect. Under the counterattack of Wei Jun cavalry, Huang Gong struggled and gradually became exhausted, while Ma Su's response route from Nanshan was too long to play the role of double attack.
The attack of the yellow race was defeated.
Wang Ping kept his ground, but Wei Jun couldn't get past him to pursue the defeated troops of le Hoang Quan. This should be a correct way to deal with it, otherwise Masu can't even return it. Later, the generals who ambushed the Yellow Attack, such as Li Sheng and Zhang Xiu, were severely punished, which was considered a bit excessive.
The failure of the ambush did not completely undermine Ma Su's confidence. He is still waiting patiently for Wei Jun to attack the mountain. Seeing him commanding from the top of the mountain: "Look at the red flag fluttering" means commanding an attack on Wei Jun, which is simply a replica of Dingjun Mountain. The problem is that Zhang Jaw is not ready to attack the mountain at all. At the foot of the mountain, he launched a crescent-shaped battle with his back to Qingshui River, with the infantry in the middle and the cavalry on both wings. He camped on the spot and was ready for battle-
Only when Masu found that there was no water did he really feel the shadow of defeat. In desperation, he ordered an active attack on Wei Jun, and the morale of the Shu army rose greatly. Ma Su had to kill people to bully and drove the whole army down the mountain.
A large number of human bones have been unearthed in the street pavilion, mainly on both sides of Qingshui River, which is called "mass graves", indicating that this is the remains of soldiers killed when Ma Su broke through. Others don't think so, because there was no fierce fighting when Ma Su broke through. Wei Jun spared Ma Su and surrounded the rear team of the Shu army, and the Shu army seemed to surrender soon. So the bones of mass graves should be the soldiers of both sides who died when Ma Su went down to kill the enemy-mainly the Shu army.
It should be said that "command" is still very helpful to the impact. Unfortunately, Zhang Jaw's position is similar to Masu's. When Ma Su army entered Wei Jun infantry like tofu, Wei Jun infantry retreated, and cavalry stormed Shu army from two wings. The attack from the two wings of the Shu army completely absorbed the advantages of the Shu army in terrain, just like two people fighting. For a punch, the best defense is to cut his elbow and wrist horizontally. Due to the terrain. The battle between cavalry and infantry can easily turn into a massacre.
Ma Su's mistake is that he only sends a small number of troops at a time, with about 3,000 lieutenants, lacking the courage to spend a lot of money. The so-called taboo of continuous use of troops by military strategists. Tang Weiyuan, commander of the Third Army, also made the same mistake during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period. Every breakthrough failed, and finally the whole army was wiped out.
Several failed attacks dealt a great blow to Ma Su's dominance in the army. The hungry Shu army refused to fight down the mountain, and Ma Su continued to suppress it by killing people. In Nanshan, many skulls were found tied together, but there were no bodies. It is estimated that Wei Jun, the Shu army beheaded by Ma Su, would not climb to such a high place to kill even if he killed prisoners. Serious military discipline must have reasonable reasons. Killing people at this time is like adding fuel to the fire. The Shu army mutinied down the mountain. Zhang jaw found the Shu army in chaos, that is, taking advantage of the wind to set fire. Although there were only shrubs in Nanshan, when the wind was blowing, the fire was raging, so Ma Su had to lead an army to break through. At this time, the Shu army only stayed in Nanshan for one day. Ma Su and a few cavalry finally retreated with the help of Wang Ping, while all the infantry were captured by Wei Jun. Wang Ping's retreat was well organized, and Wei Jun dared not move forward.
A crossbow machine engraved with the word "Shu" was unearthed in Jieting Cultural Center, which was unearthed in the upper reaches of Qingshui River. It should be a relic of the yellow army. Seeing our curiosity, the doorman generously took it out for us to play with, and learned that it was only an imitation, and the real thing had already been sent to the Shaanxi Provincial Museum. We were flattered.
Since it is an imitation, we have to push our luck and ask for an arrow. People are very polite, but in order not to hurt people, they pulled out the arrow. The crossbow machine is made of bronze and is said to have completely imitated the shape at that time. There are several stripes on the grip, which seem to be non-slip and one meter long. Bow arm is made of double-layer bamboo and painted, and its width is1.2m.. The tail of the arrow is inlaid with three geese. The arrow is very long It's really exquisite. Originally, I was going to find a rooster in my hometown as a target (joke), but unfortunately, our brothers shot the first arrow on the wall of the cultural center, which not only shook the soil, but also broke the arrow, so some of them didn't have their turn to enjoy themselves. But I got a knowledge that the trigger of modern guns should be "buckled" and the trigger of crossbow machine should be "pushed".
The trip to the street pavilion has long passed, but what I saw and heard is vivid and unforgettable. As the saying goes, "As soon as I heard it, I saw it and left." Jieting is only the beginning of the battle between Shu and Wei on the front line of Qinchuan, and one is not the end.
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It's really lucky to see such a good article. Now I will turn to this and share it with every netizen.
I reprint it without permission, and sincerely hope to get the understanding of the original author of this article.