The Death of Sichuan Population in Song and Yuan Dynasties
Sichuan is located in the west of Wushan-Wuling mountain range, south of Qinling Mountain and north of Guangxi provincial boundary, and its area is approximately equivalent to the basin area of Sichuan Province, most of Guizhou Province, the area south of Qinling Mountain in Shaanxi Province and Enshi District in Hubei Province. The Northern Song Dynasty belongs to Chengdufu, Zizhou, Lizhou, Kuizhou, Fenghuang and Min of Qinfeng Road, Tianshui County and Jinzhou District of Jingxi Road. The Southern Song Dynasty belonged to five roads, namely, Chengdu House, Tongchuan House, Lizhou East, Lizhou West and Kuizhou. Yuan belongs to Sichuan Province, and Xingyuan Road, Jizhou, Chengzhou, Xizhou and Huizhou belong to Shaanxi Province.
1, the population of Sichuan in the heyday of the Song Dynasty
During the Five Dynasties, Sichuan was far away from the war in the Central Plains and was not destroyed by the war. It has also made many achievements in economic development and is famous for its large population and high economic and cultural development. Song Taizu's strategy of taking Sichuan first and then unifying all countries one by one is based on the consideration of using Sichuan's economic strength. However, after the Northern Song army captured Sichuan in the third year of Gande (962), it triggered a mutiny of the Shu army caused by extortion and cruelty of the Northern Song generals, which spread to Qionglai (now Qionglai City), Shu (now chongzhou city) and other states on a large scale.
After the mutiny was pacified, about 20 counties, including Jia, Zi, Pu, Rong, Rong, Jian, Ba, Da and Gong, were abolished in the fourth year (963) and the fifth year (964) respectively. Due to the lack of records, it is impossible to know whether the reason for this large-scale withdrawal of counties is that there are too many counties in pre-Shu and post-Shu, or that the war in the early Northern Song Dynasty led to the decline of the local population. But we can speculate that this war, which lasted for one or two years and spread to major areas of Sichuan, will inevitably lead to a certain number of population decline.
Nevertheless, in the five years of Taiping and Xingguo (980), there were still more than 6.5438+0.2 million households in Sichuan, ranking first in all regions of the country and 480,000 more than the second-ranked Jiangnan.
In the first year of Yuanfeng (1078), there were nearly 2120,000 households in Sichuan and 2.24 million households in the first year of Chongning (1 102), ranking second in all regions of China. From the fifth year of Taiping Xingguo (980) to the first year of Yuanfeng (1078), the average annual growth rate of households was 6.5. From the first year of Yuanfeng (1078) to the first year of Chongning (1 102), it was 2.3? , ranked thirteenth and tenth in all regions of the country respectively. Therefore, in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty, the total number of households in Sichuan dropped from the first place to the second place in all regions, which was the result of its slower population development than other regions. Social unrest is one of the main factors affecting population growth in the early stage, and the increasingly acute contradiction between dense population and narrow land may lead to a slowdown in population growth in the later stage.
Wentong
During the Taizong period in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, people had become interested in Sichuan. The land is narrow and the people are thick, and the cultivation is insufficient? In my mind. In the middle and late period, Zhang, Wen Tong and others all mentioned the phenomenon of dense and narrow people in Sichuan. They said:? There are many narrow teeth in Liangchuan area, and there is no big or small opening. ; ? Jian nan Xi chuan, far wild bird's nest, self-protection and prosperity? ; ? Shu is not enough for the land, and Jiangxi is not enough for the people? . The frequent occurrence of the above discussion shows that the problem of insufficient cultivated land is becoming more and more serious due to the increase of population. Generally speaking, when a region's population reaches saturation and the contradiction between man and land is acute, its population growth rate will inevitably tend to be slow. Therefore, the slowdown of population growth in Sichuan is the product of the increasingly sharp contradiction between man and land.
During the Song Dynasty, the Southeast Road suffered from war, but Chengdu, Zizhou, Kuizhou and the southern states of Lizhou Road, which are located at the southern foot of Daba Mountain, continued to enjoy peace and tranquility. Not only did the 8 Jin Army fail to enter, but the northern refugee armed forces were also blocked in the north of Daba Mountain, and only immigrants allowed by the border guards could enter. Therefore, this area has basically maintained a peaceful and peaceful situation, and the population has not decreased, but it can continue to grow on the basis of the Northern Song Dynasty.
