Three-tier database technology
Three-tier information management technology
During the period of 1994, the National Computer Rank Examination was launched by the Examination Center of the Ministry of Education. The three grades of computer grade examination are initially divided into two levels: A is to assess the basic knowledge of computer application and the preliminary ability of computer hardware system development; Class B examines the basic knowledge of computer application and the preliminary ability of computer software system development. In 2002, the examination center adjusted the grade examination and divided the three-level examination into four categories: PC technology, information management technology, database technology and network technology, which correspondingly reduced the difficulty of the examination. 20 13 examination center readjusted the grade examination again, and divided the three-level examination into five categories: network technology, database technology, software testing technology, information security technology and embedded system development technology. From the second half of 20 13, the examination outline of 20 13 will be implemented, and all subjects will be realized for the first time.
What subjects does computer communication include? Directory of professional guidance for civil service examination and employment, Computer and information science are classified as follows: computer and information science: electronic information science and technology, electronic and information technology, information security, information science and technology, applied electronic technology, electronic information engineering, computer science and technology, electronic science and technology, software engineering, computer software technology, network engineering, communication engineering, photoelectric information engineering, electrical engineering and its automation, automation, computer communication, Computational mathematics and its application software, electronic engineering, photoelectric information science and technology, computer and application, computer software, computer science education, computer equipment and devices, spatial information and digital technology, information countermeasure technology, information resource management, information management and technology, electronic information, information management and information system, electronic application, electronic and information technology, computer application and maintenance, electronic technology and microcomputer application, microcomputer and application, Office automation technology, electronic engineering and computer application, computer and information management, computer control, electrical appliances and computers, computer control and management, accounting and computer application, information management application software, information engineering, economic information management and computer application, information and computer science, computer network technology, computer application technology, multimedia and network technology, network technology and information processing, database application and information management, database management, network system management, computer office application, and so on. Obviously, your major belongs to computer science. They said that the major you studied in the guidance catalogue of civil service examination and employment majors (disciplines) in Guizhou Province was not computer major. What did you ask him? Strange again. The examinations of public institutions and civil servants are different. How to use the career guidance catalogue of civil servants to keep public institutions unchanged? It is also strange that the catalogue of career guidance for civil servants in Guizhou Province seems not to have been published. If so, he said that your major does not belong to computers. You should ask him what kind he belongs to. Or directly ask him to show you what he said about Guizhou civil service examination professional (discipline) guidance catalogue.
What subjects are there in computer level 2? Secondary C, secondary VB, secondary VFP, secondary JAVA, secondary ACCESS, secondary C++. MySQL database programming, WEB programming, MS Office advanced application.
What subjects does the computer major foundation include? National unified examination subjects for computer postgraduates: politics+English+mathematics+computer specialized courses. Postgraduate entrance examination outline: (1) computer professional course I exam objectives.
The basic comprehensive examination of computer specialty covers basic courses such as data organization, computer composition principle, operating system and computer network. Candidates are required to systematically master the concepts, basic principles and methods of the above-mentioned professional basic courses, and use the basic principles and methods they have learned to analyze, judge and solve related theoretical and practical problems.
Second, the examination form and examination paper structure
First, the perfect score of the test paper and the examination time
The full mark of this volume is 150, and the examination time is 180 minutes.
Second, the way to answer questions
The answer methods are closed book and written test.
Third, the content structure of the test paper
Data structure 45 points
Principle of computer composition 45 points
Operating system 35 points
Computer network 25 points
Fourth, the question structure of the test paper
80 points for multiple-choice questions (40 small questions, 2 points for each small question)
Comprehensive application problem 70 points
Third, the scope of inspection
data structure
Examination objectives
1. Understand the basic concepts of data structure; Master the logical structure, storage structure and differences of data, as well as the realization of various basic operations.
2. On the basis of mastering the basic data processing principles and methods, we can design and analyze the algorithm.
3. Be able to choose appropriate data structures and methods to solve problems.
First of all, linear table
(A) the definition and basic operation of linear table
(B) the realization of linear table
1. sequential storage structure
2. Chain storage structure
3. The application of linear table
Second, stacks, queues and arrays.
(A) the basic concepts of stack and queue
(2) The sequential storage structure of stack and queue
(3) Chain storage structure of stack and queue
(d) application of stack and queue
(5) compressed storage of special matrix
Third, trees and binary trees
(A) the concept of trees
(2) Binary tree
Definition and main characteristics of 1. binary tree
2. Sequential storage structure and chain storage structure of binary tree.
3. The traversal of binary tree
4. Basic concept and construction of clue binary tree
5. Binary sort tree
6. Balanced Binary Tree
(3) Trees and forests
1. Storage structure of books
2. Conversion between forest and binary tree
Step 3 walk through trees and forests
(D) the application of trees
1. equivalence class problem
2. Hoffman Tree and huffman encoding
Fourth, the figure.
