Chinese name: Formicidae Latin scientific name: Formicidae alias: Ant kingdom: Animal kingdom: Arthropoda: Hexapoda: Insecta: Winged suborder: Hymenoptera: Lepidoptera: Formicidae: Formicidae color: black, brown, yellow or red Features: smooth body, or burr, carving and protrusion. Brief introduction, shape, distinct chest, division of labor, queen, breeding ants, worker ants, soldier ants, feeding habits, species, breeding methods, growth introduction, breeding process, living habits, uses and values, medicine, pets, eating methods, Formicidae, commonly known as ant introduction. It belongs to HYMENOPTERA of Insecta, mostly black, brown, yellow and red. At birth, it is transparent and smooth, or has burrs, engraved lines and nodules. The head is usually wide and big, and the antennae are knee-shaped, with 4- 13 nodes. The compound eye is very small and shrinking, with 3 monocular eyes located on the top of the head. The mouth and feet are very developed, with five hocks. Sexual individuals have two pairs of wings, and worker ants usually have no wings. The abdominal segment at the base contracts obviously, forming an abdominal stalk. The abdominal stalk has 1-2 segments, and each segment has 1-2 nodular processes on the back. Most species are polymorphic and belong to social insects. Some species are carnivores, preying on insects, spiders and other small animals; Some are phytophagous, feeding on seeds, fungi and other plants; Some are omnivorous. Toxocara is a gregarious insect and a close relative of wasp. It is known that ants first appeared in Cretaceous, which may have evolved from primitive wasps that appeared in Jurassic. The main difference is that the tentacles of ants are obviously bent at the knees, and the abdomen of wasps is a whole. Ants generally have no wings. Only males and females (females are fertile, but can only reproduce males) have wings when mating, and females lose their wings after mating. External form: the ant's body is divided into three parts: head, chest and abdomen, with six legs, thin and elastic body wall, membrane wings, hard and fragile. The head varies greatly, usually wide and big. Compared with body weight, head weight is the most important among terrestrial animals. The antennae of sexual and asexual females are knee-shaped, while those of males are simple, with 4- 13 nodes. Compound eyes are small, shrink back, and occasionally not at all. Three eyes, located on the top of the head, worker ants still have no eyes. The mouthparts are developed, the upper lip is degenerated, and the upper jaw has various shapes, such as width, length and short, straight and curved, or single teeth. The mandible is normal, 1~6 joints. The inner jaw is simple. The lower lip has beard, chin, middle lip and two small side lips; Lower lip 1~4. The chest is obvious: the first abdominal segment (combining the thoracoabdominal segment and the back chest) heals and stretches. The abdomen is located behind the thoracoabdominal segment, and the front end of the abdomen is obviously contracted into an abdominal stalk. The abdominal stalk is one or two segments. If there are two segments, the second segment is called the posterior abdominal stalk. Each lymph node has one or two back tumors, or erect or inclined scales. The posterior segment of the stem expands to form the abdomen, which consists of 7-8 segments, and the male ant has one more segment than the female ant. There are 8 pairs of air holes in the abdomen. Some genera are vocal organs, which consist of files on the posterior abdominal stalk and friction surfaces on the first segment of the posterior stalk. Ants in the division of labor develop into complete metamorphosis. All ants live in groups. Generally speaking, there are four different kinds of ants in a group. Ants formed a group, which was also known through marriage and flight. Love at first sight after acquaintance, mating in flight or after flight. The "groom" did not live long, but died shortly after mating, leaving the "widow" queen ant to live a lonely life alone. Female breeding ants take off their wings and choose suitable soil and place to nest underground. She is "fighting alone" and her strength is limited. She can only temporarily build a small room as a place to live, so that her pregnant body has a delivery room. After the eggs in the body mature and produce, the larvae hatch and the queen ant is busy. The food of each larva is fed from mouth to mouth until these larvae grow into adults and can live independently. When the first workers grow