From the first year of Chongning in the Northern Song Dynasty (1 102) to the thirty-second year of Shaoxing (1 162), the average annual growth rate of households in Sichuan was 2.9%, ranking first in southern China. As far as Sichuan itself is concerned, this growth rate has also exceeded the first year of Yuanfeng (1078) to the first year of Chongning (2.3? )。 The total number of households is more than 2.66 million, although it still ranks second in the southern region, but the gap with Jiangnan, the first place, has obviously narrowed. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, there were 86 households in Sichuan. 7%, Shaoxing is 89. 7%. The population density has correspondingly increased to 9.2 households per square kilometer.
2. The population declined sharply in Song and Yuan Dynasties.
In the third year of Li Zongbaoqing (1227), the Mongolian army captured Xixia and the states outside Sichuan. During the four-year period (123 1 year) and the five-year period (1232), it swept into Sichuan like a no-man's land. In the second year of Duanping (1235), Mongolian troops entered Sichuan on a large scale and swept Sichuan, and Chengdu Prefecture was also captured and left soon. In the first year of Jiaxi (1237), the Mongolian army began a large-scale military operation aimed at capturing Sichuan. The people of Sichuan persisted in fighting against the Mongolian (Yuan) army for half a century until they captured the whole territory of the Southern Song Dynasty. After the Mongolian army entered Sichuan, it massacred civilians, and the remains of Chengdu alone reached 654.38+0.4 million, not counting outside the city.
Yu Ji, a scholar-bureaucrat in the Yuan Dynasty, commented in the Sichuan War in the Late Southern Song Dynasty: Shu people suffered heavy losses, and thousands of people were not saved. ? These records may be exaggerated, and the causes of death are not all massacres. Hunger and plague after the war will also lead to a large number of deaths, but there is no doubt that the Mongolian army slaughtered a large number of Sichuan people. In addition, the Mongolian army plundered Sichuanese as slaves in the north. Qi and Yong people have Shu prisoners? It can be seen that many people are forced to move out as slaves.
Liu Kezhuang
In order to avoid this rare disaster in Sichuan history, survivors fled to remote mountainous areas along the border, such as Daningjian (now Wuxi County). More adherents, especially gentry, fled along the Yangtze River to the middle and lower reaches and southeast of the Yangtze River. Liu Kezhuang described this situation as follows: Shu had its own difficulties, and the literati avoided it in the southeast of the country and left the country outside. ? This shows that there are quite a few aristocratic families moving eastward. In the late Southern Song Dynasty, except for the relatively remote Guangdong and Guangxi and the war-torn Jianghuai, there were a certain number of Sichuan immigrants in the vast southeast region.
Due to the above reasons, the population of Sichuan fell to the lowest point in history at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty people's exposition of the festival briefly explained the severity of the population decline. However, from the beginning of Shu to the end of Song, the people's hearts were consolidated, so the country used troops for decades, which is certain. The aborigines' surnames are 10 deaths and 78 deaths, and the five-party custom is even more important. ?
3. Demographic statistics in the early Yuan Dynasty
In the 27th year of Yuan Dynasty (1290), Guanjiu Road and Sanfu in Sichuan Province, but in Yuan history? There are 98,538 households in Chengdu, Guangyuan, Shunqing, Chongqing, Shao Qing and Kuizhou, 6 15772. If a large number of missing household registration accounts are added, it is estimated that there are about 400,000-500,000 households in Sichuan Province and Hanshui River Basin to the north of Lizhou Road in Song Dynasty (mainly Xingyuan Road in Yuan Dynasty). This data is only equivalent to 15% to 19% of the 2.59 million households in the same area in the 16th year of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty (1223). According to this estimate, in the twenty-seventh year of Yuan Dynasty (1290), the average population density in Sichuan was only about 1.4 to 1.7 households per square kilometer, and the largest number of households was only a little more than 2 households in Chengdu Road.
Because of something like yuanshi county? Geography "said? Indigenous surnames are ten dead, seven eight? In the 27th year of Yuan Dynasty (1290), not all Sichuan households were local aborigines, but some of them were immigrants from other places. The earliest people who entered Sichuan were mainly soldiers of all ethnic groups who stayed behind because of fighting and guarding.
Sichuan has a vast territory. In the 16th year of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty (1223), there were more than 2.59 million households in Chengdu, Tongchuan, Lizhou and Kuizhou. But in the 27th year of Yuan Dynasty (1290), there were only 98,538 households left in Sichuan. If you add the possible accounts of those units without data, it will be about 200,000 at most.