(A) the concept of graphics
(2) Storage and basic operation of drawings
Adjacent matrix method.
2. Adjacency table method
(3) traversal of graphs
1. Depth first search
2. Horizontal priority search
(4) Basic application of graph and its complexity analysis.
1. Minimum (cost) spanning tree
2. The shortest path
3. Topological sorting
4. Key ways
Verb (abbreviation of verb) inquire
(A) the basic concept of query
(B) sequential query method
(3) Folding query method
B tree
(5) Hashtable and its query.
(6) Analysis and application of query algorithm
Six, internal sorting
(A) the basic concept of sorting
(2) Insert sort
1. Insert sort directly.
2. Semi-insert sorting
(3) bubble sorting
Simple selection classification
(5) Hill sorting (shell sorting)
(6) Quick sorting
(7) heap sorting
(8) Two-way merge sort
(9) Cardinal sorting
(10) Comparison of various internal sorting algorithms
Application of (1 1) internal sorting algorithm
principles of computer composition
Examination objectives
1. Understand the internal working principle, composition structure and interconnection mode of each component in a single-processor computer system, and have a complete concept of the whole computer system.
2. Understand the concept of hierarchical structure of computer system, be familiar with the interface between hardware and software, and master the basic knowledge and implementation method of instruction set architecture.
3. Be able to use the basic principles and methods of computer composition to calculate and analyze theoretical and practical problems in computer hardware system, and simply design some basic components.
I. Overview of Computer System
(A) the development of computers
(B) the hierarchical structure of the computer system
The basic composition of computer hardware.
2. The classification of computer software
3. The working process of the computer
(c) computer efficiency indicators
Throughput and response time; CPU clock cycle, main frequency, CPI and CPU execution time; MIPS，MFLOPS .
Second, the data representation and operation
(A) numbering system and coding
1. carry counting system and its mutual conversion
2. True value and number of machines
3.BCD code
4. Characters and strings
5. Check code
(2) Representation and operation of fixed points
1. Representation of fixed points
Representation of unsigned numbers; Representation of signed numbers.
2. Fixed point operation
Fixed-point displacement operation; Addition and subtraction of fixed points in the original code; Addition/subtraction operation of complement fixed point; Fixed-point multiplication/Divison; Concept and discrimination method of overflow.
(3) Representation and operation of floating-point numbers
1. Representation of floating-point numbers
The representation range of floating-point numbers; IEEE754 standard
2. Addition/subtraction of floating-point numbers
(4) Arithmetic logic unit
1. serial adder and parallel adder
2. The function and mechanism of ALU.
Third, the storage-level mechanism
(A) the classification of storage
(B) the hierarchical structure of storage
(3) semiconductor random access memory
Working principle of 1.SRAM memory
2. The working principle of 2.DRAM memory
(4) read-only memory
(5) Connection between main memory and CPU
(6) dual-port RAM and multi-module memory
(7) Cache
1. Program access culture
2. The basic working principle of cache
3. Mapping method between cache and main memory
4. The replacement algorithm of main memory block in cache.
5. Cache write strategy
(8) Virtual storage
1. Basic concept of virtual storage
2. Virtual page storage
3. Segmented virtual storage
4. Segmented virtual storage
5.TLB (Fast Table)
Fourth, the instruction system
(1) instruction format
Basic format of 1. instruction
2. Fixed length opcode instruction format
3. Expand the packet operation code instruction format
(2) the addressing method of instructions
1. The concept of effective address
2. Data addressing and instruction addressing
3. Common addressing methods
(C) the basic concepts of CISC and RISC
Five, the central processing unit (CPU)
(A) the function and basic structure of the central processing unit
(II) Instruction execution process
(3) Function and basic structure of data channel
(4) Function and working principle of the controller
1. hardwired controller
2. Microprogramming controller
Microprograms, microinstructions and microinstructions; Coding mode of microinstruction; The form of micro address.
(5) instruction pipeline
Basic concepts of instruction pipeline.
