Gleditsia sinensis, also known as elm and Actinidia arguta. Belongs to Basidiomycotina, Thallus Laminariae, Polypodiaceae and dermatophytes.
Ulmus pumila is born on elm (Ulmus pumila) and dead branches and tree holes of Ulmus pumila. It is often born on dead trees with high humidity and dark light in shady slopes, gullies and ditches, and produces fruiting bodies from August to June. Wild Ulmus pumila is mainly distributed in northeast China and Hokkaido. Tieling, Qingyuan, Xinbin, Benxi and Fushun in Liaoning Province, Tonghua, Hunjiang, Fusong, Changbai and Antu in Jilin Province, the eastern part of Heilongjiang Province are the concentrated producing areas of Ulmus pumila, and there are also a few in Xinjiang.
Auricularia auricula is a precious edible and medicinal fungus with delicious taste and rich nutrition. The fruiting body of Ulmus pumila also contains antibacterial substances such as polysaccharide, which has the function of improving human immune function.
I. Biological characteristics
Morphological characteristics: the fruiting body of Ulmus pumila (color picture 46) is sessile, solitary or overlapping. At first, it is flat or irregular brain-shaped, and it is kidney-shaped after uncovering the membrane; Mushroom cap-ear-shaped, with milky white or pink surface, 3- 15cm x4- 16cm in size and 0.3-3.0cm in thickness. It is soft, elastic, translucent and gelatinous when tender, and shrinks and hardens when dry, showing dark brown to light brown. The surface of mushroom cap is covered with a layer of fluff, which is soft, orange-yellow to pink, and the hair length is about1mm; The ventral surface of the hat is uneven and covered with translucent water warts; Mushroom meat is thick, gelatinous and light orange; Spores are white; Spore prints are colorless, smooth, oval, 5.8-7.4 microns x2.5-3.6 microns; The vegetative mycelium is linear and fluffy, white when it is young and yellow in the later stage.
Color map 46 Yuer
When Ulmus pumila is cultivated artificially, after the vegetative growth is completed, under the best environmental conditions, fruiting bodies will be produced in 7- 15 days. The occurrence of fruiting bodies roughly goes through the following stages of morphological development:
1. During the hyphae aggregation period, the hyphae on the substrate surface became thicker and thicker, and white hyphae appeared at the same time.
2. During primordial formation, white hyphae are organized, with irregular primordial protrusions in yellowish brown shape, often accompanied by yellowish brown water droplets. It usually takes 2-4 days from the appearance of mycelium to the formation of primordia.
3. After the primordium is formed in the expansion period, it expands continuously and becomes a piece, and the surface is uneven and brain-shaped. This period generally lasts 3- 12 days, and the length of time mainly depends on the ambient temperature.
4. After the primordium fully swells in the differentiation stage of the cap, the flaky cap can differentiate from any part of the primordium and swell continuously. When the cap extends to 7- 15cm, the edge curl becomes thinner and no longer extends. This period generally lasts 7- 15 days, mainly depending on the ambient temperature.
5. At maturity, the edge of the cap is curled and spores are ejected, indicating that the fruiting body is completely mature. At this time, it must be harvested in time, otherwise it is prone to mold infection and autolysis of fruiting bodies.
Second, living conditions.
1. Nutritional dextrin, soluble starch, molasses, glycerol and mannitol are the best carbon sources of Ulmus pumila, but the ability to utilize lactose and galactose is poor, so lignin cannot be utilized; The utilization ability of organic nitrogen such as bean cake powder, yeast extract and peptone is strong, but the utilization ability of inorganic nitrogen is poor, so urea and ammonium sulfate cannot be used; The utilization of minerals mainly depends on adding potassium phosphate (0.2%) and magnesium sulfate (0.05%), and 1% calcium superphosphate is often added in artificial cultivation.
2. Temperature: Ulmus pumila mycelium can grow at 5-30℃, the suitable temperature is 20-30℃, and the most suitable temperature is 25℃; The temperature for the formation of the primordium is 5-26℃, the optimum temperature is 10-22℃, and the optimum temperature is 18-22℃.
3. Moisture The suitable substrate for Pleurotus eryngii mycelium growth is 5%-70%, with 60%-65% being the most suitable; In the process of primordium formation and fruiting body growth and development, the relative humidity of air is required to be above 85%.