up, they dig holes to the outside world to find food, and then expand the building area of their nests to provide housing for more and more family members. From then on, the queen ant who had suffered a lot sat down to enjoy life and became the commander-in-chief of this big family. The work of raising young ants and feeding queens is undertaken by worker ants. Her life span can be as long as 15 years. There are many forms of ant nests, most of which nest in underground soil, dig tunnels, secret rooms and houses, and pile up excavated materials and leaves near the entrance to form hills for protection. Some ants use leaves, stems and petioles of plants. Build nests and hang them on trees or rocks. Other ants live in rotten wood in forest areas. More specifically, some ants nest in or near other kinds of ant nests; There is no dispute between the two "families" and they can live in harmony. This kind of ant nest is called mixed ant nest, which is actually heterogeneous symbiosis. No matter different ants or ants of the same species, the number of ants in a nest can be very different. The smallest ant colony has only a few dozen or nearly a hundred ants, and some have thousands, while the big ant colony can have tens of thousands or more. Queen ant: A female with reproductive ability, or female ant, is larger (not necessarily the largest) in the group, especially with larger chest and abdomen, developed reproductive organs, short antennae, small chest and feet, with wings, wings off or no wings. The main responsibility is to lay eggs and breed offspring, and when the ant colony is very small, it will also serve as the function of keeping nest, feeding and taking care of eggs. Breeding ants are divided into female and male female breeding ants: commonly known as "princess", which is the same size and shape as the queen, but the difference is that female breeding ants are unfertilized and have wings, which can only produce haploid male breeding ants. After mating with male breeding ants, they lose their wings and become the queen. Male reproductive ant: or father ant. Small head, undeveloped upper jaw and slender tentacles. It has developed reproductive organs and external genitalia, and its main function is to mate with female reproductive ants. Worker ant: A dry ant. Wingless, generally the smallest individual in the group, but the largest number. The compound eye is very small, and the monocle is very small or not. The maxilla, antennae and three pairs of pectoral feet are well developed and good at walking. Worker ants are infertile females The main duties of worker ants are to build and expand nests, collect food and feed larvae and queens. Soldier Ant Soldier Ant: It has a big head and a well-developed upper jaw. It can cut food, become a fighting weapon to defend the ant colony, and can also be used as a tool for the ant colony to store food. However, not all ants have the rank of soldier ants, only a few ants, such as Pheidole, have soldier ants. Anteaters are divided into: lower species, carnivorous, feeding on insects, small animals and even dead animals; Stinky ant subspecies, Formicidae and higher species of Formicidae can feed on animals and plants, especially honeydew secreted by aphids and scale insects; Most other ants are omnivorous, feeding on seeds, fruits and insects. Ant nests, such as Polyrhachis bidentata, have high omnivorous species, and can be fed with rice bran, wheat bran, beans, sugars, melons and fruits, and animal feed such as fish meal, silkworm chrysalis, bones, eggs and dead insects. , can also be fed with chicken feed or homemade feed. Ants in Formicidae and Formicidae generally only eat meat. There are many kinds. Myocepurus * * * Ithii (Mycepurus * * * Ithii) lives in groups, with obvious polymorphism, including three different types of female ants, male ants and worker ants, as well as fashion fighters transformed from worker ants. Adults are smaller, mostly reddish brown or black. Generally, females and males have wings, but engineers don't even have wings. The antenna is bent in a knee shape. One or two abdominal segments are nodular. Most species dig nests, and some live in holes such as branches. The feeding habits are complex, the lower species are carnivorous or polyphagous, and the higher species are phytophagous. Some species can store seeds, cultivate fungi or collect honeydew from aphids and scale insects as food; I often eat human food indoors. Second, the eating habits are complex, the lower species are carnivorous or polyphagous, and the higher