2. The basic concepts of superscalar and dynamic pipeline.
Intransitive verb bus bar
(1) bus overview
1. Basic concept of bus
2. Classification of buses
3. Composition and performance indicators of passenger cars
(2) Bus arbitration
1. Centralized arbitration mode
2. Distributed arbitration mode
(3) bus operation and timing
1. Synchronous timing mode
2. Asynchronous timing mode
(4) Bus standard
Seven, input and output (I/O) system
(A) the basic concept of I/O system
(2) External equipment
1. Input devices: keyboard and mouse.
2. Output devices: monitors and printers
3. External storage: hard disk storage, disk array and optical disk storage.
(3) Input/output interface (input/output controller)
The function and basic structure of 1 Input-output interface
2.I/O ports and their addressing
(4) Input and output mode
1. program query mode
2. Program interrupt mode
The basic concept of interruption; Interrupt response process; Interrupt processing; The concepts of multiple interrupts and interrupt masking.
3.DMA mode
Composition of DMA controller; DMA transfer process.
4. Channel mode
operating system
Examination objectives
1. Understand the role, status, development and characteristics of operating system in computer system.
2. Understand the basic concepts and principles of the operating system, and master the design method and implementation technology of the operating system.
3. Be able to use the principles, methods and techniques of the operating system to analyze and solve problems.
I. Overview of Operating System
(a) the concept, characteristics, functions and services provided by the operating system
(B) the development and classification of operating systems
(3) the execution environment of the operating system
Second, the project management
(a) procedures and ideas
1. Program concept
2. The state and transformation of the program
3. Program control
4. Program structure
5. Program communication
Shared storage system; Message delivery system; Pipeline communication.
6. Thread concept and multithreading model
(2) Processor scheduling
Basic concept of 1. scheduling
2. Scheduling timing, handover and process
3. The basic principles of the schedule
4. Scheduling method
5. Typical scheduling algorithm
First-come, first-served service scheduling algorithm; Priority scheduling algorithm for short jobs (short tasks, short programs, short courses); Time slice rotation scheduling algorithm; Priority scheduling algorithm; High response priority scheduling algorithm; Multi-level feedback queue scheduling algorithm.
(3) program synchronization
Basic concepts of program synchronization.
2. The basic method of realizing critical area mutual exclusion.
Software implementation method; Hardware implementation method.
3. Semaphore
4. Pipe pass
5. Classical synchronization problem
Producer-consumer problem; Reader-author problem; The dining problem of philosophers.
deadlock
The concept of 1. deadlock
2. Deadlock handling strategy
3. Deadlock prevention
4. Avoid deadlock
System security state: banker algorithm.
5. Deadlock detection and release
Third, memory management.
(1) the basis of memory management
1. Memory management concept
Program loading and linking; Logical address and physical address space; Memory protection.
2. Exchange and coverage
3. Continuous allocation management mode
Single continuous distribution; Split time slot allocation.
4. Discontinuous distribution management mode
Paging management mode; Segmented management mode; Segment page management mode.
(2) Virtual memory management
1. Basic concept of virtual memory
2. Request paging management mode
3. Page replacement algorithm
Optimal replacement algorithm (OPT); First-in first-out arrangement algorithm (FIFO); Least recently used permutation algorithm (LRU); Clock permutation algorithm (clock).
4. Page allocation strategy
Step 5 vibrate
Jitter phenomenon; Working set.
6. Request segment management mode
7. Request page management mode
Fourth, file management.
(A) the file system foundation
1. file concept
2. File structure
Sequential file; Index file; Index sequential file.
3. Directory structure
File control block and index node; Primary directory structure and secondary directory structure; Tree directory structure; Graphic directory structure.
4. File sharing
Share motivation; Sharing mode; Shared semantics.
5. Archives protection
Access type; Access control.
(B) the implementation of the file system
1. file system hierarchy
2. Directory implementation
3. File implementation
(3) disk organization and management
1. disk structure
2. Disk scheduling algorithm
3. Disk management
Verb (abbreviation for verb) input/output management
(a) Overview of input/output management
1. input and output devices
2.I/O management objectives
3. Input and output management function
4. Input/output application interface
5. Input and output control mode
(b) Input/output core subsystem
1. Input-output scheduling concept
2. Caches and buffers
3. Equipment distribution and recycling
4. Spool.
5. Error handling
computer network
Examination objectives
1. Master the basic concepts, principles and methods of computer networks.
2. Master the architecture of computer network and typical network protocols, understand the composition and characteristics of typical network equipment, and understand the working principle of typical network equipment.
3. Be able to use the basic concepts, principles and methods of computer networks to analyze, design and apply network systems.
First, the computer network architecture
(a) Overview of computer networks
1. The concept, composition and function of computer network
2. Classification of computer networks
3. The development history of computer network and Internet.
4. Standardization of computer networks and related organizations.
(B) Computer network architecture and reference model
1. Hierarchical structure of computer network
2. The concepts of computer network protocols, interfaces and services.
3.ISO/OSI reference model and TCP/IP model.