4.pH value The pH range of Pleurotus eryngii mycelium growth is 4-9, 5.5-7.0 is suitable, and 5.5-6.0 is the most suitable.
5. Ulmus pumila mycelium can grow under light and dark conditions, but it grows rapidly and robustly under dark conditions. Light can induce the formation of primordium of fruiting body, and the effect of scattering dark light is the best. Too strong light and no light are not conducive to the formation of fruiting bodies. Light affects the color and quality of fruiting bodies.
Two. cultivation techniques
Preparation of strain
The mother species of elm can be separated by tissue, and the commonly used mother species media are:
(1) 200g potato (peeled and cooked) and 20g glucose in PDA medium,
2 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.5 g of magnesium sulfate, 20 g of agar and 0/000 ml of water.
(2) 200g potato (peeled and cooked), 20g bran (cooked), 20g corn flour (cooked), 20g glucose, 2g potassium dihydrogen phosphate, O.5g magnesium sulfate, 20g agar and water 1000ml.
Common culture media for original and cultivated species are as follows:
(1) sawdust 78kg, bran 18kg, corn flour 2kg, gypsum 100kg.
G, sugar 1 kg, feed-water ratio 1: 1.2- 1.3, pH 6.5.
⑵ cottonseed hull is 68kg, bran 18kg, sawdust 10kg, corn flour is 2kg, gypsum 1kg, sugar 1kg, and feed-water ratio is1:1.2-/kloc-.
(3) 90kg of cottonseed hull, 6kg of corn flour, 2kg of gypsum, lime 1 kg, calcium superphosphate 1 kg, feed-water ratio 1: 1.2- 1.3, and pH 6.5.
(4) 48kg of waste cotton, 30kg of sawdust, 20kg of bran, gypsum 1kg, lime 1kg, feed-water ratio 1: 1.2- 1.3, and pH 6.5.
The original seeds can be prepared in containers such as 750 ml strain bottles or 500 ml glass jars, and the cultivated seeds can be prepared in bottles or plastic bags. The preparation method of the strain is the same as the conventional method.
Two-stage timber cultivation
1. The ear material is selected from 10- 15-year-old elm or white elm, and the end of tree diameter is 5-8cm. Trees are cut down before new leaves germinate, cut into 1 m long sections and dried properly.
2. Inoculate in time when the temperature is stable at 5- 10℃ in spring. Use a hand drill or punch with a 13- 16 mm bit to drill holes with a depth of about 2 cm, and the spacing between rows of holes is 5cm× 10cm, which is arranged in a zigzag manner. Inoculate while punching holes, and the strains should not be too full. Immediately after inoculation, it is sealed with a wooden cover or yellow mud mixed with sawdust (yellow mud: sawdust =2: 1, mixed with 80 times of carbendazim aqueous solution to form a thick paste).
3. After inoculation, auricularia auricula was placed in an environment with a temperature of 24-27℃ and a relative humidity of 65%. If the climate is dry and the temperature is low in early spring, a long pit with a depth of 1 m and a width of 1.5 m can be dug on the sunny slope, and the auricularia auricula is placed in the into the pit in the shape of a well, and covered with a straw curtain and a film for heat preservation and moisture retention. When the natural temperature is stable at about 15℃, the auricularia auricula is moved into the shade shed, and the ground is covered with gravel and piled into a "well" shape. Dump every 10 day 1 time. If the ground here is dry, you can properly spray water to moisturize. The mycelium can be fixed about 1 month after inoculation. Check the fungal growth period in time. If fungal infection is found, smear the affected area with 10% lime water.
4. After the fungus grows in the ear management, saw the ear wood into three sections, put the ear wood on the beam, and discharge it in a herringbone shape. If the ear wood is too dry, soak it in clear water for about 24 hours before sawing. Before the ear leaves, the water content of the ear wood is required to be 65-70%. It is required that the relative humidity of the air in the ear field is 5%-95% and the temperature at the ear emergence stage is 15-23℃. Always spray water to moisturize, if the humidity is too low, the upper part of the ear wood is not easy to come out, only close to the ground. Generally, the annual ear yield is small in the year of inoculation, and the peak ear yield is in the second year of inoculation, which lasts for 3-4 years.