species are phytophagous. Third, some species can store seeds, cultivate fungi or collect honeydew from aphids and scale insects as food; I often eat human food indoors. Classification of ant groups in China (subfamily recorded in China) (I) Aphidius Formicidae. Era Santschi is Leptogenys Roger, Leptogenys Roger, Diacamma Mayr, Odononera Mayr, Gnamptogenys, Bothroponera Mayr, Brachyponera Eme. Ry is a blind ant of Buniapone Schmidt and Shattuck, a flat-headed ant of Ectomomyrmex Mayr, a true ant of Emeryopone Forel, a true ant of Euponera Forel and a sickle ant of Harpe. Gnathos Jerdon belongs to Mesoponera Emery, Myopias Roger belongs to Parvaponera Schmidt, and Shattuck belongs to Platythyrea. Rpe is the genus Formicidae (Formicidae) (II) Legionella is the genus Dorylinae, Legionella is the genus Dorylus Fabricius, Legionella is the genus Aenictus Shuckard, Legionella is the genus C. Hrysapace Crawley, Lepidoptera Mayr, Ooceraea Roger, Parasyscia Emery, Simopone Forel, Shadow Ant belong to Syscia Roger, Yunodorylus Xu (3) Leptanilla emery Leptanilla Yamane, etc. (4) The slender ant belongs to ponera Smith(V). Myrmiciane ditch leaf-cutting ant Cataulacus Smith Crematocaster Lund tumor ant Strumigenys Smith Tower ant Pyramica Roger nodule ant Cardicodylaemery fire ant belongs to Solenopsis Wesood, Blind leaf-cutting ants belong to Pheidologeton Mayr, paving ants belong to Tetramorium Mayr, prismatic leaf-cutting ants belong to Pristomyrmex Mayr, and Camponotus nicobarensis preys on insects. Recurvidris Bolton is a genus of Monomorium Mayr, Myrmica Latrsille, RhodromomyrmexMayr, spinless species, Kartidris Bolton, Pheidole Wesood and flat-chested species. Vollenhovia Mayr biconvex leaf-cutting ant belongs to Dilobocondyla Santschi, flat-breasted ant belongs to Rotastruma Bolton, thin-breasted ant belongs to Leptothorax Mayr, furrow ant belongs to Vombisidris Bolton, and spine ant belongs to Gauromyrmex Menozzi. Leaf-cutting ants are Myrmecina Curtis, thoracic ants are Dacatria Rigato, Aphaenogaster Mayr, harvesting ants are Messor Forel, spiny-bellied ants are Emery Anillomyrma Emery, a forked-lipped ant. Calyptomyrmex Emery belongs to Erromyrma Bolton and Fisher, Euonymus hirsutrix Brown and kempf, Formosimyrma Terayama from Penglai, Gaoligongidrix from Gaoligongshan. Stealing ants are Habos ants, crested ants are golden-headed ants, curved ants are golden-headed ants, shield-breasted leaf-cutting ants are golden-headed ants, queens are golden-headed ants, and red ants are black-breasted ants. Paraula wheeler，W.M. Perissomyrmex M.R.Smith，Rhopalomastix Forel，Stenamma Wesood，Cyclolognathus Mayr，Syllophopsis Santschi， T. Emnothorax Mayr Trichophytonm Mayr (ⅵ) Odorina Dolicoderina e acid Odor Ant Tapinoma Foerster Cunning Odor ant Ants Ant/stinkbug Ant (ⅵ) Lepis Emery, a spiny ant of Forminae, belongs to Gesomyrmex Mayr Iberoformica Tina ut, Myrmoteras Forel Nietzmann, Nylanderia Emery, a weaver ant, Oecophylla Smith, a quasi-woolly ant, para. Rechina Donisthorpe Proformica Ruzsky Russian Formicinae Effective (8) Proceratinae Proceratinae Roger Toothless Ants Discothyrea Roger Small Blind Ants p. Robolomyrmex Mayr(IX) ECTATOMINAE GNATOGENYS Roger (X) Amblyonia Nae Spermophilus Roger Myo Pop One Roger Mytryum Roger Sawamoptera The breeding mode of TommarRoger is in Mayr, and it takes about 15 days from egg to larva (some big ants need more than 20 days), and it goes through two stages: larva and pupa. The egg is white or yellowish, slender, 0.5 mm in size and shaped like a grain of rice. Young ants are milky white, with thin front ends, often curved, and are easily mistaken for "ant eggs". The pupa is the last age, and the young ants become shorter and can't eat or move, which is called the pre-pupa, and the pre-pupa is the pupa after molting. Pupa is milky white at first, and then gradually turns yellow-brown. Often stacked together, it is also mistaken for "ant eggs." Ant colony ants are completely deformed insects. Before they can develop into adults, they must go through the stages of eggs, larvae and pupae (or cocoons, depending on the specific species). Ants have no ability in the larval stage and do not need to eat. They are completely fed by worker ants. Worker ants should eat food first, and then spit it out to feed the larvae. Adults also exchange food in this way. Larvae development needs a certain temperature, so worker ants often move them around. In order to maintain a suitable development place, ants are generally divided into worker ants, male ants and female ants according