Basic Introduction Chinese Name: hermann Staudinger Nationality: German Birthplace: Vorms, Germany Date of Birth: 188 1 year Date of Death: 1965 Occupation: Chemist Graduate School: Munich University, Haller University Major Achievements: Putting forward the concept of macromolecules.
1953 nobel prize in chemistry
Doctoral supervisor of polymer chemistry: Dr. Daniel Vorlander Student: Lavoslav Ruzhichka Gender: Male life experience, major achievements, theoretical response, debate questions, final results, Nobel Prize, polymer chemistry, founder of polymer science, polymer definition, research history, research difficulties, life experience1881March 23rd, Hailmann staudinger was born in Germany. His father is a neo-Kantian philosopher, so he has been influenced by various new philosophical ideas since he was a child, and he is keen on new things. In scientific reasoning and thinking, he can get rid of the shackles of traditional ideas, and is good at sorting out complex things, finding key points and putting forward new ideas. Hermann Staudinger became interested in botany when he was in middle school, so after graduating from middle school, he was admitted to Haller University to study botany. At this time, a friend with insight into the development of science suggested to his parents that it was best for Stodinger to lay a solid chemical foundation before entering the field of botany. This pertinent suggestion was adopted. Taking advantage of his father's transfer to teach at a university in Durham, staudinger also came to the industrial university in the city to study chemistry. Since then, staudinger has forged an indissoluble bond with chemistry. 1903 completed the graduation thesis of unsaturated compound malonate, and graduated from university. Then he came to Strasbourg and studied under the famous organic chemist Thiel. 1907 completed the doctoral thesis on the highly active ketene found in the experiment and obtained the doctoral degree. In the same year, he was hired as an associate professor at Karlsruhe University of Technology. Five years later, he was appointed as a professor of chemistry by the Federal Institute of Technology in Curic. He taught here 14 years. During this period, his teaching and research made him familiar with various fields of chemistry, especially organic chemistry and some new theories, which laid a solid foundation for his successful scientific research. During this period, he devoted himself to the above-mentioned academic debate on polymer composition and structure. 1926, in order to have more time, he conducted more experiments to verify his macromolecular theory, and he was hired to come to Frejborg, Lesko to concentrate on scientific research. He spent the rest of his life in Frejborg, where he accomplished many important scientific research achievements. After staudinger's success in polymer science research, he gradually shifted his research focus to the field of botany according to his early ideas. In fact, when he chose the subject of polymer, he considered its close relationship with botany. In 1926, he predicted that macromolecular compounds would play an important role in organisms, especially protein and other compounds. He naturally introduced the concept of macromolecules to biochemists and his wife, plant physiologist Magda Ford, to study macromolecules and plant physiology. In order to prove that macromolecules also exist in animals and plants, they think it is best to find other methods to prove the existence and form of macromolecules besides viscosity method. After more than two years of hard work, they finally proved the existence of macromolecules in biological memory by using modern experimental observation methods such as electron microscope. Unfortunately, this important work was interrupted by Hitler's fascist coming to power and World War II, and the research institute in Staudinger was destroyed by the war. Just after World War II, staudinger summarized his previous research on macromolecules in biological organic matter. 65438-0947 published the book Macromolecular Chemistry and Biology. In this book, it tries to describe the general situation of molecular biology and lay the foundation for the establishment and development of this frontier discipline. In order to cooperate with the development of polymer science. 65438-0947 presided over the editing of the professional magazine Polymer Chemistry. In his later years, his interest was mainly in the study of molecular biology. Because of his advanced age, he has not achieved much, but he has trained many talents in polymer research. 