The third generation material cultivation of Ulmus pumila can be replaced by bottles or bags; Can be carried out indoors, in greenhouses, greenhouses, sunny beds and other occasions. It can be cultivated in spring or autumn. Cultivation in spring, inoculation when the local temperature is stable above lO℃, and appropriate inoculation in advance when conditions permit; Planting in autumn, sowing when the local temperature is below 30℃. The strain production is carried out in advance.
1. The commonly used cultivation materials are as follows:
(1) 99 kg of cottonseed hull, 0.8 kg of gypsum and 0.2 kg of calcium superphosphate, and the feed-water ratio is 1: 1.2- 1.3.
⑵ 85kg corncob, 0/4kg bran/kloc, 0/kg gypsum/kloc, 0.5kg lime and 0.2kg calcium superphosphate, and the feed-water ratio is 1: 1.2- 1.3.
(3) 84kg of bean straw, 0/5kg of bran/kloc-0, 0/kg of gypsum/kloc-0, 0.2kg of calcium superphosphate, and the feed-water ratio is 1:1.2-1.3.
(4) Straw 70kg, bran 28.8kg, gypsum 1 kg, calcium superphosphate 0.2kg, and feed-water ratio 1: 1.2- 1.3.
5] sawdust is 78kg, bran is 20kg, gypsum 1kg, sucrose 1kg, and the feed-water ratio is 1: 1.2- 1.3.
2. Loading and sterilization. Select a culture medium formula and mix it conventionally. When the bottle is planted, put the culture material on the bottle shoulder, slightly compact it, punch a hole in the center of the bottle to the middle of the bottle with a conical rod, wipe the bottle mouth clean with wet gauze, and wrap the bottle mouth with a piece of polypropylene film of 15cm× 15cm. The bagging method in fashion bag is the same as the traditional method. 17cm x 33cm x 0.006cm polypropylene or low-pressure polyethylene plastic bags can be used. After sterilization, the bottle or bag is cooled to below 25℃ for inoculation.
3. Inoculation of the fungus adopts two-end inoculation method or one-end inoculation method, and it is sealed with a cotton plug. The temperature of mycelium culture is 23-26℃, and the spawning room should be clean, dark and ventilated. The mycelium can fill the bottle in about 26 days, but it takes about 35 days to fill the bag.
4. After the fruiting management hyphae are full, put the fungus bottles or bags in the cultivation place with scattered light at 22℃ to promote germination. After the emergence of Ulmus pumila, the relative humidity of the air in the cultivation site should be increased to about 95% and not less than 90%. Loosen the bottle cap when planting bottles and the bag mouth when planting bags, and keep the temperature at 15-2O℃. When the original matrix is fully expanded (above 1 cm) and the surface is obviously uneven, and the flaky prototype can be seen, pay attention to increasing ventilation, keep the room temperature at 16-22℃ and the relative humidity of air at about 90%, and spray water to make the original matrix fully absorb water and expand.
After the fruiting body is differentiated, keep the temperature of the cultivation site at 16-22℃ and the relative humidity of the air at about 90%, spray water 4-5 times a day, thoroughly ventilate after spraying heavy water every time 1 time, and keep the ear moist. When the length of the lug exceeds 4 cm, the culture in the bottle or bag begins to shrink, and a gap appears between the material and the bottle (or bag) wall. Pay attention to the water in the bottle or bag after each spray.
5. It takes 60-70 days to cultivate Ulmus pumila as substitute material, and it takes 20-30 days from the appearance of primordia to the maturity of fruiting bodies. When the ear is fully unfolded, the edge is curled, the root of the ear is contracted, white spores begin to spurt out, and the ear should be harvested in time when the color is deepened. Stop water supply before harvest 1 day. When harvesting, cut along the ear root with a clean knife.
After harvesting, cover the bottle cap, or tie the bag to cultivate bacteria, stop water for 6-7 days, and cover it with film according to the situation. After water supply management, the fruiting body of the second tide can grow from the base of the original ear. The second super-fruiting body develops rapidly, and it usually takes only 7- 15 days from the surface healing of the knife mark to the maturity of the second super-fruiting body. When harvesting the second super fruiting body, you can break it off by hand. Then ventilation and water management are carried out, and the l-2 tide fruiting body can be harvested again.
Auricularia auricula is generally not fresh, and the fruiting body can be dried, or it can be dried in a drying room (box) at 50-60℃. Put the dried elm into woven bags and store them in a ventilated and dry place.