Because the Hanshui River Basin in Shaanxi in Yuan Dynasty belonged to Lizhou Road in Song Dynasty, the geographical scope of Sichuan Road in Southern Song Dynasty was naturally larger than that of Sichuan Province in Yuan Dynasty. However, if this part of the household registration is deducted, there are still about 2.4 million households in the Southern Song Dynasty. Almost 12 times the number of households in 27 years from Yuan to Yuan (1290).
Schematic diagram of the strategy of the Yuan Dynasty to destroy the Southern Song Dynasty
Undoubtedly, the long-term war between Song and Mongolia was the main reason for the sharp decline of Sichuan hukou in the Yuan Dynasty. Another factor is the omission of household registration, especially a large number of immigrants who moved to Sichuan from other places were not registered in time. In this regard, Kuilu and Chongqing Luzhou provide examples. In Kuilu, the registered population in geography is only a quarter of the local actual population, and the registered population in Luzhou is less than half of the unregistered population.
Another example is Yuan Shi? Shao Xi and other military and political propaganda departments not included in geographical records. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Shaoxi House was set up in Rongxian, Weiyuan and Zigong in Sichuan, but it was abandoned in the early Yuan Dynasty because of its small population. At the end of Yuan Dynasty, a native of Jianghuai Shaanxi in Hanshui River Basin? See him in the vast territory? , has moved into the reclamation area. Four years from Shun Di to Yuan Dynasty (1338). Where are the reclamation industries of more than 200,000 households? . In order to maintain local order, Shao Xi and other military and civilian propaganda departments were established in the same year, and four counties including Lizi, Puchang and Long Long, and five counties including Panshi, Neijiang, Anyue, Changyuan and Guiping were established.
Kuizhou, Luzhou and Shaoxi Fuxuan branches are a microcosm of Sichuan in Yuan Dynasty. Because the population of the above three areas is mainly immigrants, other areas are no exception. "Yuan history? There are only over100000 registered registered Sichuan hukou in geographical records, but there are more than 200000 immigrants in Shao Xi, which shows that there are more than 200000 registered Sichuan hukou.
Luzhou doi zhi said the yuan dynasty? Is Lu's traffic in all directions twice that of the version? , a good illustration of this point. Considering that a state with a large number of immigrants, such as Shao Xifu, is on yuan dynasty history? Geographical records have never been reflected in the establishment of hukou and county. How many hukou in Sichuan have not been included in the household registration? Twice the content of this version? . Therefore, it is estimated that in the twenty-seventh year of Yuan Dynasty (1290), the number of households in Sichuan Province should be 400,000 to 500,000.
Population extinction between Ming and Qing Dynasties
1, population statistics in late Ming dynasty
Wanli "Chuan Zongzhi? Account "record? National reserve? Account number 2 157 19, account number 1466770. This data is actually the number of registered permanent residence of Hongwu in 26 years (1393) recorded in Houhu Zhi. In Hongzhi Middle School, the number of households in Sichuan increased to 2,53813, and the number of households increased to 2,598,460, with an average annual growth rate of 5.5% since Hongwu. In the century from Hongwu to the middle of Hongzhi, the large-scale migration of foreign population to Sichuan has stopped, so this growth rate can probably be regarded as the natural growth rate of population.
According to the records of Sichuan Zongzhi in Wanli period (1578), there were 262,694 military and civilian households with a population of 3 102073. Since the 24th year of Hongwu (139 1), the average annual growth rate has been 4.0%.
These data may show that for a province rebuilt by Hongwu immigrants, the government attaches much more importance to household registration survey than other regions.
2. The population dropped sharply in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.
Zhang
The records of Sichuan local sites in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties can be summarized in one sentence, that is? Uncle Zhang Tu? . Many researchers do not believe this statement. They collected a large amount of information to prove that Zhang was mainly killed by the landlord class, and the people who slaughtered Shu were also armed by government forces or other places. Is it? Uncle Zhang Tu? Or someone else slaughtered Shu. After the war in the late Ming Dynasty, Sichuan was really broken.