1September 8, 965, staudinger passed away safely at the age of 84. The main achievement theory echoed from 65438 to 0922, and staudinger further put forward the view that polymers are composed of long-chain macromolecules, which shook the foundation of traditional colloid theory. Colloidal theorists insist that natural rubber is associated through partial valence bonds, which is attributed to the unsaturated state of isoprene. They confidently predict that the hydrogenation of rubber will destroy this relationship and the product will be low boiling point and low molecular weight alkanes. In view of this, staudinger studied the hydrogenation process of natural rubber. As a result, hydrogenated rubber replaced low molecular weight alkanes, and there was almost no difference in properties between hydrogenated rubber and natural rubber. This conclusion strengthened his belief that natural rubber is composed of long-chain macromolecules. Later, he extended his research results to paraformaldehyde and polystyrene, pointing out that their structures are also long-chain macromolecules formed by covalent bonds. Holmes staudinger's viewpoint continues to be fiercely opposed by colloid theorists, and some scholars once advised: "Forget the concept of macromolecules! There can be no such thing as a macromolecule "but staudinger didn't flinch; He studied the subject more seriously and firmly believed that his theory was correct. Therefore, he introduced his macromolecular theory in detail at the German conferences on natural history and medicine held in 1924 and 1926, and at the conference of the German Chemical Society held in 1925, and had a face-to-face debate with colloid theorists. The debate mainly revolves around two issues: First, staudinger thinks that the viscosity of a polymer solution can be converted into its molecular weight, and the molecular weight can determine whether it is a macromolecule or a small molecule. Colloidal theorists believe that viscosity is not directly related to molecular weight. At that time, due to the lack of necessary experimental proof, staudinger was in a passive and inferior position. Staudinger did not hesitate, but through repeated research, finally established the quantitative relationship between viscosity and molecular weight, which is the famous staudinger equation. Another controversial issue is the relationship between unit cells and their molecules in polymer structures. Both sides observed cellulose by X-ray diffraction and found that monomers (small molecules) were very close to the cell size. The two sides have completely different views on this. Colloidal theorists believe that a unit cell is a molecule, and the unit cells are interconnected through the lattice to form a polymer. Staudinger believes that the cell size has nothing to do with the size of the polymer itself, and a polymer can pass through many cells. There are different explanations for the same experimental fact, which shows that it is very important to have a correct explanation and a correct experiment. Scientific judgment is an experimental fact. While the two sides were arguing endlessly, Swedish chemist Swedberg and others designed an ultracentrifuge at 1926, and used it to measure the molecular weight of protein, which proved that the molecular weight of polymers really ranged from tens of thousands to millions. This fact becomes the direct evidence of macromolecular theory. Darmstadt's Final Result In fact, all the scientists who participated in this debate were serious and warm and friendly. In order to pursue scientific truth, they all devoted themselves to rigorous experimental research and respected objective experimental facts. When many experiments gradually proved that staudinger's theory was more in line with the facts, the team supporting staudinger also grew. By the time of the chemical meeting in 1926, the concept of macromolecules had been unanimously recognized by the participants. In the process of the acceptance of the macromolecular theory, Mark and Mina, the two main opponents of the original macromolecular theory, publicly admitted their mistakes in 1928, and spoke highly of Shi's outstanding work and perseverance, which also helped staudinger improve and develop the macromolecular theory. This is the real scientific spirit. Winning the 1932 Nobel Prize, staudinger summarized his macromolecular theory and published an epoch-making masterpiece, Polymer Organic Compounds, which became the symbol of the birth of polymer science. Knowing the face of polymer clearly, the research of synthetic polymer will have a clear direction. Since then, a large number of new polymers have been synthesized, and the polymer synthesis industry has developed rapidly. In recognition of staudinger's great contribution to the establishment of polymer science, he was awarded the 1953 Nobel Prize in chemistry. Cotton, hemp, silk, wood and starch, the founders of polymer chemistry and polymer science, are all natural polymer compounds. In a sense, even man himself is a complex polymer system. In the past long years, although people are dealing with natural polymers every day, they know nothing about their properties. Now we have known what polymer is, established a large-scale polymer synthesis industry, and produced colorful plastics, beautiful and durable synthetic fibers and excellent synthetic rubber, making polymer synthetic materials, metal materials and inorganic non-metallic materials form the three pillars of the material world side by side. Faced with this