Second, the physical layer
(1) communication foundation
1. Basic concepts such as channel, signal, broadband, symbol, baud, rate, etc.
2. Nyquist Theorem and shannon theory
3. Source and destination
4. Coding and modulation
5. Circuit switching, message switching and packet switching.
6. Datagram and Virtual Circuit
(2) the media
1. Twisted pair, coaxial cable, optical fiber and wireless transmission media.
2. Characteristics of Physical Layer Interface
(3) Physical layer equipment
1. Repeater
2. Center
Third, the data link layer
(A) the function of the data link layer
(2) Framework
(3) Error control
1. Error detection code
2. Error correction coding
(D) Flow control and reliable transmission mechanism
1. Flow control, reliable transmission and pulley window mechanism.
2. Single frame sliding window and stop-and-wait protocol
3. Multi-frame sliding window and backward N-frame protocol (GBN)
4. Multi-frame sliding window and selective retransmission protocol
(5) Media access control
1. Channel division media access control
Concepts and basic principles of frequency division multiplexing, time division multiplexing, wavelength division multiplexing and code division multiplexing.
2. Instant access media access control
Aloha agreement; CSMA protocol; CSMA/ CD Protocol; CSMA/CA protocol.
3. Polling Access Media Access Control: Token Passing Protocol
Computer programs include programs specified in Article 3 of the Regulations on the Protection of Computer Software: Computer programs refer to coded instruction sequences that can be executed by computers and other equipment with information processing capabilities, or symbol instruction sequences or symbol sentence sequences that can be automatically converted into coded instruction sequences. The source program and the target program of the same computer program are the same work.
Computer programs consist of data structures and algorithms. A computer program, also known as software, refers to a set of instructions that instruct a computer or other equipment with information processing capabilities to perform actions or make judgments. It is usually written in a programming language and runs on a specific target architecture. For example, a program is like a braised pork recipe (program) written in Chinese (programming language), which is used to guide people who know Chinese and cooking technology (architecture) to cook this dish.
Usually, computer programs must be compiled and linked into a format that is not easily understood by people but can be understood by computers, and then executed. Programs that can be executed without compilation are usually called script programs.
In order to execute a program, the computer loads code and possible data, thus initializing to a starting state, and then calls some startup mechanisms. At the lowest level, these are initiated by the boot sequence.
In most computers, the operating system (such as Windows) loads and executes many programs. In this case, the computer program refers to a single executable map, not all programs currently executing on the computer.
Data can be defined as information processed by a program. When we consider the whole computer system, sometimes the difference between program and data is not so obvious. CPU sometimes has a set of microinstruction control hardware, the data can be the program to be executed (see scripting language), and the program can be written in other programs; All these examples make the comparison between programs and data a choice of perspective. Some people even assert that there is no difference between programs and data.
The process of writing one program to generate another program is called metaprogramming. It can be used to make programs generate code based on given data. A single program may not be enough to represent all aspects of a given data. It may be easier for a program to analyze the data and generate a new program to handle all aspects of the data. Lisp is an example of a programming language that supports this programming mode.
The weight stored in the neural network is a kind of data. It is these weight data that together with the topology of the network define the behavior of the network. It is often difficult to define what these data mean or whether they can be replaced by programs. This example and other problems related to artificial intelligence further test the difference between programs and data.
There are many kinds of programs! Executable program. Exe is the most familiar.
Anything that can be executed by double-clicking is called a program!
Viruses are programs!
I hope my answer can help you.
What does computer level 3 include? Which one is eager to learn? The third-level certificate of "PC Technology" shows that the holder has the basic knowledge of computer application, the working principle of Pentium microprocessor and PC computer, the functions and structures of common external devices of PC, the basic principles of WINDOWS operating system, the ability to program in assembly language, and the ability to use, manage, maintain and develop PC in institutions, enterprises and institutions. The third-level certificate of Information Management Technology shows that the holder has the basic knowledge of computer application, grasps the basic principles and methods of software engineering and database, is familiar with the development methods and technologies of computer information system projects, and has the basic ability to engage in the development and maintenance of management information system projects and office automation system projects. The third-level certificate of Database Technology shows that the holder has the basic knowledge of computer application, grasps the basic principles and technologies of data structure and operating system, and the methods of database application system project development, and has the basic ability to engage in database application system project development and maintenance. The third-level certificate of Network Technology shows that the holder has the basic knowledge of computer network communication, is familiar with the principles of local area network and wide area network and the methods of security maintenance, and has the ability to master and carry out information networking.