to different tasks. What kind of ants the larvae develop into depends entirely on the feeding conditions in the larval stage. Generally, ants are female, but they are not responsible for fertility, only the queen ants give birth. A group of male and female ants are also cultivated in an ant nest. They don't work, they just eat and grow. They all have wings. When they mature, they fly out of the nest to mate together. After mating, the male ants die soon, and the female ants find a suitable place to nest, take off their wings, become queens, and lay eggs and develop into new nests. The life span of ants is relatively long, the life span of a single ant is surprisingly long, and the life span of queen ants can be as long as 20 years. But a wandering ant can only live for a few days This is due to the clear division of labor within the ant colony and the interdependent group structure. This is the basic factor of its prosperity. The reproductive process of ants is generally divided into three parts: mating, spawning and flying. When a nest of ants reaches a certain number, the queen will breed male and female breeding ants in advance. When the time is ripe, the breeding ants will fly out of the nest to mate and start breeding offspring and become new families. Ant colony ants are completely abnormal insects. Complete metamorphosis is a process from egg to adult through larval stage and pupal stage. Living habits 1. Ants can grow normally at 15-40℃, but the optimum temperature is between 25-30℃. When it is below 10℃ in winter, it will enter the cave, but it will not hibernate. They just don't move much. They eat food stored in caves in autumn. 2. The soil moisture of ants should be controlled between 10% ~ 20%; The relative humidity of air should be controlled between 70% and 90%. 3. Ants are social insects and have a strong love for their nests. Most species nest on the ground or in trees. They eat all kinds of food, usually both plants and meat. Spiny ants, like other ants, generally take nests as their homes. There are one or dozens of queens in a nest. Worker ants specialize in nesting, foraging, feeding and other work, with the largest number; For example, the ants in Oecophylla communicate through the smell of secretions. Because they usually live in an ant nest, this way of communication is better than other HYMENOPTERA insects. If an ant finds food, it will leave the smell at home all the way, and other ants will look for food along this route and strengthen the smell continuously. If the food here is collected and no ants come back, the smell will gradually dissipate. If an ant is crushed, it will give off a strong smell, which will immediately alert other ants, and they are all in an attack state. Some kinds of ants also give off a smell to confuse the enemy. In the wild, when savage harvesting ants build their nests, they will separate their usual habitats from the storeroom where seeds are stored. The storeroom is higher than the usual habitat. If the storeroom is placed in a dry environment, the seeds will not germinate easily. Ants, like other insects, rely on their antennae to identify smells. The first part of the antenna is swollen, knee-shaped and very flexible. Because the antenna is a pair, it can not only distinguish the strength of the smell, but also distinguish the direction and distance of the smell source. Adults can exchange feedback food with each other, and learn about each other's health and nutritional status, found food and other information through the smell. At the same time, it can also distinguish each other from groups engaged in that kind of task, such as digging holes to build nests or collecting food. Generally speaking, older worker ants will be sent to work. Ants attack or defend themselves by biting with two big teeth. They secrete formic acid when they bite, and the bitten wound is red, swollen and painful. Most ants are very hardworking and busy with their daily work, but some ants have nothing to do. By studying the anatomical and behavioral information of these lazy ants, it is found that they are not "freeloading" in the ant colony as expected. They can hold more eggs in their bodies. These results show that lazy ants are not simple old workers who can't work. On the contrary, they may be immature workers. Physical evidence shows that they may be storing food for their companions, and their eggs may be eaten by other ants. When these lazy ants can store food, more labor will be useful, such as defending their nests. It may also replace dead