1. Hunan dialect is represented by Hunan dialect, and Hunan dialect is represented by Changsha dialect. Zhuzhou dialect is very similar to Changsha dialect, and there is basically no big difference. The overall characteristics of Hunan dialect are that it has different pronunciation in five miles.

The characteristics of Hunanese language: pronunciation, words, sentence structure, tones, and legacy of ancient dialects.

2. Language characteristics

1. Phonetics:

① Initial consonants:

a. The southern Xiang language has relatively completely preserved the ancient Voiced system. In these places, all voiced initials are pronounced as unaspirated voiced initials in both flat and oblique sounds in ancient times. For example, in Shuangfeng dialect, "da" is pronounced as da miao, "kuang" is pronounced as 扄ɡa嬜, and in Xiangxiang dialect, "pai" is pronounced as 扄ba and "道" The word "Kui" is pronounced as 扄ɡuì, the word "zai" is pronounced as 扷ai戼, the word "pi" in Lengshuijiang (Xinhua) is read as 扄bì, and the word "quan" is pronounced as 扄尶yě. The ancient voiced initial consonants of the Northern Xiang dialect have been voiced, and both flat and oblique tones are pronounced as unaspirated voiceless initials. For example, in Changsha dialect, "crawl" is pronounced as 扄pa, "大" is pronounced as ta'I戼, "ci" is pronounced as 扄堭徲, ??"jiu" is pronounced as 兯ìu戼, "Ti" in Hengyang dialect is pronounced as 円tì, and "step" is pronounced as pu戼 , "Kneeling" is pronounced kuimiao.

b. f- and x(u-) are mostly pronounced as f-. For example, in Changsha dialect, the word "Fu" is pronounced as 扄fu, the word "hua" is pronounced as famiao, the word "fly" is pronounced as 扄fei, and the word "ash" is pronounced as 扄fei.

c. There is a phenomenon of mixed pronunciation of the initial consonants of Gu Ni (mother) and Lai. The mixed pronunciation is that they are mixed before the finals of Hongyin, but not before the finals of Xiongyin. For example, in Changsha dialect, "Nai" and "Lai" are both pronounced lai:, "annoy" and "Lao" are both pronounced lau: "nu" and "lu" are both pronounced 'l媅u; but "ni" is pronounced 鶆 hastily i, "Pear" is pronounced as 嶆li, "Niu" is pronounced as ' hastily ihuau, and "Liu" is pronounced as 'lihuau'. Do not read them mixedly.

d. In most areas (including Northern Xiang and Southern Xiang), there are only 堭, 堭‘, and s but not 堮, 堠, and 漼. In Xiang dialect, most of the characters with open rhymes in ancient Zhao are pronounced as 堭, 堭‘, and s. However, the characters with colloquial rhyme in ancient Zhao were changed to the lingual initial consonants "寯", "寯'", and "嶃", which resulted in "shu" and "xu" being indistinguishable, and both were pronounced "嶆嶃y". For example, in Changsha dialect, "Zhu" is pronounced 扄毃y, "Zhu" is pronounced 扄毅y, "Zhu" is pronounced 扂慯y, "书" is pronounced 嶆嶃y, and "summer" is pronounced '嶃y. These characters all have the initial consonant of the tongue, and the final rhyme is also changed to y accordingly.

e. Most of them are not distinguished between "jian" and "tuan". For example, "jing" and "jing" in Changsha both read "扄毅in", and "xi" and "play" both read "僃i嶈". However, there are also some areas, such as Zhuzhou, Ningxiang, Hengshan and other places in central Hunan, and Xupu and other places in western Hunan, which are divided into "jian" and "tuan": "Xi" is pronounced "嶆si", which is different from "Xi" (嶆嶃) i, "Qi" is pronounced as 扄堭'i and is different from "qi" as 扄毅'i, "jiu" is pronounced as 剉堭i媅u but different from "jiu" as 扂慯ihuau, "小" is pronounced as 剉siau but different In "Xiao"'僃iau.

② Finals:

a. The final rhymes of nasal sounds generally have more -n and less -huan. In Changsha dialect, which represents the development trend of Xiang dialect, the nasal final rhyme has no -嬜 rhyme at all and only has 8 -n rhymes. The Changsha dialect of Gutongshe Shusheng is pronounced the same as Guzhenshe, such as "东" is pronounced 嶆t待n, "Gong" is pronounced 嶆k充n, "红" is pronounced 嶆x待n, and "Song" is pronounced s充嶈 , "Xiong" is pronounced as 嶆嶃in, "Yong" is pronounced as 剉in, etc., resulting in the phenomenon that the characters in Changsha dialect in the ancient Shenzhen Zengguntong Wushe are all pronounced as the two finals 充n and in.

b. The phenomenon of vowel nasalization is quite common. In some places, -n and -嬜 rhymes tend to transform into nasal rhymes. For example, in Changsha dialect, "mo" is pronounced as 嶆p?, which is pronounced differently from "ban"; "duan" is pronounced as 嶆t?, which is different from "dan"; "guan" is pronounced as 嶆k?, which is different from "guan". The nasal rhyme in Xiang dialect mostly changes from -n rhyme, but some -嬜 rhymes (Gudanshe, Jiangshe) also have a tendency to transform into nasal rhyme. For example, in Changsha dialect, "mother" is pronounced as 扉 hastily i?, "jiang" is pronounced as tsi?, "zhuang" is pronounced as 扅慯y?, "shuang" is pronounced as 嶆嶃y?, and "help" is pronounced as 嶆p?扄m?.