There are many records about Zhang's killing Shu. Zhang not only slaughtered Chongqing and Chengdu, but also sent troops to search the mountains to slaughter ordinary people. About this matter, there is a record in the chronicle of hooligans: When all the people in the city were killed, he ordered his troops to search the mountains and report the number of people killed by a certain army on a certain day every time. There was smoke on the second Tianshan Mountain, which meant that the mountains could not be searched and the thieves and soldiers were all cut down. Not with a heavy head, not with a broken right hand. Every time I search the mountain, the thief goes to the mountain and cries at people. I have nothing against you, that's why I'm here! Don't drink cold water after you break your hand, it will kill you. Sprinkle it on the face, help the wound, build muscles, or get a lifetime. ? Chengdu, Chongqing, Witch, Kui and Suzhou are thousands of miles apart. ?
In eastern Sichuan, a large number of records are like this: Guangyuan County? One in ten people lost their lives? For example, Xichong County, aborigines, ten to six or seven? Wait a minute. It is estimated that the population of Sichuan may have decreased by 90%. The average annual growth rate of Sichuan population in Ming Dynasty was about 5? . According to the situation of Fengyang, Luzhou and Anqing in Anhui, this estimate may be on the low side. For a country with a large population and a small population, the reasonable average annual growth rate should reach 5? .
Until the 26th year of Wanli (1598)? Pestilence in counties and cities of Shu? ,? Many people died? . The momentum of population growth has stopped. In the thirty-seventh year of Wanli (1609), a province-wide drought occurred in Sichuan. In the Atlas of Drought and Flood Distribution in China in Recent 500 Years, there are six observation points in Sichuan, namely Guangyuan, Wanxian, Chengdu, Kangding, Chongqing and Xichang. In the thirty-seventh year of Wanli (1609), Wanxian, Kangding and Xichang were absent. The following year, except Guangyuan, which was recorded as a 5-level drought, all other observation points were under-loaded. It can be seen that the thirty-seventh year of Wanli (1609) and the thirty-eighth year of Wanli (16 10) were indeed the periods of severe drought in Sichuan.
For example, from the early Ming Dynasty to Chongzhen three years (1630), the average annual growth rate of Sichuan population was set at 6? . In the third year of Chongzhen (1630), the total population of Sichuan (including Bozhou and Hangdusi in Sichuan, etc. ) reached about 7.35 million, which decreased in the same year due to the plague epidemic in our province. After the eleventh year of Chongzhen (1638), the drought in the whole province further reduced the population. The development time of post-disaster peace is not very long. Since the early years of Chongzhen, Sichuan Province has been plunged into endless wars.
Population in Chongzhen period
At the beginning of the seventh year of Chongzhen (1634), Zhang's troops first invaded Sichuan from Hubei via the Three Gorges, and then retreated. In the ninth year of Chongzhen (1636), Li Zicheng entered Sichuan from Hanzhong and conquered 38 counties, with Chen Bing on the outskirts of Chengdu. In the 12th year of Chongzhen (1638) and 13th year of Chongzhen (1639), Zhang entangled with the Ming army in the border areas of Shaanxi, Hubei and Sichuan, won several counties in eastern Sichuan, fought guerrilla warfare in Guangyuan, Zhao Hua, Luzhou and Nanxi in northern Sichuan, and then came out of Wushan to attack Huguang Xiangyang. In the seventeenth year of Chongzhen (1644), Zhang led 300,000 troops into Sichuan. After taking Wushan and Kuizhou, they went straight into the hinterland of Sichuan and captured Chongqing and Chengdu.
Apart from Li Zicheng and Zhang's activities in Sichuan, what's it called? Shake yellow? Local armed forces are also active in eastern Sichuan. What do historical documents and folklore say? Uncle Zhang Tu? , it also includes? Shake yellow? The ravages of local forces.
After the Qing soldiers entered the customs, the Nanming army stood in the south-central Sichuan and insisted on resisting the Qing Dynasty. Nan Ming's army did as much damage to the local area as Zhang's army? Shake yellow? The massacre of people by the Ministry of Magic. In this sense, the so-called? Uncle Zhang Tu? It can be understood as the abnormal death of Sichuan population in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.
The population of Sichuan in the late Ming Dynasty was about 5 million, and the remaining population in the early Qing Dynasty was about 500,000. In the early years of Kangxi, there were only more than 80 counties in Sichuan, and the average actual population of each county was about 6,000. Seven years? San Francisco rebellion? Interrupted the process of population migration in Sichuan, and also interrupted the process of population and economic recovery in Sichuan. The population loss in the war is enough to offset the population migration before the war. Therefore, the period from the tenth year of Shunzhi (1653) to the twentieth year of Kangxi (168 1) became the lowest point of Sichuan's population in the early Qing Dynasty, and the population of Sichuan began to fully recover after the twentieth year of Kangxi (168 1).