worker ants for food. Usage and Value Medicinal ants have a wide range of protective effects, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, sedative, spasmolytic, protective, antiasthmatic, anticonvulsant, antiepileptic, enhancing erythrocyte deformability, inhibiting gastric acid secretion, and preventing acute ulcers. (1) Bone and joint system: rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, scapulohumeral periarthritis, lumbago and leg pain; (2) Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems: coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, post-cerebral thrombosis, angina pectoris, myocarditis and heartburn; (3) Respiratory system: tracheitis, asthma and tuberculosis; (4) Urogenital system: nephritis, impotence, premature ejaculation, cold, prostatitis; (5) Nervous system: headache, insomnia, autonomic nervous dysfunction; (6) Immune system: lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, dermatomyositis and arteritis nodosa; (7) Others: diabetes, baldness, tooth loss, etc. , which is helpful for adjustment and recovery. Ants have extremely high medicinal value and a wide range of functions. Drinks made from ants and wine can play the roles of skin care, anti-inflammation, anti-aging, antiasthmatic, sedative and analgesic. Pets Some ants can be kept at home as pets. How to eat ① Dry ants are generally used to soak wine. Half a kilogram (500 grams) of dry ants can be soaked in 5 kilograms (5000 grams) of white wine and drunk slowly for more than 20 days. Pour out half a kilogram each time you drink it, and then pour out half a kilogram after you drink it until you finish it. Drink 50-100g 2-3 times a day (the degree and quantity of wine depends on everyone's drinking power and habits): After drinking this 5 kg of ant wine, the rest of the dried ants are not needed, because the effective ingredients in the dried ants are "soaked" in the wine before being released into the wine; Don't chew dry ants directly in your mouth. It's too strong to be absorbed and swallowed. ② Take ant powder three times a day, about 5g each time. It is best to take it after meals, especially for people with hyperacidity (about half an hour). Because ants contain formic acid, some people with hyperacidity will feel uncomfortable (bloating, tightness or slight pain) in their stomach or abdomen after taking it. In this case, they can take it in moderation and take Weishuhu tablets. When eating ant powder, you can put it in your mouth first (5g, about half a tablespoon, it doesn't matter if you eat more or less, some people can eat 7-8g at a time), and then drink an Il of boiled water. When the ant powder dissolves quickly in the mouth, you can swallow it into your stomach and drink a few mouthfuls of boiled water. This way of eating is quick and convenient. In order to make the taste better, honey can also be mixed. If you have diabetes, don't use this method, because diabetics shouldn't eat sugar. Generally, 450-500 grams of ant powder can be eaten for one month in one pack and three months in three packs. For a course of treatment. Some people want to buy dried ants and grind them into ant powder, which is a waste of trouble, because ants are heavy in oil (especially in winter) and difficult to grind into powder. The ant powder we produce is 100Z pure ant powder, and nothing else is mixed. ③ Take ant powder capsules three times a day, about 5 capsules each time (just take a few more capsules). Generally, each bottle 100 capsules, and the dosage per person per month is 5 bottles of Zuo Fu. One course of treatment (three months) uses 15 capsules, which is the most convenient and tastes better. The Book of Rites records: "Eat the son of heaven." Midges are the eggs of ants. Midges are made from ant pupae, cinnamon and Jiang Mo collected in the Zhou Dynasty, and they are imperial supplements. Liu Yao's "Yiling Lu" in the Tang Dynasty said: "The chiefs of Jiaoguang Creek Cave take more ant eggs to make them clean, and the brine is sauce, or the cloud tastes like meat sauce, which is disrespectful." Lu You's Notes on the Old Learning Temple in the Southern Song Dynasty contained a cloud in the North Lake Record: "Guangren dug big ant eggs in the mountains to make sauce, which is called cricket. Three generations ago, they thought it was food. " Ant has been an introduction of medicinal materials since ancient times. "Compendium of Materia Medica" said: "Ants are the most powerful, and they can lift the iron of the same body, so people eat badly." Also contained: "Yiqi Li, Ze Se."