③Tone:

Most of them have entrance tone. The number of tones is usually 5 or 6. The 6 tones are flat and going to distinguish yin and yang, and the ascending and entering are not divided into yin and yang, like Changsha dialect; the 5 tones are flat tones to distinguish yin and yang, and ascending, going, and entering are not distinguished into yin and yang, like Xiangtan dialect. The characters in the Xiang dialect that have the rhyme tone are not accompanied by the rhyme ending of the stop tone, which is the so-called "false rhyme tone". For example, the entry tone value of Changsha dialect is 24, and the character "一" is pronounced i24, and there is no stop tone at the end.

Vocabulary and grammar:

①The basic vocabulary of Xiang dialect is similar to that of Mandarin dialect. There are a few unique words in both Southern Xiang and Northern Xiang. The following table takes Changsha, Yiyang, Xiangtan, Shuangfeng, Chenxi, Shaoyang, Xinhua, Lingling, Hengyang, and Yueyang as examples to look at some commonly used Hunan dialect words.

②For some commonly used words, the broad and narrow meanings in Xiang dialect are different from those in Mandarin. For example, the meanings of "small" and "small" in Mandarin are different and cannot be interchanged. However, "Xi" in Xiang dialect also means "small". For example, "child" is called "Xi Renji" in Shuangfeng dialect; verbs such as "eat", "drink" and "suck" have their own uses in Mandarin, but "eat" is always used in Xiang dialect, such as "eat" in Shuangfeng dialect "Eating", "eating wine", "eating cigarettes", etc.; "Uncle" is used exclusively for men in Mandarin, but in some places in Xiang dialect, there are titles such as "male uncle" (uncle) and "female uncle" (aunt). .

③There are some commonly used words in Xiang dialect that have the same form as Mandarin, but their meanings are completely different. For example, "Baihua" refers to language style in Mandarin, but places such as Shuangfeng and Dongkou in Lao Xiang refer to "story"; "Valley" refers to millet in Mandarin, but refers to rice in Hunan dialect.

④The morphemes of some commonly used words in Xiang dialect are different from those in Mandarin. For example, "blasting" in Mandarin is called "fafeng" in Changsha and Shuangfeng dialects, and "dafeng" is called "pulsing" in Changsha dialect.

⑤The way to express the gender of animals is different in Hunan dialect and Mandarin. In Mandarin, "male" and "female" or "male" and "female" are added before the names of animals, but in Xiang dialect, "male", "ku", "po" and "mother" are added after the names of animals. For example, "Niu Gongzi" and "Niu Gongzi" in Changsha dialect, "Gou Gongzi" and "Gou Niangzi" in Dongkou dialect.

⑥In terms of word formation, Xiang dialect has some unique affixes, which are used to express certain grammatical meanings. For example, the suffix "ie" in Yiyang dialect is used after various content words, similar to "er" in Mandarin, and contains the subjective meaning of being small or less, and sometimes also contains a feeling of love or praise. Such as grass hoe, flower hoe (noun), a hoe, a cup of hoe (quantifier), a little lick (pronoun), slowly lick, red lick, pretty lick (adjective).

⑦The "tou" and "zi" in Xiang dialect are equivalent to the word endings "tou" and "zi" in Mandarin. However, the scope of use of "Zi" in Xiang dialect is wider than that in Mandarin. Many words that do not include "Zi" in Mandarin also add "Zi" in Hunan dialect, such as "rat", "Xingzi", and "八哥子" , "Antzi" and so on.

⑧The Xiang dialect has some characteristics in word order, take Changsha dialect as an example:

a. The object is inserted inside the possible structure: if the egg is placed steadily (the egg is placed steadily) , the screw cannot be twisted (the screw cannot be twisted);

b. The object is between the structural particle "de" and the complement: such as sleeping until dawn and the quilt is hot (sleeping until dawn and not sleeping) (Hot quilt)), after stewing for a long time, a few bones are still rotten (the bones are not rotten after stewing for a long time);

c. "Very" and "Jing" are often placed in verbs Used as an adverbial after: For example, take a rest for a few days (very many days of rest), and lose your temper every day (just lose your temper every day);

d. The word "head" that expresses time and order ", "after", "last", etc.: If you go first, I will come soon (you go first, I will come soon), he eats the head, you eat last, and I eat last (he eats first, you eat last) Eat last, I eat last);

e. The indirect object can be placed in front of the direct object. If I give you a pen for your use (give me this pen for you to use);

f. The special position of the adverb "zai": If you get it cheap again (there is nothing cheaper), No matter how big it is (there is no bigger one);

g. The word order of "一" in "一...也" and "一...都" is moved to the back. If you don't help even a little bit (no help at all), you will have little time all day long (no time at all all day long).

⑨ There are many function words with special usage in various places in the Xiang dialect. For example, "qi" i41 in Changsha dialect has many uses, and the commonly used ones are:

To express a trend: pick it up , borrow it, take it away, send it away.

The action is ongoing: lifting a basket of eggs, wearing a new set of clothes, and riding a bicycle.

Indicate that the action is completed and the result is fixed: leave him the address and use the camera to take pictures of your ugly face.

Indicates degree and serves as an adjective complement: I always have a lot of work.

Another example is the Chenxi dialect's modal particle "zai"堭ai53, which is quite distinctive. It is used to indicate that an action is ongoing or continuing, which is equivalent to the Mandarin "zhu". For example: Are they still standing there? (Are they still standing there?), he was singing a song and then he was called away (he was called away while he was singing).