brilliant achievement, we can't help thinking of the German chemist staudinger, the founder of polymer science. What is the definition of polymer in Munich University? It is polymerized from many monomers with the same structure, and the molecular weight is often tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands. The shape of the structure is also very special. If ordinary molecules are like a small ball, then the polymer will grow into a chain because of the interconnection between monomers, just like a 50-meter-long hemp rope. Some high molecular long chains are connected by short chains to form a network. Due to the attraction between macromolecules, these long chains are not only curled but also intertwined, forming solids with certain strength and different degrees of elasticity. Solids are macromolecules. One end of a long chain is heated and the other end is not, so there is a softening process before melting, which makes it have good plasticity. It is this internal structure that makes it a new type of high-quality material with many characteristics including electrical insulation. People's understanding of its composition, structure and synthesis method has gone through a tortuous process of practice-cognition-practice. Research history 18 12. Chemists obtained glucose in the experiment of hydrolyzing sawdust, bark, starch and other plants with acid, which proved that starch and cellulose are composed of glucose. 1826, Faraday found that the monomer molecule of rubber was C5H8 through elemental analysis, and later found that the structure of C5H8 was isoprene. In this way, people gradually understand the monomers that make up some natural polymer compounds. 1839, an American named Goodyear accidentally discovered that the properties of natural rubber changed obviously after being heated with sulfur, making it become an elastic and plastic material from the impractical properties of low hardness, sticky and soft when heated and brittle and broken when cooled. The popularization and application of this discovery promoted the establishment of natural rubber industry. This treatment method of natural rubber is called chemical modification of polymer in chemistry and vulcanization treatment of natural rubber in industry. In further experiments, chemists chemically modified cellulose to obtain the first artificial plastics-celluloid and rayon. The earliest rayon factory was built in France in 1889, and the viscose fiber factory based on wood pulp was built in Britain in 1900. The chemical modification of natural polymers has greatly broadened people's horizons. 1907, when American chemists were studying the reaction between phenol and formaldehyde, they made the earliest synthetic plastic-phenolic resin, commonly known as bakelite. 1909 German chemists successfully polymerized isoprene by thermal initiation. Inspired by this experiment, German chemists used dimethyl butadiene with a structure similar to isoprene as raw material to synthesize methyl rubber under the catalysis of sodium metal, which initiated the industrial production of synthetic rubber. The above research difficulties are monomer analysis of polymer compounds, chemical modification practice of natural polymers and exploration of synthetic plastics and synthetic rubber, which make people deeply feel the necessity of understanding the composition, structure and synthetic methods of polymer compounds. Little is known about this basic theoretical problem, and the slow development of this theory is related to the complex characteristics of polymers themselves. Chemists always want to know what their molecular weight is, why it is difficult to penetrate semi-permeable membrane, which is a bit like colloid, and why they have no fixed melting point and boiling point and are not easy to form crystals. These unique properties are difficult to understand with the prevailing chemical viewpoint at that time. As early as 186 1, Graham, the founder of colloid chemistry and a British chemist, compared polymers with colloids and thought that high scores were formed by some small crystalline molecules. Based on the colloidal properties of polymer solution, the theory of polymer colloid is put forward. This theory explains the characteristics of some polymers to some extent and has been supported by many chemists. Although some chemists put forward different views, they did not attract attention. We call those who support Graham's polymer colloid theory colloid theorists. They use the theory of colloid chemistry to cover polymer materials, and think that cellulose is the association of glucose. Association is the physical assembly of small molecules. They also think that polymerization is different from association because it is impossible to detect the polymerization of formaldehyde and propylene at the end of the polymer at that time. That is, molecules are bonded by normal chemical bonds. Natural rubber should have a linear valence bond structure. The publication of this paper; Just like throwing a stone into a calm lake, it caused a heated debate.